Para las personas que carecen de educación financiera es complicado iniciar un negocio. Por no tener acceso a la banca comercial, para conseguir financiamiento recurren a los amigos, familiares y prestamistas. Actualmente, las microfinanzas suplen estas formas de obtención de dinero y este impulso económico hace que, especialmente las mujeres, puedan invertir, permitiéndoles atenuar los gastos en sus hogares. Este tipo de microfinanciamiento está impactando económicamente a las comunidades rurales; los resultados indican que se han conformado grupos de mujeres emprendedoras, generando un aumento importante en la economía del lugar. El propósito del estudio, de tipo cuantitativo y descriptivo, es identificar las características de quienes solicitan microcréditos; esto en una muestra de 50 emprendedores. Los datos obtenidos revelan que, en 2016, se destinó un promedio de 50.000 micropréstamos en la costa de Chiapas, de ellos el 70 % se destina como capital de trabajo, y el 30 % restante como activo fijo.
{"title":"El microcrédito, elemento clave del desarrollo económico rural: un estudio de caso (Microcredit, a Key Element of Rural Economic Development: A Case Study)","authors":"M. Orozco-Gutierrez","doi":"10.22430/24223182.1313","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22430/24223182.1313","url":null,"abstract":"Para las personas que carecen de educación financiera es complicado iniciar un negocio. Por no tener acceso a la banca comercial, para conseguir financiamiento recurren a los amigos, familiares y prestamistas. Actualmente, las microfinanzas suplen estas formas de obtención de dinero y este impulso económico hace que, especialmente las mujeres, puedan invertir, permitiéndoles atenuar los gastos en sus hogares. Este tipo de microfinanciamiento está impactando económicamente a las comunidades rurales; los resultados indican que se han conformado grupos de mujeres emprendedoras, generando un aumento importante en la economía del lugar. El propósito del estudio, de tipo cuantitativo y descriptivo, es identificar las características de quienes solicitan microcréditos; esto en una muestra de 50 emprendedores. Los datos obtenidos revelan que, en 2016, se destinó un promedio de 50.000 micropréstamos en la costa de Chiapas, de ellos el 70 % se destina como capital de trabajo, y el 30 % restante como activo fijo.","PeriodicalId":18190,"journal":{"name":"Latin American Economics eJournal","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88151969","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Communal water organizations are widespread in many areas of developing countries, where local governments lack the resources to offer a minimum quality water service. However, these organizations have their own resource limitations and they additionally face the well-known problems associated with collective action. It is therefore unclear how effectively they can provide safe water, and the evidence available thus far is mixed. This paper analyzes the communal water organizations in Peru known as Juntas Administrativas de Servicios de Saneamiento (JASS). Using detailed household survey data, we empirically assess the differential impact of the JASS vis-a-vis public systems on two water-related child health outcomes: diarrhea and low birth weight. Our identification strategy exploits the legislative changes introduced in the 2000s and the arbitrary cut-off to classify the administrative sub-units of Peruvian municipalities (districts) in order to achieve exogenous variation in the type of water provision. We find that child diarrhea and low birth weight are significantly lower for households served by JASS in the districts located in the first Inca settlements where the pre-Columbian tradition of communal work, called Minka, has survived over centuries. We also show that in those districts the JASS have better governance (existence of their own rules, higher participation and accountability and a greater ability to obtain external support). These findings confirm the hypothesis that social capital and traditions foster cooperation among community members and are in line with recent works showing the importance of historically developed institutions in building social capital. More generally, our results suggest that communal organizations are not a one-fits-all solution, but rather their success depends crucially on the existence of mechanisms for overcoming the problems associated with collective action and the active involvement of the community.
