Pub Date : 2025-12-16DOI: 10.1016/j.mtsust.2025.101277
Sameer Algburi , Salah Sabeeh , Dima Khater , Hadi Hakami , Saiful Islam , Q. Alkhawlani
Seawater desalination demands membranes that couple high water throughput with tight salt rejection under gentle hydraulic conditions. This study reports electrostatic spray printing of dual charge covalent organic framework graphene active layers on porous supports for forward osmosis desalination of synthetic seawater. The printing route yields uniform films with thickness around 2.8 μm, structural parameter has value 85 × 10−4 m, and mean surface pore size 0.86 μm with BET area 112 m2 g−1. Under 1 M NaCl draw and 3.5 wt% feed at 25 °C, the optimized membrane achieves water flux 78 ± 2 L m−2 h−1 and reverse salt flux 0.8 ± 0.1 g m−2 h−1, while graphene only and covalent organic framework only controls reach 42 and 25 L m−2 h−1 with 1.2 and 2.1 g m−2 h−1 respectively. A random forest model trained on 45 fabrication and operation runs attains R2 of 0.92 and root mean square error 3.2 L m−2 h−1, and Shapley analysis highlights applied voltage, flow rate, and print layer count, with an optimum around 130 layers.
海水淡化要求膜在温和的水力条件下具有高的水通量和严格的排盐能力。本研究报道了在多孔载体上静电喷涂双电荷共价有机骨架石墨烯活性层用于合成海水正向渗透淡化。该工艺制备的薄膜厚度均匀，约为2.8 μm，结构参数为85 × 10−4 m，平均表面孔径为0.86 μm， BET面积为112 m2 g−1。下1 M氯化钠 画和3.5 wt %饲料在25岁 °C,优化膜达到水通量78 ±2 L M−−1和2 h反向盐通量 0.8±0.1 g M−2 h−1,而石墨烯仅和共价有机框架只控制达到42和25 L M−2 h与1.2和2.1 −1 g M−2 h−1分别。经过45次制造和操作运行训练的随机森林模型的R2为0.92，均方根误差为3.2 L m−2 h−1，Shapley分析强调了施加电压，流速和打印层数，最佳层数约为130层。
{"title":"Electrostatic spray printed dual charge covalent organic framework graphene membranes for seawater desalination","authors":"Sameer Algburi , Salah Sabeeh , Dima Khater , Hadi Hakami , Saiful Islam , Q. Alkhawlani","doi":"10.1016/j.mtsust.2025.101277","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mtsust.2025.101277","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Seawater desalination demands membranes that couple high water throughput with tight salt rejection under gentle hydraulic conditions. This study reports electrostatic spray printing of dual charge covalent organic framework graphene active layers on porous supports for forward osmosis desalination of synthetic seawater. The printing route yields uniform films with thickness around 2.8 μm, structural parameter has value 85 × 10<sup>−4</sup> m, and mean surface pore size 0.86 μm with BET area 112 m<sup>2</sup> g<sup>−1</sup>. Under 1 M NaCl draw and 3.5 wt% feed at 25 °C, the optimized membrane achieves water flux 78 ± 2 L m<sup>−2</sup> h<sup>−1</sup> and reverse salt flux 0.8 ± 0.1 g m<sup>−2</sup> h<sup>−1</sup>, while graphene only and covalent organic framework only controls reach 42 and 25 L m<sup>−2</sup> h<sup>−1</sup> with 1.2 and 2.1 g m<sup>−2</sup> h<sup>−1</sup> respectively. A random forest model trained on 45 fabrication and operation runs attains R<sup>2</sup> of 0.92 and root mean square error 3.2 L m<sup>−2</sup> h<sup>−1</sup>, and Shapley analysis highlights applied voltage, flow rate, and print layer count, with an optimum around 130 layers.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18322,"journal":{"name":"Materials Today Sustainability","volume":"33 ","pages":"Article 101277"},"PeriodicalIF":7.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145925694","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Despite their significant contribution to wearable electronic applications, conductive textiles face practical performance limitations due to the intrinsically insulating nature of textile fibers and the poor durability, adhesion, and low conductivity of traditional conductive polymer coatings. Materials like PEDOT: PSS, polypyrrole, graphene, and metal nanoparticles, all of which coat fibrous substrates non-uniformly, resulting in poor charge transport and high contact resistance. Unfortunately, these failures lead to rapid degradation in terms of either shortening the service life of electrical performance under mechanical deformation, washing, or long-term use. It limits their integration in reliable sensors, energy-harvesting devices, and health monitoring systems. This review demonstrates how cold plasma techniques are used to address such persistent drawbacks. Plasma-induced functional groups enhance the surface energy and introduce nanoscale roughness to provide strong adhesion interface with coatings while producing improved interfacial bonding. Thus, conductive polymers, MXenes, and metal-polymer nanocomposite coatings through plasma-assisted deposition exhibit comparatively less electrical resistance with superior mechanical properties, retaining the flexibility and breathability of the fabric. Additionally, the plasma-enabled coatings confer multifunctional properties such as antibacterial, photothermal, and stable bio signals in sensing. The review finally identifies future challenges-enhanced scalability, long-term electrical stability under extreme conditions, and a sustainable process-while highlighting emerging opportunities associated with plasma-engineered textiles for next-generation smart wearables.
