Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.5089/9781513523750.001
Antonio C. David, Samuel Pienknagura, J. Roldos
Labor markets in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) are characterized by high levels of informality and relatively rigid regulation. This paper shows that these two features are related and together make the speed of adjustment of employment to shocks slower, especially when regulations are tightly enforced. Evidence suggests that strict labor market regulations also have an adverse effect on medium-term growth. While both regulations on prices (minimum wages) and quantities (employment protection) decrease the speed of adjustment to shocks, they appear to be binding in different phases of the cycle—the former affects mostly the (net) job creation margin and the latter the (net) job destruction margin. The results also highlight possible interactions between labor market regulations and the effectiveness of macro-stabilization tools—including exchange rate depreciation.
{"title":"Labor Market Dynamics, Informality and Regulations in Latin America","authors":"Antonio C. David, Samuel Pienknagura, J. Roldos","doi":"10.5089/9781513523750.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5089/9781513523750.001","url":null,"abstract":"Labor markets in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) are characterized by high levels of informality and relatively rigid regulation. This paper shows that these two features are related and together make the speed of adjustment of employment to shocks slower, especially when regulations are tightly enforced. Evidence suggests that strict labor market regulations also have an adverse effect on medium-term growth. While both regulations on prices (minimum wages) and quantities (employment protection) decrease the speed of adjustment to shocks, they appear to be binding in different phases of the cycle—the former affects mostly the (net) job creation margin and the latter the (net) job destruction margin. The results also highlight possible interactions between labor market regulations and the effectiveness of macro-stabilization tools—including exchange rate depreciation.","PeriodicalId":18190,"journal":{"name":"Latin American Economics eJournal","volume":"34 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82032385","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Marta Juanita Villaveces Niño, Nohora García, Álvaro Martín Moreno Rivas, Andrés Felipe Sierra S, Beethoven Herrera Valencia, C. Cortés, Diego Alejandro Guevara, Ivan Leonardo Urrea-Ríos, John Mauro Perdomo, J. A. Rodríguez, Ricardo Rocha García
English Abstract: En el marco del Bicentenario de la independencia de Colombia, el Centro de Investigaciones para el Desarrollo (CID), en alianza con el periódico Portafolio, ha presentado una serie de reflexiones sobre la trayectoria económica que ha atravesado el país, en aras de entender los retos del futuro y las lecciones aprendidas del pasado.
El contenido es muy amplio incluyendo temas que han jugado un rol clave en la historia del país, como el café, la violencia, la tierra, hasta temas que son menos conocidos pero deberían formar parte de la reflexión colectiva, como el papel de la mujer, los estudios sectoriales, o el desarrollo de largo plazo.
El lector no tiene que esperarse una narración univoca, ni un recorrido lineal: estos escritos son reflexiones que vienen de investigadores con enfoques teóricos y metodológicos muy diferentes, como tradición en la Universidad Nacional. Así, ensayos de análisis económico de las instituciones son acompañados por reflexiones de análisis marxiano aplicado, y la cliometría se entrelaza a la finanza pública.
Por la misma razón, decidimos no proponer una estructura interpretativa o una organización del contenido, prefiriendo reportar los escritos en el orden cronológico en el cual aparecieron en el portal del periódico.
English Abstract: In the framework of the Bicentennial of the independence of Colombia, the Centro de Investigaciones para el Desarrollo (CID), in alliance with the newpaper Portafolio, has gathered a series of reflections about the economic trajectory that the country has gone through, for the sake of understanding the challenges of the future and the lessons learned from the past.
The content is very broad including issues that have played a key role in the history of the country, such as coffee, violence, land, and issues that are less known but should be part of collective reflection, such as the role of women, sectoral studies, or long-term development.
The reader should not expect a univocal narrative, nor a linear perspective: these texts are reflections that come from researchers with very different theoretical and methodological approaches, as a tradition at the Universidad Nacional. As a result, economic analysis of the institutions goes hand by hand with applied Marxian analysis, and the cliometry is intertwined with public finance.
For the same reason, we decided not to propose an interpretative structure or an organization of the content, opting for an order of presentation that follows the chronological order in which they appeared in the newspaper's portal.
