Measurement最新文献_第9页

Environmental sustainability of Artificial Intelligence: A GUM-based, user-centered measurement framework 人工智能的环境可持续性：基于gum的、以用户为中心的测量框架

IF 5.6 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Measurement

Pub Date : 2026-01-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.measurement.2026.120654

Leopoldo Angrisani , Mauro D’Arco , Egidio De Benedetto , Luigi Duraccio , Immacolata Esposito , Annarita Tedesco

Given the increasing adoption of artificial intelligence (AI) across a broad spectrum of applications, along with the urgent need for sustainable development, understanding the environmental sustainability of AI pipelines has become increasingly relevant. In this regard, however, the current state of the art lacks a reliable methodology for measuring environmental sustainability from a user-centered perspective (i.e., by considering all the operations typically performed by end users), which is essential for achieving awareness of the actual sustainability in the development and adoption of AI models. Starting from these considerations, this paper employs a rigorous methodology based 1) on the ISO standards for sustainability assessment and 2) on the Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement (GUM) to measure and aggregate the Carbon Footprint required by each stage of an AI pipeline. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this work constitutes the first to integrate GUM-based approaches into a user-driven AI pipeline. To illustrate the methodology, a case study on the use of AI models in biosignal processing is presented. Without losing generality, the results provide useful insights for implementing more sustainable AI practices, enabling a reliable, environment-oriented assessment of AI pipelines and guiding decisions toward reduced environmental impact.

鉴于人工智能（AI）越来越多地应用于广泛的应用领域，以及可持续发展的迫切需要，了解人工智能管道的环境可持续性变得越来越重要。然而，在这方面，目前的技术水平缺乏从用户为中心的角度（即考虑最终用户通常执行的所有操作）衡量环境可持续性的可靠方法，这对于在开发和采用人工智能模型时实现对实际可持续性的认识至关重要。从这些考虑出发，本文采用了一种严格的方法，该方法基于1)ISO可持续性评估标准和2)测量不确定性表达指南（GUM）来测量和汇总人工智能管道每个阶段所需的碳足迹。据作者所知，这项工作是第一次将基于gum的方法集成到用户驱动的AI管道中。为了说明该方法，介绍了在生物信号处理中使用人工智能模型的案例研究。在不失去一般性的情况下，结果为实施更可持续的人工智能实践提供了有用的见解，实现了对人工智能管道的可靠、面向环境的评估，并指导了减少环境影响的决策。

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引用次数: 0

A method for rapid locating internal defects of composite structure based on laser ultrasonic 基于激光超声的复合材料结构内部缺陷快速定位方法

IF 5.6 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Measurement

Pub Date : 2026-01-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.measurement.2026.120667

Lixin Xu , Hui Zhang , Xiaobo Rui , Wanting Wang , Jing Sun , Lei Qi , Yu Zhang

This paper proposes a rapid, non-contact method for locating internal damage in composite materials based on Square-arrays LDV receiver combined with Laser ultrasonic generation (SALCLU). The method employs a four-point square sensing network group to extract reflected signals from damaged regions by subtracting signals from undamaged plates, enabling efficient damage orientation and localization. Simulations and experiments demonstrate the method’s effectiveness, with area coverage errors below 9.1% and center localization errors under 6.3 mm. This method enables the rapid and non-contact location of internal damage of composite plates without prior knowledge of properties.

提出了一种基于方阵LDV接收机与激光超声产生（SALCLU）相结合的复合材料内部损伤快速非接触定位方法。该方法采用四点方形传感网络组，通过减去未损伤板的信号，提取损伤区域的反射信号，实现有效的损伤定位。仿真和实验验证了该方法的有效性，区域覆盖误差小于9.1%，中心定位误差小于6.3 mm。这种方法能够快速和非接触的复合材料板的内部损伤的位置，而无需事先了解性能。

引用次数: 0

Exploiting nonlinear oscillator dynamics for on-chip thermal sensing 利用非线性振荡器动力学进行片上热感测