公共供水组织在发展中国家的许多地区都很普遍，在这些地区，地方政府缺乏提供最低质量供水服务的资源。然而，这些组织有自己的资源限制，他们还面临着众所周知的与集体行动有关的问题。因此，目前还不清楚它们能在多大程度上有效地提供安全饮用水，而且迄今为止可获得的证据也参差不齐。本文分析了秘鲁被称为Juntas Administrativas de Servicios de Saneamiento (JASS)的公共水组织。利用详细的家庭调查数据，我们对JASS相对于公共系统对两种与水有关的儿童健康结果(腹泻和低出生体重)的不同影响进行了实证评估。我们的识别策略利用了2000年代引入的立法变化和对秘鲁各市(区)的行政亚单位进行分类的任意截止，以实现供水类型的外源性变化。我们发现，在第一批印加定居点地区，由JASS服务的家庭中，儿童腹泻和低出生体重的发生率明显较低，在这些地区，哥伦布发现美洲大陆之前的集体工作传统(称为Minka)已经延续了几个世纪。我们还表明，在这些地区，JASS有更好的治理(存在自己的规则，更高的参与度和问责制，以及更大的获得外部支持的能力)。这些发现证实了社会资本和传统促进社区成员之间合作的假设，并与最近的研究一致，表明历史上发展的制度在建立社会资本方面的重要性。更一般地说，我们的研究结果表明，社区组织并不是一刀切的解决方案，相反，它们的成功关键取决于是否存在克服与集体行动和社区积极参与相关的问题的机制。
{"title":"Can Communal Systems Work? The Effects of Communal Water Provision on Child Health in Peru","authors":"S. Iranzo, Joan Calzada","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3296323","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3296323","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Communal water organizations are widespread in many areas of developing countries, where local governments lack the resources to offer a minimum quality water service. However, these organizations have their own resource limitations and they additionally face the well-known problems associated with collective action. It is therefore unclear how effectively they can provide safe water, and the evidence available thus far is mixed. This paper analyzes the communal water organizations in Peru known as Juntas Administrativas de Servicios de Saneamiento (JASS). Using detailed household survey data, we empirically assess the differential impact of the JASS vis-a-vis public systems on two water-related child health outcomes: diarrhea and low birth weight. Our identification strategy exploits the legislative changes introduced in the 2000s and the arbitrary cut-off to classify the administrative sub-units of Peruvian municipalities (districts) in order to achieve exogenous variation in the type of water provision. We find that child diarrhea and low birth weight are significantly lower for households served by JASS in the districts located in the first Inca settlements where the pre-Columbian tradition of communal work, called Minka, has survived over centuries. We also show that in those districts the JASS have better governance (existence of their own rules, higher participation and accountability and a greater ability to obtain external support). These findings confirm the hypothesis that social capital and traditions foster cooperation among community members and are in line with recent works showing the importance of historically developed institutions in building social capital. More generally, our results suggest that communal organizations are not a one-fits-all solution, but rather their success depends crucially on the existence of mechanisms for overcoming the problems associated with collective action and the active involvement of the community.","PeriodicalId":18190,"journal":{"name":"Latin American Economics eJournal","volume":"83 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83442468","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Marek Kapicka, Finn E. Kydland, Carlos E. Zarazaga
Capital accumulation in Argentina was slow in the 1990s, despite high total factor productivity (TFP) growth and low international interest rates. A possible explanation for the ?missing capital? is that foreign investors were reluctant to take advantage of the high returns to investment seemingly offered by that small open economy under such favorable conditions, on the grounds that previous historical developments had led them to perceive Argentina as a country prone to external debt ?opportunistic defaults.? The paper examines this conjecture from the perspective of an optimal contract between foreign lenders and a small open economy subject to limited commitment constraints. Numerical experiments for a deterministic version of that analytical framework show that limited commitment constraints introduce an asymmetry to the capital accumulation process of small open economies: the responses of investment to positive TFP shocks are muted and shortlived, while those to negative TFP shocks are large and persistent. Furthermore, under some circumstances, a lower international interest rate environment can magnify the asymmetry. A quantitative implementation of the model economy to data from Argentina accounts, in line with asymmetry just described, for the rapid decline that that country?s capital stock experienced, along with a falling TFP during the 1980s, as well as for the lack of any visible recovery of that stock during the significant surges of TFP observed between 1992-1998 and 2002-2008. In the absence of the limited commitment constraint, Argentina?s capital stock in 2008 would have been 50% higher than it actually was.
