A qualsevol part del mon, els conflictes tenen un impacte multidimensional en la societat. Esgoten els recursos humans i materials de l’estat. Mentre es facil substituir els recursos materials destruits pel conflicte, el dany causat en els recursos materials es, en la majoria dels casos, dificil de recuperar. Els estralls del conflicte han tingut un efecte devastador a Sierra Leone. Les consequencies en les noies han afectat directament i indirecta el desenvolupament del capital huma de l’estat en el seu conjunt. Actualment, un nombre creixent de noies que han crescut en un pais devastat per la guerra estan esdevenint mares adolescents, tot creant un efecte multiplicador en el proces de construccio nacional. El nivell de pobresa del pais ha ampliat el nombre de noies sense educacio dins la societat, tot creant un perill potencial per als futurs infants del pais, que seran nodrits per aquestes mares presents i futures, generalment sense formacio. Aquest article analitza les necessitat d’impartir educacio a les noies com a part del proces de construccio nacional de Sierra Leone. Destaca una serie d’estrategies de consolidacio de la pau despres de conflictes que podrien ser utils i conclou que tots els agents del pais han de promoure, d’una manera o altra, l’educacio de noies per a millorar el desenvolupament nacional.
{"title":"Educació de noies a la Sierra Leone de la postguerra","authors":"Chukwuma Osakwe, kelechi johnmary ani","doi":"10.7238/JOC.V5I2.2075","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7238/JOC.V5I2.2075","url":null,"abstract":"A qualsevol part del mon, els conflictes tenen un impacte multidimensional en la societat. Esgoten els recursos humans i materials de l’estat. Mentre es facil substituir els recursos materials destruits pel conflicte, el dany causat en els recursos materials es, en la majoria dels casos, dificil de recuperar. Els estralls del conflicte han tingut un efecte devastador a Sierra Leone. Les consequencies en les noies han afectat directament i indirecta el desenvolupament del capital huma de l’estat en el seu conjunt. Actualment, un nombre creixent de noies que han crescut en un pais devastat per la guerra estan esdevenint mares adolescents, tot creant un efecte multiplicador en el proces de construccio nacional. El nivell de pobresa del pais ha ampliat el nombre de noies sense educacio dins la societat, tot creant un perill potencial per als futurs infants del pais, que seran nodrits per aquestes mares presents i futures, generalment sense formacio. Aquest article analitza les necessitat d’impartir educacio a les noies com a part del proces de construccio nacional de Sierra Leone. Destaca una serie d’estrategies de consolidacio de la pau despres de conflictes que podrien ser utils i conclou que tots els agents del pais han de promoure, d’una manera o altra, l’educacio de noies per a millorar el desenvolupament nacional.","PeriodicalId":183832,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Conflictology","volume":"96 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124108331","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Especially since the creation of the Schengen Area (1985; 1995; 2005), the establishment of the European agency Frontex in October 2004 and the successive implementation of integrated border patrol missions, the European Union and allied states manifests itself to irregular migrants as a maneuverable body of relatively loosely interrelated, treacherous, frontier zones . In consideration of the current trend to diffuse two major elements of the liberal rule-of-law, that is, jurisdiction and accountability , also as a result of the European Union’s Integrated Border Management, this article sets out to explore a variety of options to make such zones of post-Westphalian governmentality public, and to engage with the passion for democracy other than in a managerial sense. More specifically, this article outlines prevalent elements of Europe’s governmental operations in frontier zones and then looks at the question: what acts of dissent are becoming visible that not only cut through former national borders, but also traverse and subvert frontier zones while exposing chances for political association and responsiveness that are not those legitimated by the liberal democratic state? In order to exemplify such acts of dissent, this article refers to the contemporary Refugee Protest Camp Vienna movement, to the Forensic Architecture research project, and also to the Hotel Gelem artistic project. The purpose of this paper is to illustrate and argue in favor of the different possibilities of challenging the increasing institution of European frontier zones by waging acts of dissent that are elicitive.