IF 5.6 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Measurement

Pub Date : 2026-01-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.measurement.2026.120619

Raúl Aparicio-Téllez, Miguel Garcia-Bosque, Guillermo Diez-Señorans, Santiago Celma

Real-time monitoring of temperature in FPGAs is crucial to ensure system reliability, as local temperature variations can affect their performance. For these purposes, virtual temperature sensors such as Ring Oscillator (RO)-based sensors are widely used. However, efficiently implementing them with a minimal number of Look-Up Tables (LUTs) remains a significant challenge. In this paper, we propose a novel temperature sensor architecture based on nonlinear oscillators, implemented on a 28 nm Artix-7 FPGA. The proposed approach minimizes the usage of FPGA resources while maintaining accurate thermal sensing. As a result, several nonlinear oscillators are analyzed, achieving better sensitivity (0.020%/°C) over a 25 % wider temperature range compared to other RO-based temperature sensors reported in the literature for the 28 nm technology node. These results highlight the potential of these oscillators as efficient, low-resource alternatives for real-time thermal monitoring in FPGA.

fpga中的温度实时监测对于确保系统可靠性至关重要，因为局部温度变化会影响其性能。为此，虚拟温度传感器如环形振荡器（RO）传感器被广泛使用。然而，用最少数量的查找表（lut）有效地实现它们仍然是一个重大挑战。在本文中，我们提出了一种基于非线性振荡器的新型温度传感器架构，在28nm Artix-7 FPGA上实现。提出的方法最大限度地减少了FPGA资源的使用，同时保持了精确的热感测。因此，对几个非线性振荡器进行了分析，与文献中报道的28纳米技术节点的其他基于ro的温度传感器相比，在25%的宽温度范围内实现了更好的灵敏度（0.020%/°C）。这些结果突出了这些振荡器作为FPGA中实时热监测的高效，低资源替代方案的潜力。

引用次数: 0

Influence of ship modeling accuracy on its magnetic signature 舰船建模精度对舰船磁特征的影响

IF 5.6 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Measurement

Pub Date : 2026-01-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.measurement.2026.120589

Krystian Buszman , Miroslaw Woloszyn , Jarosław Tarnawski , Kajetan Zielonacki , Józef Ruksztełło

This paper addresses the influence of ship modeling accuracy on its magnetic signature showcased with a Polish Maritime Office ship Zodiak. Real-world measurements were carried out using an Underwater Measuring Module equipped with advanced magnetometers. The aim of the research is, after separating the permanent and induced magnetization components, the systematic simplification of the ship’s numerical model developed in Finite Element Method (FEM) environment, as well as changing the mesh parameters of an object and its surroundings and evaluation of the impact on its magnetic signature prediction accuracy both qualitatively and quantitatively. Findings demonstrate that significant model simplification can be achieved while preserving the magnetic signature’s fidelity, facilitating more efficient optimization processes for warship demagnetization systems and providing balance between complexity and computational efficiency of modeling. An important aspect of the article is the analysis of the degree of compliance of the simplified signature with the original. Classic statistical and quantitative indicators were used, but also a neural classifier with an augmented data set and an analysis based on the parameterization of the multi-dipole model. The end result is the guidance development for the FEM model builder to proceed on the basis of a detailed Computer-Aided Design (CAD) model of the ship.

本文以波兰海事局的“Zodiak”号船为例，讨论了船舶建模精度对其磁特征的影响。实际测量使用配备先进磁力计的水下测量模块进行。本研究的目的是在分离永磁感应分量后，对有限元环境下建立的船舶数值模型进行系统简化，并改变物体及其周围环境的网格参数，定性和定量地评估对其磁特征预测精度的影响。研究结果表明，在保持磁特征保真度的同时，可以实现显著的模型简化，促进军舰退磁系统更有效的优化过程，并在建模的复杂性和计算效率之间取得平衡。本文的一个重要方面是分析简化签名与原件的符合程度。采用了经典的统计和定量指标，并采用了增强数据集的神经分类器和基于多偶极子模型参数化的分析方法。最终结果是在船舶详细计算机辅助设计（CAD）模型的基础上，为有限元模型生成器进行指导开发。