{"title":"Plasma-treated conductive textile advancements in coating and functional properties: A review","authors":"Asnake Ketema , Aklilu Azanaw , Li-Chun Chang , Wei-Yu Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.mtsust.2025.101273","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mtsust.2025.101273","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Despite their significant contribution to wearable electronic applications, conductive textiles face practical performance limitations due to the intrinsically insulating nature of textile fibers and the poor durability, adhesion, and low conductivity of traditional conductive polymer coatings. Materials like PEDOT: PSS, polypyrrole, graphene, and metal nanoparticles, all of which coat fibrous substrates non-uniformly, resulting in poor charge transport and high contact resistance. Unfortunately, these failures lead to rapid degradation in terms of either shortening the service life of electrical performance under mechanical deformation, washing, or long-term use. It limits their integration in reliable sensors, energy-harvesting devices, and health monitoring systems. This review demonstrates how cold plasma techniques are used to address such persistent drawbacks. Plasma-induced functional groups enhance the surface energy and introduce nanoscale roughness to provide strong adhesion interface with coatings while producing improved interfacial bonding. Thus, conductive polymers, MXenes, and metal-polymer nanocomposite coatings through plasma-assisted deposition exhibit comparatively less electrical resistance with superior mechanical properties, retaining the flexibility and breathability of the fabric. Additionally, the plasma-enabled coatings confer multifunctional properties such as antibacterial, photothermal, and stable bio signals in sensing. The review finally identifies future challenges-enhanced scalability, long-term electrical stability under extreme conditions, and a sustainable process-while highlighting emerging opportunities associated with plasma-engineered textiles for next-generation smart wearables.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18322,"journal":{"name":"Materials Today Sustainability","volume":"33 ","pages":"Article 101273"},"PeriodicalIF":7.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145925692","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-11DOI: 10.1016/j.mtsust.2025.101276
Sayanthan Ramakrishnan , Akilesh Ramesh , Kirubajiny Pasupathy , Allan C. Manalo , Jay Sanjayan
This study investigates a method to regulate the foaming effect, enhance foam stability and overall performance of chemically foamed aerated geopolymer concrete (AGC) using recycled waste latex paint (RWP). The RWP consists of acrylic polymers and surfactants which are expected to regulate the foaming effect in AGC. AGC was synthesised by alkali activation of fly ash and slag, with Aluminium powder as the chemical foaming agent. A varying level of RWP was introduced as the foam regulating agent to enhance the rheological properties and gas bubble distribution in the AGC matrix. The systematic experimental analysis revealed that higher RWP dosage increased the expansion height by 75 % with a well-regulated expansion behaviour, attributed to the presence of soluble polymers and surfactants in RWP that mitigate bubble collapse and enhance the chemical foam stability. Additionally, increased RWP dosage improved the viscosity and yield strength of AGC mixes, facilitating better gas bubble migration in the matrix, resulting in finer and uniform pore structure. High RWP content increased porosity by 31 % and reduced density by 35 %, indicating its efficiency in producing lightweight AGC products. Although a reduction in the compressive strength of about 40 %–75 % was observed due to increased pore connectivity and reduced geopolymerisation from pigments and impurities in RWP, microstructural analysis confirmed reduced bubble coalescence and pore irregularity. Enhanced interfacial paste strength resulted in a finer and more uniform pore distribution. These findings demonstrate the potential of RWP as a value-added, sustainable additive for producing lightweight, non-load bearing AGC products with enhanced thermal and acoustic properties, contributing to sustainable construction and promoting the circular economy of waste paint products.