English Abstract:哥伦比亚独立200周年,发展研究中心(CID),在联盟定期反思了公文包,提交了一系列经济轨迹已经通过的国家,但为了理解未来的挑战和过去的经验教训。内容很广,包括专题该国历史上扮演重要角色,像咖啡、暴力、地球,直到问题是已知但应集体思考的一部分,妇女的作用,部门研究或长期发展。读者不需要期望一个单一的叙述，也不需要线性的旅程:这些文章是来自研究人员的反思，具有非常不同的理论和方法方法，就像国立大学的传统。因此，对制度的经济分析文章伴随着应用马克思主义分析的反思，气候计量学与公共财政交织在一起。出于同样的原因，我们决定不提出解释结构或内容组织，而是按照它们出现在报纸门户网站上的时间顺序报道文章。English Abstract: In the framework of the Bicentennial独立性发展研究中心根据哥伦比亚(CID),联盟《newpaper公文包,你下a series of reflections about the economic trajectory that the country has完美through, for the米酒of understanding the挑战of the future and the lessons from the过去了。内容非常广泛，包括在该国历史上起关键作用的问题，如咖啡、暴力、土地，以及不太为人所知但应成为集体反思的一部分的问题，如妇女的作用、部门研究或长期发展。读者不应期望有一个单一的叙事或线性的视角:这些文本是来自具有非常不同的理论和方法方法的研究人员的反映，这是国立大学的传统。因此，各机构的经济分析与应用马克思主义分析是密切相关的，气候计量学与公共财政是相结合的。出于同样的原因，我们决定不提出内容的解释性结构或组织，而是选择按照它们在报纸门户网站上出现的时间顺序呈现的顺序。
{"title":"El bicentenario: una mirada entre la historia económica y la economía política (Bicentennial: A Look through Economic History and Political Economy)","authors":"Marta Juanita Villaveces Niño, Nohora García, Álvaro Martín Moreno Rivas, Andrés Felipe Sierra S, Beethoven Herrera Valencia, C. Cortés, Diego Alejandro Guevara, Ivan Leonardo Urrea-Ríos, John Mauro Perdomo, J. A. Rodríguez, Ricardo Rocha García","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3422489","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3422489","url":null,"abstract":"<b>English Abstract:</b> En el marco del Bicentenario de la independencia de Colombia, el Centro de Investigaciones para el Desarrollo (CID), en alianza con el periódico Portafolio, ha presentado una serie de reflexiones sobre la trayectoria económica que ha atravesado el país, en aras de entender los retos del futuro y las lecciones aprendidas del pasado.<br><br>El contenido es muy amplio incluyendo temas que han jugado un rol clave en la historia del país, como el café, la violencia, la tierra, hasta temas que son menos conocidos pero deberían formar parte de la reflexión colectiva, como el papel de la mujer, los estudios sectoriales, o el desarrollo de largo plazo.<br> <br>El lector no tiene que esperarse una narración univoca, ni un recorrido lineal: estos escritos son reflexiones que vienen de investigadores con enfoques teóricos y metodológicos muy diferentes, como tradición en la Universidad Nacional. Así, ensayos de análisis económico de las instituciones son acompañados por reflexiones de análisis marxiano aplicado, y la cliometría se entrelaza a la finanza pública.<br><br>Por la misma razón, decidimos no proponer una estructura interpretativa o una organización del contenido, prefiriendo reportar los escritos en el orden cronológico en el cual aparecieron en el portal del periódico.<br><br><b>English Abstract:</b> In the framework of the Bicentennial of the independence of Colombia, the Centro de Investigaciones para el Desarrollo (CID), in alliance with the newpaper Portafolio, has gathered a series of reflections about the economic trajectory that the country has gone through, for the sake of understanding the challenges of the future and the lessons learned from the past.<br><br>The content is very broad including issues that have played a key role in the history of the country, such as coffee, violence, land, and issues that are less known but should be part of collective reflection, such as the role of women, sectoral studies, or long-term development.<br><br>The reader should not expect a univocal narrative, nor a linear perspective: these texts are reflections that come from researchers with very different theoretical and methodological approaches, as a tradition at the Universidad Nacional. As a result, economic analysis of the institutions goes hand by hand with applied Marxian analysis, and the cliometry is intertwined with public finance.<br><br>For the same reason, we decided not to propose an interpretative structure or an organization of the content, opting for an order of presentation that follows the chronological order in which they appeared in the newspaper's portal.<br>","PeriodicalId":18190,"journal":{"name":"Latin American Economics eJournal","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84355751","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper reviews the determinants of Latin America's uneven growth based on an accounting decomposition that breaks down countries' growth (relative to the world) into three trade-related channels: (i) an export pull measuring the traction exerted by the country's exports, (ii) an external leverage measuring the impact of the country's use of external resources, and (iii) a domestic response measuring the impact of the country's imports on its domestic income. This decomposition brings to light three regional growth dynamics: the first is centered on commodities and South America, the second on manufactures and Mexico, and the third on services and Central America. The evidence points toward the need for a trade-oriented growth agenda that puts a premium on raising exports and making countries more attractive to people, not just capital. The latter in turn adds urgency to healing the region’s social fractures and dealing with its institutional weaknesses.