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引用次数: 0

Bidirectional mapping and life prediction of crack states in all-ceramic bearings based on adaptive physics-informed digital twin 基于自适应物理信息数字孪生的全陶瓷轴承裂纹状态双向映射与寿命预测

IF 5.6 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Measurement

Pub Date : 2026-01-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.measurement.2026.120613

Ke Zhang , Yang Hong , Tianhao Gao , Xu Bai , Huaitao Shi , Nan Wang , Yanze Long , Basem Ibrahim Esawy Selim , Jingyao Yin

All-ceramic rolling bearings represent critical components in extreme service environments, such as aerospace and high-speed machining. Consequently, accurate condition monitoring is paramount to preventing catastrophic failures and ensuring equipment reliability. In this context, predicting remaining useful life (RUL) remains the most challenging task within the fault prognostics process. This complexity arises from the intricate internal crack evolution mechanisms and the scarcity of fault data samples in practical applications. To address these challenges, this paper proposes a novel adaptive physics-informed digital twin framework. Initially, a high-fidelity physical evolution model is established by integrating a four-degree-of-freedom dynamic model with Paris’ law, incorporating precise fault localization based on phase difference analysis. Simultaneously, a bidirectional mapping mechanism based on physics-informed neural networks is constructed to achieve quantitative fault perception and high-fidelity signal generation, thereby bridging data gaps via adaptive incremental learning. Furthermore, systematic experimental validation is detailed to demonstrate the proposed digital twin’s capability to effectively infer future states, even under small-sample scenarios. Ultimately, the results indicate that the proposed method achieves an RUL prediction accuracy exceeding 98.3%, offering a reliable solution for precision measurement in data-limited contexts.

全陶瓷滚动轴承是航空航天和高速加工等极端服务环境中的关键部件。因此，准确的状态监测对于防止灾难性故障和确保设备可靠性至关重要。在这种情况下，预测剩余使用寿命（RUL）仍然是故障预测过程中最具挑战性的任务。这种复杂性源于内部裂纹演化机制的复杂性和实际应用中故障数据样本的稀缺性。为了应对这些挑战，本文提出了一种新的自适应物理信息数字孪生框架。首先，将四自由度动力学模型与Paris定律相结合，结合基于相位差分析的精确故障定位，建立了高保真的物理演化模型；同时，构建基于物理信息神经网络的双向映射机制，实现定量故障感知和高保真信号生成，通过自适应增量学习弥合数据缺口。此外，系统的实验验证详细说明了所提出的数字孪生的能力，有效地推断未来的状态，即使在小样本的情况下。结果表明，该方法的RUL预测精度超过98.3%，为数据有限的精确测量提供了可靠的解决方案。

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引用次数: 0

Experimental investigation of face passive failure modes in a shallow shield tunnel within coastal backfill sand 海岸带充填砂中浅埋盾构隧道工作面被动破坏模式试验研究

IF 5.6 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Measurement

Pub Date : 2026-01-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.measurement.2026.120622