{"title":"Regulating the chemical foaming and pore distribution in aerated geopolymer concrete","authors":"Sayanthan Ramakrishnan , Akilesh Ramesh , Kirubajiny Pasupathy , Allan C. Manalo , Jay Sanjayan","doi":"10.1016/j.mtsust.2025.101276","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mtsust.2025.101276","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates a method to regulate the foaming effect, enhance foam stability and overall performance of chemically foamed aerated geopolymer concrete (AGC) using recycled waste latex paint (RWP). The RWP consists of acrylic polymers and surfactants which are expected to regulate the foaming effect in AGC. AGC was synthesised by alkali activation of fly ash and slag, with Aluminium powder as the chemical foaming agent. A varying level of RWP was introduced as the foam regulating agent to enhance the rheological properties and gas bubble distribution in the AGC matrix. The systematic experimental analysis revealed that higher RWP dosage increased the expansion height by 75 % with a well-regulated expansion behaviour, attributed to the presence of soluble polymers and surfactants in RWP that mitigate bubble collapse and enhance the chemical foam stability. Additionally, increased RWP dosage improved the viscosity and yield strength of AGC mixes, facilitating better gas bubble migration in the matrix, resulting in finer and uniform pore structure. High RWP content increased porosity by 31 % and reduced density by 35 %, indicating its efficiency in producing lightweight AGC products. Although a reduction in the compressive strength of about 40 %–75 % was observed due to increased pore connectivity and reduced geopolymerisation from pigments and impurities in RWP, microstructural analysis confirmed reduced bubble coalescence and pore irregularity. Enhanced interfacial paste strength resulted in a finer and more uniform pore distribution. These findings demonstrate the potential of RWP as a value-added, sustainable additive for producing lightweight, non-load bearing AGC products with enhanced thermal and acoustic properties, contributing to sustainable construction and promoting the circular economy of waste paint products.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18322,"journal":{"name":"Materials Today Sustainability","volume":"33 ","pages":"Article 101276"},"PeriodicalIF":7.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145787527","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Vitrimers represent a transformative class of polymeric materials that combine the robust mechanical properties of thermosets with the reprocessability of thermoplastics. Among them, bio-based vitrimers have garnered increasing attention as a sustainable alternative to conventional petrochemical-derived networks, aligning with the principles of green chemistry and circular economy. This article provides a comprehensive overview of bio-based vitrimers, beginning with an introduction to their fundamental chemistry and dynamic covalent network architecture. Key associative exchange mechanisms such as transesterification, transamination, disulfide exchange, etc are discussed. A detailed examination of monomers derived from renewable sources, including epoxidized plant oils, lignin derivatives-based building blocks, is presented to highlight the versatility and eco-friendliness of feedstock options. The resulting vitrimers exhibit a wide range of desirable properties, including recyclability, self-healing, thermal stability, solvent resistance, and shape memory behavior. Despite their promise, challenges such as limited scalability, cost-effectiveness, and trade-offs between mechanical strength and dynamic behavior remain. Finally, the future outlook of vitrimer research is discussed, focusing on developing new dynamic chemistries, enhancing biocompatibility, and integrating smart functionalities for advanced applications in aerospace, biomedical, and electronic sectors. This review underscores the significant potential of bio-based vitrimers to reshape sustainable materials science while addressing the pressing need for circular material lifecycles.
{"title":"Green by design, smart by chemistry: Recent advances in bio-based vitrimers for next-generation sustainable materials","authors":"Ankit Sharma , Sandeep Singh Bisht , Muskan Kumari , Manju Yadav , Harsh Saini , Shipra Jaswal , Inderdeep Singh , Bharti Gaur","doi":"10.1016/j.mtsust.2025.101275","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mtsust.2025.101275","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Vitrimers represent a transformative class of polymeric materials that combine the robust mechanical properties of thermosets with the reprocessability of thermoplastics. Among them, bio-based vitrimers have garnered increasing attention as a sustainable alternative to conventional petrochemical-derived networks, aligning with the principles of green chemistry and circular economy. This article provides a comprehensive overview of bio-based vitrimers, beginning with an introduction to their fundamental chemistry and dynamic covalent network architecture. Key associative exchange mechanisms such as transesterification, transamination, disulfide exchange, etc are discussed. A detailed examination of monomers derived from renewable sources, including epoxidized plant oils, lignin derivatives-based building blocks, is presented to highlight the versatility and eco-friendliness of feedstock options. The resulting vitrimers exhibit a wide range of desirable properties, including recyclability, self-healing, thermal stability, solvent resistance, and shape memory behavior. Despite their promise, challenges such as limited scalability, cost-effectiveness, and trade-offs between mechanical strength and dynamic behavior remain. Finally, the future outlook of vitrimer research is discussed, focusing on developing new dynamic chemistries, enhancing biocompatibility, and integrating smart functionalities for advanced applications in aerospace, biomedical, and electronic sectors. This review underscores the significant potential of bio-based vitrimers to reshape sustainable materials science while addressing the pressing need for circular material lifecycles.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18322,"journal":{"name":"Materials Today Sustainability","volume":"33 ","pages":"Article 101275"},"PeriodicalIF":7.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145787526","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-09DOI: 10.1016/j.mtsust.2025.101272