{"title":"Latin American Growth: A Trade Perspective","authors":"A. de la Torre, A. Ize","doi":"10.1596/1813-9450-8871","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-8871","url":null,"abstract":"This paper reviews the determinants of Latin America's uneven growth based on an accounting decomposition that breaks down countries' growth (relative to the world) into three trade-related channels: (i) an export pull measuring the traction exerted by the country's exports, (ii) an external leverage measuring the impact of the country's use of external resources, and (iii) a domestic response measuring the impact of the country's imports on its domestic income. This decomposition brings to light three regional growth dynamics: the first is centered on commodities and South America, the second on manufactures and Mexico, and the third on services and Central America. The evidence points toward the need for a trade-oriented growth agenda that puts a premium on raising exports and making countries more attractive to people, not just capital. The latter in turn adds urgency to healing the region’s social fractures and dealing with its institutional weaknesses.","PeriodicalId":18190,"journal":{"name":"Latin American Economics eJournal","volume":"105 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74270455","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We provide the first estimates of the effects of working while in school that use controlled random variation in job offers. We leverage a Uruguayan program offering 9-to-12-month part-time employment in state-owned companies by lottery to enrolled students. Using social security data matched to the universe of over 120,000 applicants, we estimate a 9% increase in earnings over the four post-program years for youth completing a program job. We find large positive effects on school enrollment during the program year, consistent with the conditionality of the program and smaller effects in the post-program years. Our time-use survey indicates that students substitute leisure and household chores with work, without significant reductions in studying time. Finally, a decomposition of the earnings effect shows that accumulation of work experience can explain the majority of the increase in earnings.
{"title":"The Effects of Working While in School: Evidence from Uruguayan Lotteries","authors":"Thomas Le Barbanchon, D. Ubfal, Federico Araya","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3398385","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3398385","url":null,"abstract":"We provide the first estimates of the effects of working while in school that use controlled random variation in job offers. We leverage a Uruguayan program offering 9-to-12-month part-time employment in state-owned companies by lottery to enrolled students. Using social security data matched to the universe of over 120,000 applicants, we estimate a 9% increase in earnings over the four post-program years for youth completing a program job. We find large positive effects on school enrollment during the program year, consistent with the conditionality of the program and smaller effects in the post-program years. Our time-use survey indicates that students substitute leisure and household chores with work, without significant reductions in studying time. Finally, a decomposition of the earnings effect shows that accumulation of work experience can explain the majority of the increase in earnings.","PeriodicalId":18190,"journal":{"name":"Latin American Economics eJournal","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81925155","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Para abordar los conflictos de agencia que se generan entre socios mayoritarios y minoritarios en las organizaciones de negocios, algunas jurisdicciones han optado por sistemas de control ex ante, basados en prohibiciones y reglas de autocumplimiento, mientras otras han preferido sistemas de control ex post, en los que predominan los estandares. El legislador chileno, consciente de una propiedad concentrada y falta de experiencia institucional en la materia, opto por privilegiar un sistema de control ex ante. Este sistema, aunque cumple algunos de los objetivos pretendidos, hoy dificulta el desarrollo y evolucion dinamica del derecho societario nacional. En este articulo se plantean las ventajas de apuntar hacia un sistema mixto que favorezca los estandares y, siguiendo un precedente latinoamericano, se sugieren principios para implementarlo de manera exitosa
{"title":"Dejar de Jugar por las Reglas: Hacia una Revitalización del Derecho Societario como Instrumento de Política Económica (Quit Playing by the Rules: Towards a Revitalization of Corporate Law as an Instrument of Economic Policy)","authors":"Ignacio Valenzuela Nieto","doi":"10.38178/cep.vi154.22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.38178/cep.vi154.22","url":null,"abstract":"Para abordar los conflictos de agencia que se generan entre socios mayoritarios y minoritarios en las organizaciones de negocios, algunas jurisdicciones han optado por sistemas de control ex ante, basados en prohibiciones y reglas de autocumplimiento, mientras otras han preferido sistemas de control ex post, en los que predominan los estandares. El legislador chileno, consciente de una propiedad concentrada y falta de experiencia institucional en la materia, opto por privilegiar un sistema de control ex ante. Este sistema, aunque cumple algunos de los objetivos pretendidos, hoy dificulta el desarrollo y evolucion dinamica del derecho societario nacional. En este articulo se plantean las ventajas de apuntar hacia un sistema mixto que favorezca los estandares y, siguiendo un precedente latinoamericano, se sugieren principios para implementarlo de manera exitosa","PeriodicalId":18190,"journal":{"name":"Latin American Economics eJournal","volume":"671 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79045616","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper investigates the relative importance of different channels in explaining the low share of industrial employment in Latin America relative to the economies that employ a large share of the workforce in industry. Differences in domestic final consumption shares play a pivotal role and can account for 50-70 percent of the industrial share gap. The paper finds limited support for the comparative advantage hypothesis, as differences in trading patterns account for less than 15 percent of the gap. More important are the differences in sectoral linkages and wage gaps which account for more than 30 percent of the industrial employment gap individually.