Ronghan Wu , Weifeng Qian , Jim Shiau , Ming Huang , Bin Huang , Yanfeng Hu

The passive failure of tunnel faces can significantly impact existing structures and underground utilities during shallow shield tunneling, particularly in coastal backfill sand. A novel experiment equipment was developed and applied to a series of four small-scale model tests to investigate the evolution of face passive failure under burial depth ratios (C/D) of 0.5, 0.8, 1.0, and 1.3. Support pressures, ground surface uplifts, failure zones, and failure modes were examined experimentally and were complemented by numerical simulations for comparative analysis. Results indicate that the support pressure initially increased rapidly to the elastic limit, followed by a gradual rise to its peak value in all cases. A slight rebound in ultimate support pressures was observed for C/D = 0.8, 1.0, and 1.3, whereas it was negligible for C/D = 0.5. Additionally, the ground surface uplift was not a reliable criterion for assessing the passive failure of tunnel face, since it occurred before the face passive failure. The failure mode for C/D = 0.5 was an arched shape characterized by two logarithmic spirals. The configuration of failure modes was composed of an arch and an inverted trapezoid when C/D = 0.8, 1.0, and 1.3, in which the mode boundary consists of two logarithmic spirals and two straight lines. Numerical simulations were employed not only to validate the experimental findings but also to predict the feature of failure modes across various burial depth ratios. This study provides valuable insights into passive tunnel face stability and serves as a reference for reliable failure predictions in similar engineering projects.

在浅埋盾构隧道施工中，特别是在沿海回填砂中，隧道开挖面被动破坏会对既有结构和地下设施造成严重影响。研制了一种新型实验装置，并进行了4组小尺度模型试验，研究了埋深比（C/D）分别为0.5、0.8、1.0和1.3时工作面被动破坏的演化规律。实验研究了支撑压力、地表隆起、破坏区域和破坏模式，并辅以数值模拟进行对比分析。结果表明：在所有情况下，支护压力均在初始阶段迅速上升至弹性极限，随后逐渐上升至峰值；当C/D = 0.8、1.0和1.3时，观察到最终支撑压力略有反弹，而当C/D = 0.5时，可以忽略不计。此外，地表隆起发生在工作面被动破坏之前，不能作为评估工作面被动破坏的可靠判据。当C/D = 0.5时，破坏模式为双对数螺旋形的拱形。当C/D = 0.8、1.0和1.3时，破坏模式形态由拱和倒梯形组成，其中模式边界由两条对数螺旋和两条直线组成。数值模拟不仅验证了实验结果，而且预测了不同埋深比下的破坏模式特征。该研究为被动隧洞工作面稳定性研究提供了有价值的见解，并为类似工程的可靠破坏预测提供了参考。

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引用次数: 0

Development of an improved mathematical model for precision current shunts 改进的精密电流分流器数学模型的发展

IF 5.6 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Measurement

Pub Date : 2026-01-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.measurement.2026.120632

Krzysztof Kubiczek

This article presents an enhanced mathematical model for precision high-frequency current shunts, addressing limitations in existing models by incorporating capacitive mutual coupling between shunt struts and wave propagation effects using transmission line theory. Here, the model is applied to a 500-mA-wideband cage current shunt. However, it can be adopted to many different topologies. Components, including N-type connectors, PCB traces, and resistors, are characterized using ABCD matrices, with PCB parameters derived from FEM simulations and resistor characteristics from impedance bridge measurements. The results, validated against experimental data up to 1 MHz, demonstrate that the proposed distributed parameter model offers a more physically complete representation for evaluation of the AC-DC transfer difference, with reduced uncertainty in the phase shift, particularly at higher frequencies (> 50 kHz), compared with traditional lumped element models without consideration of capacitive mutual coupling between shunt struts. This refined modeling approach is crucial for reducing uncertainties and advancing the development of precision current shunts for demanding high-frequency and high-current metrology applications.

本文提出了一种改进的精密高频电流分流器数学模型，利用传输线理论将分流杆之间的电容互耦和波传播效应结合起来，解决了现有模型的局限性。这里，该模型应用于500毫安宽带保持架电流分流器。然而，它可以被许多不同的拓扑所采用。组件，包括n型连接器，PCB走线和电阻，使用ABCD矩阵进行表征，PCB参数来自FEM模拟，电阻特性来自阻抗桥测量。在高达1 MHz的实验数据中验证的结果表明，与传统的集总单元模型相比，所提出的分布参数模型提供了更完整的物理表征来评估交直流传输差异，减少了相移的不确定性，特别是在更高频率（> 50 kHz），而不考虑并联杆之间的电容互耦。这种精细的建模方法对于减少不确定性和推进高精度电流分流器的发展至关重要，以满足高要求的高频和大电流计量应用。