Muddasira Sarwar , Muhammad Shahbaz , Rabia Ghaffar , Mohsin Saleem , Muhammad Zubair Khan , Muneeb Irshad , Shahzad Sharif , Jung Hyuk Koh , Muhammad Haseeb , Abdul Ghaffar , Imran Shakir , Kamran Ali
Ceria co-doped with Ni and Mg (Ni, Mg@CeO2) was examined for its electrochemical performance, showing impressive power density and cyclic stability in the fabricated device. The material was synthesized using an easy, low-cost solution combustion method. Two different materials were studied to evaluate the impact of co-doping: pristine CeO2/AC (M − 1) and Ni, Mg@CeO2 composite with AC (Activated Carbon) (M − 2). Structural analysis confirmed the face-centered cubic (FCC) structure of CeO2 through X-ray diffractometry (XRD). The structural and optical properties were characterized by using field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy, respectively. The electrochemical behavior was tested with cyclic voltammetry (CV), galvanostatic charge-discharge (GCD), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), revealing the pseudocapacitive nature of the ceria-based electrodes. As an electrode material, CeO2/AC (M − 1) achieved a higher specific capacitance (Cs) of 244.4 F/g at 0.5 A/g, while Ni, Mg@CeO2/AC (M − 2) showed 197.6 F/g at the same current. In a full-device setup, Ni, Mg@CeO2//AC (M − 2) reached a Cs of 63.3 F/g at 0.5 A/g, along with excellent cycling stability, retaining 100.4 % coulombic efficiency over 5000 GCD cycles. The hybrid device based on Ni, Mg@CeO2//AC displayed a maximum specific energy of 18.3 Wh/kg and a specific power of 467.5 W/kg at 0.5 A/g.
{"title":"Robust cyclic stability and high-power performance of Ni/Mg co-doped CeO2 electrodes for asymmetric hybrid supercapacitors","authors":"Muddasira Sarwar , Muhammad Shahbaz , Rabia Ghaffar , Mohsin Saleem , Muhammad Zubair Khan , Muneeb Irshad , Shahzad Sharif , Jung Hyuk Koh , Muhammad Haseeb , Abdul Ghaffar , Imran Shakir , Kamran Ali","doi":"10.1016/j.mtsust.2025.101272","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mtsust.2025.101272","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ceria co-doped with Ni and Mg (Ni, Mg@CeO<sub>2</sub>) was examined for its electrochemical performance, showing impressive power density and cyclic stability in the fabricated device. The material was synthesized using an easy, low-cost solution combustion method. Two different materials were studied to evaluate the impact of co-doping: pristine CeO<sub>2</sub>/AC (M − 1) and Ni, Mg@CeO<sub>2</sub> composite with AC (Activated Carbon) (M − 2). Structural analysis confirmed the face-centered cubic (FCC) structure of CeO<sub>2</sub> through X-ray diffractometry (XRD). The structural and optical properties were characterized by using field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy, respectively. The electrochemical behavior was tested with cyclic voltammetry (CV), galvanostatic charge-discharge (GCD), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), revealing the pseudocapacitive nature of the ceria-based electrodes. As an electrode material, CeO<sub>2</sub>/AC (M − 1) achieved a higher specific capacitance (C<sub>s</sub>) of 244.4 F/g at 0.5 A/g, while Ni, Mg@CeO<sub>2</sub>/AC (M − 2) showed 197.6 F/g at the same current. In a full-device setup, Ni, Mg@CeO<sub>2</sub>//AC (M − 2) reached a C<sub>s</sub> of 63.3 F/g at 0.5 A/g, along with excellent cycling stability, retaining 100.4 % coulombic efficiency over 5000 GCD cycles. The hybrid device based on Ni, Mg@CeO<sub>2</sub>//AC displayed a maximum specific energy of 18.3 Wh/kg and a specific power of 467.5 W/kg at 0.5 A/g.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18322,"journal":{"name":"Materials Today Sustainability","volume":"33 ","pages":"Article 101272"},"PeriodicalIF":7.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145787525","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-09DOI: 10.1016/j.mtsust.2025.101274
Kashif Rasool
Bacterial cellulose (BC) is a high-performance bio-derived material with growing relevance to circular manufacturing in environmental remediation, biodegradable, compostable packaging, biomedical scaffolds, and wearable/flexible electronics. Unlike petroleum plastics and even many plant-cellulose derivatives, BC is secreted as an ultra-pure (>99 %) nanoscale fibrillar network of 20–100 nm size with high crystallinity, tensile strength on the order of 200–400 MPa, tunable porosity, and intrinsic biocompatibility. This review consolidates advances in: (i) CRISPR/base-editing and programmable promoter engineering to boost yield and embed functionality in situ; (ii) intensified and hybrid reactor concepts that overcome oxygen-transfer and shear limitations; and (iii) AI-/ML-guided fermentation control, which is already demonstrating 20–25 % cost reduction through optimized media, pH control, and aeration. A central theme is the use of agro-industrial residues like fruit peels, whey, distillery/winery effluent, bagasse as carbon sources to displace refined sugars, reduce waste management burdens, and close material loops within a circular biorefinery model. We critically evaluate BC composite systems (e.g., MXene/BC electrodes, antimicrobial wound dressings, high-barrier bioplastic films) and identify barriers to scale, including inhibitor carryover from waste feedstocks, fouling, water-vapor transmission rate, phenolic coloration, and clinical regulatory constraints. Finally, we propose a translational roadmap built on data-rich bioreactors, modular waste-to-value integration, and application-specific surface functionalization to accelerate industrial deployment of BC as a next-generation sustainable material.