{"title":"Argentina’S €Œmissing Capitalâ€� Puzzle and Limited Commitment Constraints","authors":"Marek Kapicka, Finn E. Kydland, Carlos E. Zarazaga","doi":"10.24149/wp1815","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24149/wp1815","url":null,"abstract":"Capital accumulation in Argentina was slow in the 1990s, despite high total factor productivity (TFP) growth and low international interest rates. A possible explanation for the ?missing capital? is that foreign investors were reluctant to take advantage of the high returns to investment seemingly offered by that small open economy under such favorable conditions, on the grounds that previous historical developments had led them to perceive Argentina as a country prone to external debt ?opportunistic defaults.? The paper examines this conjecture from the perspective of an optimal contract between foreign lenders and a small open economy subject to limited commitment constraints. Numerical experiments for a deterministic version of that analytical framework show that limited commitment constraints introduce an asymmetry to the capital accumulation process of small open economies: the responses of investment to positive TFP shocks are muted and shortlived, while those to negative TFP shocks are large and persistent. Furthermore, under some circumstances, a lower international interest rate environment can magnify the asymmetry. A quantitative implementation of the model economy to data from Argentina accounts, in line with asymmetry just described, for the rapid decline that that country?s capital stock experienced, along with a falling TFP during the 1980s, as well as for the lack of any visible recovery of that stock during the significant surges of TFP observed between 1992-1998 and 2002-2008. In the absence of the limited commitment constraint, Argentina?s capital stock in 2008 would have been 50% higher than it actually was.","PeriodicalId":18190,"journal":{"name":"Latin American Economics eJournal","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81468025","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The health consequences of child labor are ambiguous. On the one hand, heavy lifting, using dangerous tools and handling fertilizers may impact negatively on health. On the other, child labor could be used to achieve a minimal subsistence standard, without which the child could experience deteriorating health. Previous empirical studies are inconclusive because, until now, existing data sources could not disentangle between different activities performed by child workers. To establish how work is related to health, it is essential to know what activities are being performed. This study fills this gap with a unique child labor survey conducted in Peru in 2015. Child labor is classified into hazardous and nonhazardous activities. The econometric results suggest that children doing nonhazardous work are less likely to have health problems than nonworking children. Conversely, those that work in hazardous activities are potentially more likely to exhibit health concerns. A series of robustness tests confirm these findings. The results give impetus to the notion that child work increases total resources available for households, which can improve child health. Therefore, it is over and above this potential increment in resources that some hazardous activities worsen working children's health.
{"title":"The Health Consequences of Hazardous and Nonhazardous Child Labor","authors":"A. Posso","doi":"10.1111/rode.12571","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/rode.12571","url":null,"abstract":"The health consequences of child labor are ambiguous. On the one hand, heavy lifting, using dangerous tools and handling fertilizers may impact negatively on health. On the other, child labor could be used to achieve a minimal subsistence standard, without which the child could experience deteriorating health. Previous empirical studies are inconclusive because, until now, existing data sources could not disentangle between different activities performed by child workers. To establish how work is related to health, it is essential to know what activities are being performed. This study fills this gap with a unique child labor survey conducted in Peru in 2015. Child labor is classified into hazardous and nonhazardous activities. The econometric results suggest that children doing nonhazardous work are less likely to have health problems than nonworking children. Conversely, those that work in hazardous activities are potentially more likely to exhibit health concerns. A series of robustness tests confirm these findings. The results give impetus to the notion that child work increases total resources available for households, which can improve child health. Therefore, it is over and above this potential increment in resources that some hazardous activities worsen working children's health.","PeriodicalId":18190,"journal":{"name":"Latin American Economics eJournal","volume":"40 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86393123","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
David Card, F. Gérard, Lorenzo Lagos, Edson Severnini
A growing body of research shows that firms' employment and wage-setting policies contribute to wage inequality and pay disparities between groups. We measure the effects of these policies on racial pay differences in Brazil. We find that nonwhites are less likely to work at establishments that pay more to all race groups, a pattern that explains about 20% of the white-nonwhite wage gap for both genders. The pay premiums offered by different employers are also compressed for nonwhites relative to whites, contributing another 5% of the overall gap. We then ask how much of the under-representation of nonwhites at higher-paying workplaces is due to the selective skill mix at these establishments. Using a counterfactual based on the observed skill distribution at each establishment and the nonwhite shares in different skill groups in the local labor market, we conclude that assortative matching accounts for about two-thirds of the under-representation gap for both men and women. The remainder reflects an unexplained preference for white workers at higher-paying establishments. The wage losses associated with unexplained sorting and differential wage setting are largest for nonwhites with the highest levels of general skills, suggesting that the allocative costs of race-based preferences may be relatively large in Brazil.