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引用次数: 0

Advanced GPR signal processing for void detection in historic masonry structures: Application to the Ming Great Wall 先进探地雷达信号处理在历史砌体结构空洞检测中的应用：在明长城中的应用

IF 5.6 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Measurement

Pub Date : 2026-01-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.measurement.2026.120629

Wei Qian , Wenjing Tian , Tao Zhang , Xujun Zhu , Ning Li

This study presents an advanced image processing methodology for enhancing Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) defect detection in historic masonry structures. A four-stage framework was developed, comprising adaptive signal enhancement using power transformation with parameters c = 1 and r = 2.5, which achieved 15 dB signal-to-noise ratio improvement calculated via power spectral analysis; Sobel edge detection for precise anomaly boundary delineation; Otsu’s adaptive thresholding for binary segmentation, which reduced segmentation error by 12.3% compared to fixed threshold methods based on area deviation measurements; and morphological filtering to eliminate noise. Validated on a 1:1.875 scale model with known voids of dimensions 400 × 200 × 100 mm and at the Panlongshan section of the Ming Great Wall using a 400 MHz GPR system LTD-21000, the approach achieved mean planar and burial depth errors of 6.55% and 10.75% in laboratory tests. Field results showed planar discrepancies of 0.175 m and 0.033 m for survey lines 1 and 4, thereby enhancing GPR interpretability for non-destructive structural health monitoring.

本文提出了一种先进的图像处理方法，用于提高探地雷达（GPR）对历史砌体结构的缺陷检测。建立了一个四阶段框架，其中包括使用参数c = 1和r = 2.5的功率变换进行自适应信号增强，通过功率谱分析计算得到的信噪比提高了15 dB；Sobel边缘检测用于异常边界精确圈定Otsu的自适应阈值分割方法，与基于面积偏差测量的固定阈值方法相比，将分割误差降低了12.3%；形态学滤波消除噪声。在已知空洞尺寸为400 × 200 × 100 mm的1:1.875模型上，在明长城盘龙山段使用400 MHz探地雷达系统LTD-21000进行验证，该方法的平均平面和埋深误差分别为6.55%和10.75%。实测结果显示，1号线和4号线的平面差值分别为0.175 m和0.033 m，提高了探地雷达无损结构健康监测的可解释性。

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引用次数: 0

Experimental apparatus and methods for simulating adsorption-diffusion behaviour of reservoir gases under different temperatures and pressures 模拟储层气体在不同温度和压力下吸附扩散行为的实验装置和方法

IF 5.6 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Measurement

Pub Date : 2026-01-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.measurement.2026.120636

Chenlang Tang , Bobo Li , Jianhua Li , Zheng Gao , Haosheng Song , Junsong Yang , Xianwei Zeng

Accurate determination of gas diffusion coefficients and adsorption capacity is crucial for investigating the adsorption characteristics and the evolution laws of adsorption-diffusion processes in porous media such as coal and shale. However, traditional apparatus is complex to operate, difficult to adapt to different sample materials, and suffers from inadequate gas sealing, thereby preventing integrated multi-module experiments. Moreover, conventional apparatus typically use granular samples, which deviate significantly from in-situ reservoir conditions. To address these limitations, an integrated gas adsorption-diffusion experimental apparatus was developed in this study. The apparatus comprises a gas supply system, a thermostatic system, a vacuum system, and a data acquisition system. It offers excellent sample replacement capability, rapid configuration switching, high pressure resistance, and reliable sealing. Isobaric diffusion and isothermal adsorption experiments were performed at various temperatures and confining pressures to elucidate the coupled effects of temperature and pressure on gas adsorption and diffusion behavior. At 30 °C, gas pressure of 1.5–3 MPa, and confining pressure of 6–10 MPa, the CO₂ diffusion coefficient ranged from 0.7903 × 10^-10 to 1.3628 × 10^-10 m²/s. In the constant-pressure variable-temperature experiment, the diffusion coefficient ranged from 1.7990 × 10^-10 to 2.2247 × 10^-10 m²/s at 30–90 °C. The isothermal adsorption at 30 °C followed the Langmuir isotherm, with V_L = 8.2794 cm³/g and b = 0.645.