细菌纤维素（BC）是一种高性能的生物衍生材料，在环境修复、可生物降解、可堆肥包装、生物医学支架和可穿戴/柔性电子产品的循环制造中具有越来越重要的意义。与石油塑料和许多植物纤维素衍生物不同，BC是一种超纯（>99 %）纳米级纤维网络，尺寸为20-100 nm，结晶度高，抗拉强度在200-400 MPa量级，孔隙率可调，具有内在的生物相容性。本文综述了以下方面的进展：(i) CRISPR/碱基编辑和可编程启动子工程，以提高产量和原位嵌入功能；克服氧传递和剪切限制的强化和混合反应器概念；（iii） AI / ml引导的发酵控制，通过优化培养基、pH控制和曝气，已经证明成本降低了20-25 %。一个中心主题是利用果皮、乳清、酿酒厂/酒厂废水、甘蔗渣等农业工业残留物作为碳源来取代精制糖，减轻废物管理负担，并在循环生物炼制模式内实现物质循环。我们批判性地评估了BC复合系统（例如，MXene/BC电极、抗菌伤口敷料、高屏障生物塑料薄膜），并确定了阻垢障碍，包括废物原料的抑制剂携带、污染、水蒸气透过率、酚类着色和临床监管限制。最后，我们提出了一个基于数据丰富的生物反应器、模块化废物到价值集成和特定应用表面功能化的转化路线图，以加速BC作为下一代可持续材料的工业部署。
{"title":"Comprehensive insights into agro-industrial waste-derived bacterial cellulose advancing green technologies across industries","authors":"Kashif Rasool","doi":"10.1016/j.mtsust.2025.101274","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mtsust.2025.101274","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Bacterial cellulose (BC) is a high-performance bio-derived material with growing relevance to circular manufacturing in environmental remediation, biodegradable, compostable packaging, biomedical scaffolds, and wearable/flexible electronics. Unlike petroleum plastics and even many plant-cellulose derivatives, BC is secreted as an ultra-pure (>99 %) nanoscale fibrillar network of 20–100 nm size with high crystallinity, tensile strength on the order of 200–400 MPa, tunable porosity, and intrinsic biocompatibility. This review consolidates advances in: (i) CRISPR/base-editing and programmable promoter engineering to boost yield and embed functionality in situ; (ii) intensified and hybrid reactor concepts that overcome oxygen-transfer and shear limitations; and (iii) AI-/ML-guided fermentation control, which is already demonstrating 20–25 % cost reduction through optimized media, pH control, and aeration. A central theme is the use of agro-industrial residues like fruit peels, whey, distillery/winery effluent, bagasse as carbon sources to displace refined sugars, reduce waste management burdens, and close material loops within a circular biorefinery model. We critically evaluate BC composite systems (e.g., MXene/BC electrodes, antimicrobial wound dressings, high-barrier bioplastic films) and identify barriers to scale, including inhibitor carryover from waste feedstocks, fouling, water-vapor transmission rate, phenolic coloration, and clinical regulatory constraints. Finally, we propose a translational roadmap built on data-rich bioreactors, modular waste-to-value integration, and application-specific surface functionalization to accelerate industrial deployment of BC as a next-generation sustainable material.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18322,"journal":{"name":"Materials Today Sustainability","volume":"33 ","pages":"Article 101274"},"PeriodicalIF":7.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145735010","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-01DOI: 10.1016/j.mtsust.2025.101267
Pragya Sahu , Juhi Saini , Ritu Raval , Chuxia Lin , Subbalaxmi Selvaraj
A condensation reaction between an isocyanate and polyols produces a synthetic polymer, polyurethane (PU). Owing to its complex chemical framework, PU is highly recalcitrant. This plastic type consists of hard and soft segments in its structure, which critically influence its mechanical properties and functional versatility. Its inherent structural complexity and resistance to degradation have created significant challenges in its end-of-life management, contributing to persistent plastic pollution. In recent years, microbial-mediated enzymatic degradation has emerged as a promising alternative to conventional waste treatment and disposal strategies. This review provides a comprehensive overview of PU biodegradation, outlining the polymer's chemistry, the role of microbial communities and their associated enzymes, and emerging insights from metabolic pathway analysis to molecular-based metagenomic studies. Standardized testing methods and analytical techniques are evaluated along with physicochemical and environmental factors that influence degradation. Recent innovations like the development of engineered microbial consortia, enzyme optimization strategies, pre-treatment methods, and bio-based formulations collectively advance PU biodegradation and support sustainable material valorisation. In silico approaches, such as machine learning and computational studies, are highlighted for their potential to predict degradation efficiency and guide experimental design. By integrating insights from polymer science, microbial ecology, and computational biology, this review identifies critical challenges and outlines future directions towards developing scalable, eco-efficient solutions for PU waste management and circular material recovery.