{"title":"Assortative Matching or Exclusionary Hiring? The Impact of Firm Policies on Racial Wage Differences in Brazil","authors":"David Card, F. Gérard, Lorenzo Lagos, Edson Severnini","doi":"10.7916/D8-0106-PY10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7916/D8-0106-PY10","url":null,"abstract":"A growing body of research shows that firms' employment and wage-setting policies contribute to wage inequality and pay disparities between groups. We measure the effects of these policies on racial pay differences in Brazil. We find that nonwhites are less likely to work at establishments that pay more to all race groups, a pattern that explains about 20% of the white-nonwhite wage gap for both genders. The pay premiums offered by different employers are also compressed for nonwhites relative to whites, contributing another 5% of the overall gap. We then ask how much of the under-representation of nonwhites at higher-paying workplaces is due to the selective skill mix at these establishments. Using a counterfactual based on the observed skill distribution at each establishment and the nonwhite shares in different skill groups in the local labor market, we conclude that assortative matching accounts for about two-thirds of the under-representation gap for both men and women. The remainder reflects an unexplained preference for white workers at higher-paying establishments. The wage losses associated with unexplained sorting and differential wage setting are largest for nonwhites with the highest levels of general skills, suggesting that the allocative costs of race-based preferences may be relatively large in Brazil.","PeriodicalId":18190,"journal":{"name":"Latin American Economics eJournal","volume":"110 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79243829","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
David C. Francis, Nona Karalashvili, Peter Murrell
To what extent do firms use trust, law, and third-parties to ensure fulfillment of agreements to transact? How do they combine these mechanisms to form transactional governance structures? How do answers to these questions vary across countries? Generating the relevant data requires constructing a survey question answerable by any firm, anywhere. The question is administered in six South American countries. Applied to the resultant data, latent class analysis (LCA) estimates classes that correspond to the transactional governance structures that firms employ to support implementation of agreements. Without imposing an a priori model, LCA discovers meaningful governance structures. Bilateralism appears in all governance structures. Law is never used alone. Bilateralism and formal institutions are sometimes complements, never substitutes. Within-country regional variation in the use of bilateralism and law exceeds cross-country variation. LCA provides the posterior probabilities that each firm uses each governance structure, facilitating testing hypotheses consequent on Williamson's discriminating-alignment agenda.