{"title":"What Explains Latin America's Low Share of Industrial Employment?","authors":"R. Sinha","doi":"10.1596/1813-9450-8791","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-8791","url":null,"abstract":"This paper investigates the relative importance of different channels in explaining the low share of industrial employment in Latin America relative to the economies that employ a large share of the workforce in industry. Differences in domestic final consumption shares play a pivotal role and can account for 50-70 percent of the industrial share gap. The paper finds limited support for the comparative advantage hypothesis, as differences in trading patterns account for less than 15 percent of the gap. More important are the differences in sectoral linkages and wage gaps which account for more than 30 percent of the industrial employment gap individually.","PeriodicalId":18190,"journal":{"name":"Latin American Economics eJournal","volume":"688 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76836354","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-29DOI: 10.18601/16577175.n23.04
Katy C. Herrera Lemus, Ivonne Narváez Zurita, J. Erazo
La gestión contemporánea requiere cada vez más desarrollar capacidades no solo tecnológicas sino fundamentalmente laborales. La economía informal no es ajena a esta situación al registrar iniciativas de formación para las actividades que lo conforman; no obstante, la heterogeneidad de este fenómeno muestra resultados que aún no permiten mejorar la empleabilidad y la productividad empresarial de sus integrantes y, por ende, su transición a la economía formal. El estudio de los programas aplicados, con mayor énfasis en América Latina, permite llamar la atención sobre la ausencia de contenidos que se orientan al desarrollo de habilidades laborales en el personal. En consecuencia, se precisan los rasgos de estos programas y se estableces líneas de actuación ante este fenómeno.
{"title":"¿Desarrollan competencias los programas orientados a la economía informal? (Do the Programs Oriented to the Informal Economy Develop Competences?)","authors":"Katy C. Herrera Lemus, Ivonne Narváez Zurita, J. Erazo","doi":"10.18601/16577175.n23.04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18601/16577175.n23.04","url":null,"abstract":"La gestión contemporánea requiere cada vez más desarrollar capacidades no solo tecnológicas sino fundamentalmente laborales. La economía informal no es ajena a esta situación al registrar iniciativas de formación para las actividades que lo conforman; no obstante, la heterogeneidad de este fenómeno muestra resultados que aún no permiten mejorar la empleabilidad y la productividad empresarial de sus integrantes y, por ende, su transición a la economía formal. El estudio de los programas aplicados, con mayor énfasis en América Latina, permite llamar la atención sobre la ausencia de contenidos que se orientan al desarrollo de habilidades laborales en el personal. En consecuencia, se precisan los rasgos de estos programas y se estableces líneas de actuación ante este fenómeno.","PeriodicalId":18190,"journal":{"name":"Latin American Economics eJournal","volume":"35 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82233708","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ABSTRACT This paper uses a core-periphery distinction to characterize contemporary economics, economic methodology, and also today’s world economy. First, it applies the distinction to the organization of contemporary economics through an examination of the problem of explaining economics’ relations to and boundaries with other disciplines. Second, it argues that economics’ core-periphery organization is replicated in a similar organization of the use and practice of contemporary economic methodology in economics. Third, it draws on the use of the core-periphery thinking in economics itself regarding the uneven development of the world economy to provide possible foundations for economics and economic methodology being organized in core-periphery terms. Fourth, the paper briefly discusses three potential countervailing forces operating on the development of contemporary economics that might work against its core-periphery organization.