{"title":"Advances in polyurethane biodegradation integrating chemistry, microbial mechanism, and computational approaches","authors":"Pragya Sahu , Juhi Saini , Ritu Raval , Chuxia Lin , Subbalaxmi Selvaraj","doi":"10.1016/j.mtsust.2025.101267","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mtsust.2025.101267","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A condensation reaction between an isocyanate and polyols produces a synthetic polymer, polyurethane (PU). Owing to its complex chemical framework, PU is highly recalcitrant. This plastic type consists of hard and soft segments in its structure, which critically influence its mechanical properties and functional versatility. Its inherent structural complexity and resistance to degradation have created significant challenges in its end-of-life management, contributing to persistent plastic pollution. In recent years, microbial-mediated enzymatic degradation has emerged as a promising alternative to conventional waste treatment and disposal strategies. This review provides a comprehensive overview of PU biodegradation, outlining the polymer's chemistry, the role of microbial communities and their associated enzymes, and emerging insights from metabolic pathway analysis to molecular-based metagenomic studies. Standardized testing methods and analytical techniques are evaluated along with physicochemical and environmental factors that influence degradation. Recent innovations like the development of engineered microbial consortia, enzyme optimization strategies, pre-treatment methods, and bio-based formulations collectively advance PU biodegradation and support sustainable material valorisation. In silico approaches, such as machine learning and computational studies, are highlighted for their potential to predict degradation efficiency and guide experimental design. By integrating insights from polymer science, microbial ecology, and computational biology, this review identifies critical challenges and outlines future directions towards developing scalable, eco-efficient solutions for PU waste management and circular material recovery.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18322,"journal":{"name":"Materials Today Sustainability","volume":"32 ","pages":"Article 101267"},"PeriodicalIF":7.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145690512","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-01DOI: 10.1016/j.mtsust.2025.101254
Yeongsu Jo , So-yeon Ju , Seungyeon Hong , Gyeong Cheon Choi , Hyo Jung Kim , Hyung Woo Lee , Hui-Seon Kim , Ji-Youn Seo
Recently, the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of organic solar cells (OSCs) has been reported over 19 % due to the development of novel electron donor polymers and acceptor molecules such as PM6:Y6. In addition, cathode interlayers (CILs) based on non-fullerene structure (e.g., PNDIT-F3NBr and PDINN) have been employed in conventional OSCs to facilitate charge transfer from the active layer to electrode. However, metal electrodes for cathode contact have received relatively little attention and the role of the CIL/metal interface has been barely investigated in OSCs. While conventional OSCs generally adopt a low work function cathode (e.g., silver and aluminum) for an ideal energy positioning near the LUMO of the active material, in this study, gold (Au) with a high work function is utilized as the top electrode, which is rarely explored, resulting in a high open circuit voltage of 0.853 V and PCE of 14 % based on a device structure with ITO/PEDOT:PSS/PM6:Y6/PNDIT-F3N-Br/Au. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS) reveal a significant upward shift of the apparent work function of Au (ΔΦAu > 1.0 eV) at the CIL/Au interface, leading to a suitable energy level alignment for charge extraction and efficient device operation. On the other hand, Au diffusion into the PM6:Y6 active blend results in poor long-term stability of OSCs, as evidenced by grazing incidence wide angle X-ray scattering (GIWAXS) and impedance spectroscopy (IS).