{"title":"Mapping the Landscape of Transactions: The Governance of Business Relations in Latin America","authors":"David C. Francis, Nona Karalashvili, Peter Murrell","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3378731","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3378731","url":null,"abstract":"To what extent do firms use trust, law, and third-parties to ensure fulfillment of agreements to transact? How do they combine these mechanisms to form transactional governance structures? How do answers to these questions vary across countries? Generating the relevant data requires constructing a survey question answerable by any firm, anywhere. The question is administered in six South American countries. Applied to the resultant data, latent class analysis (LCA) estimates classes that correspond to the transactional governance structures that firms employ to support implementation of agreements. Without imposing an a priori model, LCA discovers meaningful governance structures. Bilateralism appears in all governance structures. Law is never used alone. Bilateralism and formal institutions are sometimes complements, never substitutes. Within-country regional variation in the use of bilateralism and law exceeds cross-country variation. LCA provides the posterior probabilities that each firm uses each governance structure, facilitating testing hypotheses consequent on Williamson's discriminating-alignment agenda.","PeriodicalId":18190,"journal":{"name":"Latin American Economics eJournal","volume":"90 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77901947","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Portuguese Abstract: O crescimento da economia brasileira não decola. Enquanto faltam investimento e poupança, motoreschave para escolas econômicas (da keynesiana à clássica), sobram mitos e ataques pessoais entre os seus maiores professores no Brasil. English Abstract: The growth of the Brazilian economy does not take off. While lacking investment and savings, key motors for economic schools (from Keynesian to classical), there remain myths and personal attacks among their greatest teachers in Brazil.
摘要:巴西经济增长与经济发展的关系。Enquanto faltam invest to e ppana, motoreschave para escolas econômicas (da keynesiana clássica)， sobram mitos, atatques pessoais entres, seus maiores教授在巴西。摘要:巴西经济增长并未起飞。尽管缺乏投资和储蓄，这是经济学派(从凯恩斯主义到古典主义)的关键动力，但在巴西，他们最伟大的老师之间仍然存在神话和人身攻击。
{"title":"Mitos Capitais (Myths)","authors":"José Afonso","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3223395","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3223395","url":null,"abstract":"<b>Portuguese Abstract:</b> O crescimento da economia brasileira não decola. Enquanto faltam investimento e poupança, motoreschave para escolas econômicas (da keynesiana à clássica), sobram mitos e ataques pessoais entre os seus maiores professores no Brasil. <b>English Abstract:</b> The growth of the Brazilian economy does not take off. While lacking investment and savings, key motors for economic schools (from Keynesian to classical), there remain myths and personal attacks among their greatest teachers in Brazil.","PeriodicalId":18190,"journal":{"name":"Latin American Economics eJournal","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80271201","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-07-30DOI: 10.1920/WP.IFS.2018.2018
G. Conti, R. Narita, Rita Ginja
Do households value access to free health insurance when making labor supply decisions? We answer this question using the introduction of universal health insurance in Mexico, the Seguro Popular (SP), in 2002. The SP targeted individuals not covered by Social Security and broke the link between access to health care and job contract. We start by using the rollout of SP across municipalities in a differences-indifferences approach, and find an increase in informality of 4% among low-educated families with children. We then develop and estimate a household search model that incorporates the pre-reform valuation of formal sector amenities relative to the alternatives (informal sector and non-employment) and the value of SP. The estimated value of the health insurance coverage provided by SP is below the government's cost of the program, and the corresponding utility gain is, at most, 0.56 per each peso spent.
{"title":"The Value of Health Insurance: A Household Job Search Approach","authors":"G. Conti, R. Narita, Rita Ginja","doi":"10.1920/WP.IFS.2018.2018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1920/WP.IFS.2018.2018","url":null,"abstract":"Do households value access to free health insurance when making labor supply decisions? We answer this question using the introduction of universal health insurance in Mexico, the Seguro Popular (SP), in 2002. The SP targeted individuals not covered by Social Security and broke the link between access to health care and job contract. We start by using the rollout of SP across municipalities in a differences-indifferences approach, and find an increase in informality of 4% among low-educated families with children. We then develop and estimate a household search model that incorporates the pre-reform valuation of formal sector amenities relative to the alternatives (informal sector and non-employment) and the value of SP. The estimated value of the health insurance coverage provided by SP is below the government's cost of the program, and the corresponding utility gain is, at most, 0.56 per each peso spent.","PeriodicalId":18190,"journal":{"name":"Latin American Economics eJournal","volume":"92 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77188912","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper analyzes the efficient labor supply of male and female workers in Latin American countries employing the collective model framework (Chiappori et al.,2002). Using data from Time Use Surveys for Mexico (2009) and Colombia (2012), we find evidence of Pareto-efficient labor supply decisions within households, as the collective rationality is not rejected in the two countries. We find that higher female wages are related to more labor market hours of female workers, and male workers show an altruistic behavior towards females with the increase of their labor income. Sex ratio are related to transfers of additional income from male to female workers in Colombia, which sheds light on the relevance of distribution factors in the internal decision process of the couple. Our results suggest that the distribution of bargaining power within the household is an important factor that should be considered when analyzing household decisions.