{"title":"Economics and Economic Methodology in a Core-Periphery Economic World","authors":"John B. Davis","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3324569","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3324569","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This paper uses a core-periphery distinction to characterize contemporary economics, economic methodology, and also today’s world economy. First, it applies the distinction to the organization of contemporary economics through an examination of the problem of explaining economics’ relations to and boundaries with other disciplines. Second, it argues that economics’ core-periphery organization is replicated in a similar organization of the use and practice of contemporary economic methodology in economics. Third, it draws on the use of the core-periphery thinking in economics itself regarding the uneven development of the world economy to provide possible foundations for economics and economic methodology being organized in core-periphery terms. Fourth, the paper briefly discusses three potential countervailing forces operating on the development of contemporary economics that might work against its core-periphery organization.","PeriodicalId":18190,"journal":{"name":"Latin American Economics eJournal","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89449000","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Carlos Javier Charotti, Carlos Fernández-Valdovinos, Felipe Gonzalez Soley
This chapter characterizes the monetary and fiscal history of Paraguay between 1960 and 2017. The analysis is divided into four periods, which are mainly distinguished by inflation levels, the source of financing of the public-sector deficit, and the central bank legal framework. The four main periods are 1962–1980, when inflation and the deficit were moderate; 1981–1990, a decade characterized by fiscal imbalances and nominal instability; 1991–2003, when the worst financial crisis in the country’s history took place and inflation levels remained moderate nonetheless; and finally, 2004–2017, the period of structural reforms and low inflation. We observe, throughout the periods, that monetary and fiscal policy have maintained a generally conservative stance, that periods of macroeconomic instability have been rare, and that average economic growth has been higher than the average for Latin America. However, despite its progress in terms of convergence, Paraguay remains among the countries with the lowest levels of income per capita in Latin America.
{"title":"The Monetary and Fiscal History of Paraguay, 1960–2017","authors":"Carlos Javier Charotti, Carlos Fernández-Valdovinos, Felipe Gonzalez Soley","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3344828","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3344828","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter characterizes the monetary and fiscal history of Paraguay between 1960 and 2017. The analysis is divided into four periods, which are mainly distinguished by inflation levels, the source of financing of the public-sector deficit, and the central bank legal framework. The four main periods are 1962–1980, when inflation and the deficit were moderate; 1981–1990, a decade characterized by fiscal imbalances and nominal instability; 1991–2003, when the worst financial crisis in the country’s history took place and inflation levels remained moderate nonetheless; and finally, 2004–2017, the period of structural reforms and low inflation. We observe, throughout the periods, that monetary and fiscal policy have maintained a generally conservative stance, that periods of macroeconomic instability have been rare, and that average economic growth has been higher than the average for Latin America. However, despite its progress in terms of convergence, Paraguay remains among the countries with the lowest levels of income per capita in Latin America.","PeriodicalId":18190,"journal":{"name":"Latin American Economics eJournal","volume":"08 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76457186","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We investigate universalization of access to health in Brazil. We find large reductions in maternal, foetal, neonatal and post-neonatal mortality, a reduction in fertility and, possibly on account of selection, no change in the quality of births. Using rich administrative data, we investigate changes in organization, access and outcomes, thereby illuminating the driving mechanisms. We find sharp increases in coverage of primary health facilities with GPs and outreach workers and, in line with this, increases in outpatient procedures, prenatal care visits, health-education activities and home visits by medical professionals. Consistent with an attempt to rationalize use of hospital resources, we find a decline in specialists and hospital beds per capita. Despite this, we see increases in hospital births, C-sections, and maternal hospitalization for complications, with no change in rates of infant hospitalization.
{"title":"Does Universalization of Healthwork? Evidence from Health Systems Restructuring and Expansion in Brazil","authors":"S. Bhalotra, Rudi Rocha, Rodrigo R. Soares","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3390099","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3390099","url":null,"abstract":"We investigate universalization of access to health in Brazil. We find large reductions in maternal, foetal, neonatal and post-neonatal mortality, a reduction in fertility and, possibly on account of selection, no change in the quality of births. Using rich administrative data, we investigate changes in organization, access and outcomes, thereby illuminating the driving mechanisms. We find sharp increases in coverage of primary health facilities with GPs and outreach workers and, in line with this, increases in outpatient procedures, prenatal care visits, health-education activities and home visits by medical professionals. Consistent with an attempt to rationalize use of hospital resources, we find a decline in specialists and hospital beds per capita. Despite this, we see increases in hospital births, C-sections, and maternal hospitalization for complications, with no change in rates of infant hospitalization.","PeriodicalId":18190,"journal":{"name":"Latin American Economics eJournal","volume":"41 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88457152","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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