准确测定气体的扩散系数和吸附容量对于研究煤、页岩等多孔介质中气体的吸附特性和吸附扩散过程的演化规律至关重要。然而，传统的仪器操作复杂，难以适应不同的样品材料，且气体密封性不足，无法实现多模块的集成实验。此外，传统仪器通常使用颗粒状样品，这与原位油藏条件有很大差异。为了解决这些限制，本研究开发了一种集成气体吸附扩散实验装置。该装置包括供气系统、恒温系统、真空系统和数据采集系统。它具有出色的样品更换能力，快速配置切换，耐高压和可靠的密封。在不同的温度和围压条件下进行了等压扩散和等温吸附实验，以阐明温度和压力对气体吸附和扩散行为的耦合影响。在30℃、1.5 ~ 3 MPa、6 ~ 10 MPa围压条件下，CO2扩散系数为0.7903 × 10-10 ~ 1.3628 × 10-10 m2/s。在恒压变温实验中，在30-90℃时，扩散系数为1.7990 × 10-10 ~ 2.2247 × 10-10 m2/s。30℃等温吸附遵循Langmuir等温线，VL = 8.2794 cm3/g, b = 0.645。

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引用次数: 0

Internal model control framework for power and current regulation of grid-connected inverters with LCL-Filter 带lc滤波器并网逆变器功率和电流调节的内模控制框架

IF 5.6 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Measurement

Pub Date : 2026-01-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.measurement.2026.120617

Ersan Kabalci

This paper provides a comprehensive overview of Internal Model Based Control (IMC) principle by emphasizing its application in inverter control for renewable energy integration, microgrids, and smart grid systems. The study represents a detailed literature survey by reviewing existing control strategies and their limitations which is followed by a detailed exploration of the mathematical foundation of IMC. The inherent robustness of IMC in handling system uncertainties and external disturbances is effectively highlighted by demonstrating its advantages over conventional control approaches. A key focus of this work is the evaluation of grid-connected inverters under various operational challenges including grid disturbances, nonlinearities, and parameter variations. The impacts of these factors on inverter performance are systematically analysed, and mitigation strategies such as advanced filtering techniques and adaptive control mechanisms are discussed. Additionally, the study implements a simulation environment to assess the effectiveness of the proposed IMC-based control strategy under different grid conditions. The paper validates the ability of IMC to enhance system stability, minimize harmonic distortion, and improve the dynamic response through detailed simulations. The results propose important perspectives for advancing robust and adaptive inverter control strategies by adopting further exploration into weak grid environments, and refined filter topologies to improve power quality.

本文全面概述了基于内模的控制（IMC）原理，重点介绍了其在可再生能源集成、微电网和智能电网系统的逆变器控制中的应用。该研究通过回顾现有的控制策略及其局限性进行了详细的文献调查，然后详细探讨了IMC的数学基础。通过展示其相对于传统控制方法的优势，有效地突出了IMC在处理系统不确定性和外部干扰方面的固有鲁棒性。这项工作的一个重点是评估在各种运行挑战下的并网逆变器，包括电网干扰、非线性和参数变化。系统分析了这些因素对逆变器性能的影响，并讨论了先进滤波技术和自适应控制机制等缓解策略。此外，研究还实现了仿真环境，以评估所提出的基于imc的控制策略在不同网格条件下的有效性。通过详细的仿真，验证了IMC在提高系统稳定性、减小谐波失真和改善动态响应方面的能力。通过进一步探索弱电网环境，以及改进滤波器拓扑以改善电能质量，为推进鲁棒和自适应逆变器控制策略提供了重要的观点。

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引用次数: 0