{"title":"Impact of work function cathode on performance and stability of organic solar cells with non-fullerene interlayers","authors":"Yeongsu Jo , So-yeon Ju , Seungyeon Hong , Gyeong Cheon Choi , Hyo Jung Kim , Hyung Woo Lee , Hui-Seon Kim , Ji-Youn Seo","doi":"10.1016/j.mtsust.2025.101254","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mtsust.2025.101254","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Recently, the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of organic solar cells (OSCs) has been reported over 19 % due to the development of novel electron donor polymers and acceptor molecules such as PM6:Y6. In addition, cathode interlayers (CILs) based on non-fullerene structure (e.g., PNDIT-F3NBr and PDINN) have been employed in conventional OSCs to facilitate charge transfer from the active layer to electrode. However, metal electrodes for cathode contact have received relatively little attention and the role of the CIL/metal interface has been barely investigated in OSCs. While conventional OSCs generally adopt a low work function cathode (e.g., silver and aluminum) for an ideal energy positioning near the LUMO of the active material, in this study, gold (Au) with a high work function is utilized as the top electrode, which is rarely explored, resulting in a high open circuit voltage of 0.853 V and PCE of 14 % based on a device structure with ITO/PEDOT:PSS/PM6:Y6/PNDIT-F3N-Br/Au. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS) reveal a significant upward shift of the apparent work function of Au (ΔΦ<sub>Au</sub> > 1.0 eV) at the CIL/Au interface, leading to a suitable energy level alignment for charge extraction and efficient device operation. On the other hand, Au diffusion into the PM6:Y6 active blend results in poor long-term stability of OSCs, as evidenced by grazing incidence wide angle X-ray scattering (GIWAXS) and impedance spectroscopy (IS).</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18322,"journal":{"name":"Materials Today Sustainability","volume":"32 ","pages":"Article 101254"},"PeriodicalIF":7.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145620075","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-01DOI: 10.1016/j.mtsust.2025.101268
Ashokkumar Veeramanoharan , Seok-Chan Kim , Giseong Lee
The oilfield industry faces significant challenges, such as high raw material costs and negative environmental impacts due to the widespread use of synthetic oilfield chemicals sourced from petrochemicals. The reliance on environmentally hazardous synthetic oilfield chemicals contributes to severe global issues, including carbon emissions, global warming, and climate change, posing potential threats. Therefore, ongoing research is increasingly directed toward the development of oilfield chemicals derived from natural sources, particularly plant-based extracts—an approach commonly known as "green oilfield chemicals." Among these, cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL), a key plant-derived material and low-cost byproduct of the cashew industry, has emerged as a promising and economically viable alternative to conventional feedstocks. So far, numerous chemicals and value-added products have been generated from CNSL, establishing its applications across various industries. This review provides a comprehensive overview of recent advancements in CNSL-based oilfield applications, including fuel, crude oil-water emulsions, emulsifiers and demulsifiers, flow improvers for waxy crude oil, corrosion inhibitors, lubricants, enhanced oil recovery (EOR), surfactants and foaming agents, with an emphasis on chemical structure–function relationships. We further present a comparative life-cycle assessment (LCA) of CNSL-based versus conventional oilfield chemicals, highlighting their potential environmental and sustainability benefits. Finally, we discuss market trends in green energy, technological opportunities, challenges, and future research directions aimed at improving reproducibility, scalability, and industrial adoption of CNSL-based additives. By integrating chemical, environmental, and economic perspectives, this review offers a forward-looking roadmap for the advancement of bio-based materials in the oilfield industry.
{"title":"Application of cashew nut shell liquid as a green oilfield chemical: A state-of-the-art review","authors":"Ashokkumar Veeramanoharan , Seok-Chan Kim , Giseong Lee","doi":"10.1016/j.mtsust.2025.101268","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mtsust.2025.101268","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The oilfield industry faces significant challenges, such as high raw material costs and negative environmental impacts due to the widespread use of synthetic oilfield chemicals sourced from petrochemicals. The reliance on environmentally hazardous synthetic oilfield chemicals contributes to severe global issues, including carbon emissions, global warming, and climate change, posing potential threats. Therefore, ongoing research is increasingly directed toward the development of oilfield chemicals derived from natural sources, particularly plant-based extracts—an approach commonly known as \"green oilfield chemicals.\" Among these, cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL), a key plant-derived material and low-cost byproduct of the cashew industry, has emerged as a promising and economically viable alternative to conventional feedstocks. So far, numerous chemicals and value-added products have been generated from CNSL, establishing its applications across various industries. This review provides a comprehensive overview of recent advancements in CNSL-based oilfield applications, including fuel, crude oil-water emulsions, emulsifiers and demulsifiers, flow improvers for waxy crude oil, corrosion inhibitors, lubricants, enhanced oil recovery (EOR), surfactants and foaming agents, with an emphasis on chemical structure–function relationships. We further present a comparative life-cycle assessment (LCA) of CNSL-based versus conventional oilfield chemicals, highlighting their potential environmental and sustainability benefits. Finally, we discuss market trends in green energy, technological opportunities, challenges, and future research directions aimed at improving reproducibility, scalability, and industrial adoption of CNSL-based additives. By integrating chemical, environmental, and economic perspectives, this review offers a forward-looking roadmap for the advancement of bio-based materials in the oilfield industry.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18322,"journal":{"name":"Materials Today Sustainability","volume":"32 ","pages":"Article 101268"},"PeriodicalIF":7.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145620046","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-01DOI: 10.1016/j.mtsust.2025.101257