本文采用集体模型框架(Chiappori et al.，2002)对拉美国家男女劳动者的有效劳动力供给进行了分析。利用墨西哥(2009年)和哥伦比亚(2012年)的时间使用调查数据，我们发现了家庭内部帕累托有效劳动力供给决策的证据，因为在这两个国家，集体理性并没有被拒绝。研究发现，女性工资水平的提高与女性劳动力市场时间的增加有关，男性劳动力对女性的利他行为随着其劳动收入的增加而增加。在哥伦比亚，性别比例与男性工人向女性工人的额外收入转移有关，这揭示了分配因素在夫妇内部决策过程中的相关性。我们的研究结果表明，在分析家庭决策时，家庭内部的议价能力分布是一个应该考虑的重要因素。
{"title":"Efficient Labor Supply for Latin Families: Is the Intra-Household Bargaining Power Relevant?","authors":"J. Campaña, José Ignacio Giménez, J. Molina","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3234218","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3234218","url":null,"abstract":"This paper analyzes the efficient labor supply of male and female workers in Latin American countries employing the collective model framework (Chiappori et al.,2002). Using data from Time Use Surveys for Mexico (2009) and Colombia (2012), we find evidence of Pareto-efficient labor supply decisions within households, as the collective rationality is not rejected in the two countries. We find that higher female wages are related to more labor market hours of female workers, and male workers show an altruistic behavior towards females with the increase of their labor income. Sex ratio are related to transfers of additional income from male to female workers in Colombia, which sheds light on the relevance of distribution factors in the internal decision process of the couple. Our results suggest that the distribution of bargaining power within the household is an important factor that should be considered when analyzing household decisions.","PeriodicalId":18190,"journal":{"name":"Latin American Economics eJournal","volume":"36 4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89136657","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper proposes a model to nowcast the annual growth rate of real GDP for Ecuador. The specification combines monthly information of 28 macroeconomic variables with quarterly information of real GDP in a mixed-frequency approach. Additionally, our setup includes a time-varying mean coefficient on the annual growth rate of real GDP to allow the model to incorporate prolonged periods of low growth, such as those experienced during secular stagnation episodes. The model produces reasonably good nowcasts of real GDP growth in pseudo out-of-sample exercises and is marginally more precise than a simple ARMA model.
{"title":"A Nowcasting Model for the Growth Rate of Real GDP of Ecuador: Implementing a Time-Varying Intercept","authors":"Manuel González-Astudillo, Daniel Baquero","doi":"10.17016/FEDS.2018.044","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17016/FEDS.2018.044","url":null,"abstract":"This paper proposes a model to nowcast the annual growth rate of real GDP for Ecuador. The specification combines monthly information of 28 macroeconomic variables with quarterly information of real GDP in a mixed-frequency approach. Additionally, our setup includes a time-varying mean coefficient on the annual growth rate of real GDP to allow the model to incorporate prolonged periods of low growth, such as those experienced during secular stagnation episodes. The model produces reasonably good nowcasts of real GDP growth in pseudo out-of-sample exercises and is marginally more precise than a simple ARMA model.","PeriodicalId":18190,"journal":{"name":"Latin American Economics eJournal","volume":"51 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73815885","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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