Guanyi Gong , Yue You , Huajun Shen , Milad Laghaei , Yichao Wang , Yongxiang Li
Additive manufacturing (AM) is becoming an important route for creating piezoelectric materials and devices with application-driven geometries, spatially programmed functionality, and compatibility with flexible or wearable platforms. Recent progress has extended AM from simple polymer sensors to ceramic, polymer, and ceramic–polymer composite systems based on jetting, liquid resin–based printing (SLA, DLP, CLIP), extrusion or direct ink writing (DIW), powder-based processes, and emerging multi-material platforms. A central viewpoint of this review is that the electromechanical performance of 3D printed piezoelectrics depends on both the intrinsic material system (such as PZT, BTO, KNN, PVDF and PVDF-TrFE) and the way AM process parameters shape the microstructure through ink or feedstock formulation, printable feature size, curing or sintering depth, layer adhesion, and poling conditions. By organising the literature along this process–structure–property chain, different AM process can be compared on the same basis. Liquid resin–based and DIW methods at present provide the most practical balance between tens-of-micrometres resolution, shape fidelity, and compatibility with ceramic-filled or PVDF-based inks. Jetting and aerosol-jet printing are well suited to patterned thin active layers but remain highly sensitive to ink formulation. Powder-based processes still need better densification control to reach high d33 lead-free ceramics. AM-oriented structural designs, including multilayer stacks, porosity-graded or multiphase lattices, and compliant substrates, can improve sensitivity, durability, and energy harvesting efficiency by matching mechanical impedance and promoting dipole alignment. Remaining challenges include printable high solid loading lead-free systems, stable dispersion and interfacial adhesion at low temperatures, predictive models that link print paths to poling response, and the absence of standardized benchmarking across AM platforms. The integration of data-driven optimization and in situ monitoring with this AM process is identified as an effective way to shorten the ink-to-device iteration cycle and to deliver reproducible, application-specific 3D printed piezoelectric devices.
{"title":"3D printing piezoelectric materials: Innovations, challenges, and future perspectives","authors":"Guanyi Gong , Yue You , Huajun Shen , Milad Laghaei , Yichao Wang , Yongxiang Li","doi":"10.1016/j.mtsust.2025.101257","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.mtsust.2025.101257","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Additive manufacturing (AM) is becoming an important route for creating piezoelectric materials and devices with application-driven geometries, spatially programmed functionality, and compatibility with flexible or wearable platforms. Recent progress has extended AM from simple polymer sensors to ceramic, polymer, and ceramic–polymer composite systems based on jetting, liquid resin–based printing (SLA, DLP, CLIP), extrusion or direct ink writing (DIW), powder-based processes, and emerging multi-material platforms. A central viewpoint of this review is that the electromechanical performance of 3D printed piezoelectrics depends on both the intrinsic material system (such as PZT, BTO, KNN, PVDF and PVDF-TrFE) and the way AM process parameters shape the microstructure through ink or feedstock formulation, printable feature size, curing or sintering depth, layer adhesion, and poling conditions. By organising the literature along this process–structure–property chain, different AM process can be compared on the same basis. Liquid resin–based and DIW methods at present provide the most practical balance between tens-of-micrometres resolution, shape fidelity, and compatibility with ceramic-filled or PVDF-based inks. Jetting and aerosol-jet printing are well suited to patterned thin active layers but remain highly sensitive to ink formulation. Powder-based processes still need better densification control to reach high d<sub>33</sub> lead-free ceramics. AM-oriented structural designs, including multilayer stacks, porosity-graded or multiphase lattices, and compliant substrates, can improve sensitivity, durability, and energy harvesting efficiency by matching mechanical impedance and promoting dipole alignment. Remaining challenges include printable high solid loading lead-free systems, stable dispersion and interfacial adhesion at low temperatures, predictive models that link print paths to poling response, and the absence of standardized benchmarking across AM platforms. The integration of data-driven optimization and in situ monitoring with this AM process is identified as an effective way to shorten the ink-to-device iteration cycle and to deliver reproducible, application-specific 3D printed piezoelectric devices.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":18322,"journal":{"name":"Materials Today Sustainability","volume":"32 ","pages":"Article 101257"},"PeriodicalIF":7.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145620079","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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