{"title":"Unió sagrada: zones frontereres europees qüestionades","authors":"Andreas Oberprantacher","doi":"10.7238/JOC.V5I2.1937","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7238/JOC.V5I2.1937","url":null,"abstract":"Especially since the creation of the Schengen Area (1985; 1995; 2005), the establishment of the European agency Frontex in October 2004 and the successive implementation of integrated border patrol missions, the European Union and allied states manifests itself to irregular migrants as a maneuverable body of relatively loosely interrelated, treacherous, frontier zones . In consideration of the current trend to diffuse two major elements of the liberal rule-of-law, that is, jurisdiction and accountability , also as a result of the European Union’s Integrated Border Management, this article sets out to explore a variety of options to make such zones of post-Westphalian governmentality public, and to engage with the passion for democracy other than in a managerial sense. More specifically, this article outlines prevalent elements of Europe’s governmental operations in frontier zones and then looks at the question: what acts of dissent are becoming visible that not only cut through former national borders, but also traverse and subvert frontier zones while exposing chances for political association and responsiveness that are not those legitimated by the liberal democratic state? In order to exemplify such acts of dissent, this article refers to the contemporary Refugee Protest Camp Vienna movement, to the Forensic Architecture research project, and also to the Hotel Gelem artistic project. The purpose of this paper is to illustrate and argue in favor of the different possibilities of challenging the increasing institution of European frontier zones by waging acts of dissent that are elicitive.","PeriodicalId":183832,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Conflictology","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114922269","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper addresses the question of how law and legal work can be envisaged from a perspective of transrational peaces and within an approach of elicitive conflict transformation. The narrative of law is connected here to the perspectives of energetic, moral , modern and postmodern peaces as elaborated by Wolfgang Dietrich, and addresses particularly the shortcomings of a fragmented approach to law when it comes to respond to complex social conflicts. The author presents how a transrational approach can foster the necessary awareness and transformation of crucial aspects of human relations within the work in the field of law. To illustrate this, the text provides some examples from different fields of legal praxis, which show that multiple perspectives on law are currently interacting in order to address social conflict. Most importantly, these examples demonstrate that a transrational and transformational approach to law is not only possible, but rather that it is already taking place.
{"title":"El derecho como mediación transformativa de conflictos. Un enfoque transracional","authors":"Florencia Benítez-Schaefer","doi":"10.7238/JOC.V5I2.2007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7238/JOC.V5I2.2007","url":null,"abstract":"This paper addresses the question of how law and legal work can be envisaged from a perspective of transrational peaces and within an approach of elicitive conflict transformation. The narrative of law is connected here to the perspectives of energetic, moral , modern and postmodern peaces as elaborated by Wolfgang Dietrich, and addresses particularly the shortcomings of a fragmented approach to law when it comes to respond to complex social conflicts. The author presents how a transrational approach can foster the necessary awareness and transformation of crucial aspects of human relations within the work in the field of law. To illustrate this, the text provides some examples from different fields of legal praxis, which show that multiple perspectives on law are currently interacting in order to address social conflict. Most importantly, these examples demonstrate that a transrational and transformational approach to law is not only possible, but rather that it is already taking place.","PeriodicalId":183832,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Conflictology","volume":"19 4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123673369","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Els Acords d’Oslo signats el 1993 entre Israel i l’Organitzacio per a l’Alliberament de Palestina (OAP) van permetre un control indirecte sobre els palestins, una estrategia millor i mes economica que el control directe, per la qual el govern israelia va traspassar les competencies administratives i de seguretat a l’Autoritat Palestina (AP) a Gaza i Cisjordania. Alguns politics i experts palestins consideren la coordinacio i la cooperacio directes entre les forces de seguretat israelianes i palestines com una visio d’Israel adoptada en els acords de pau per a perpetuar l’ocupacio. Per altra banda, hi ha qui creu que l’AP sera la base administrativa d’un futur estat palesti. A falta de proves d’un progres concret cap a aquest objectiu, molts han comencat a questionar la necessitat de l’Autoritat, que ha fracassat en l’execucio de tasques de caire nacional. Actualment, l’AP sembla trobar-se en una crisi existencial. Els palestins la critiquen cada vegada mes, i molts han cercat la manera de distanciar-se de la participacio del govern als afers locals. A mes, alguns dels seus liders han cridat a la seva dissolucio. L’AP es troba collada per les preocupacions d’Israel i els problematics interessos partidistes contraposats pel costat palesti. Aquesta recerca explica els escenaris futurs de l’AP dues decades despres de la seva creacio i analitza la possibilitat de redefinir el seu paper, considerant els desenvolupaments significatius pel que fa al nou estatus de Palestina a l’ONU, la reconciliacio dins de Palestina i els esforcos per a revifar i reconstruir l’OAP.
{"title":"El futur de l’Autoritat Palestina","authors":"Hani Albasoos","doi":"10.7238/JOC.V5I2.1780","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7238/JOC.V5I2.1780","url":null,"abstract":"Els Acords d’Oslo signats el 1993 entre Israel i l’Organitzacio per a l’Alliberament de Palestina (OAP) van permetre un control indirecte sobre els palestins, una estrategia millor i mes economica que el control directe, per la qual el govern israelia va traspassar les competencies administratives i de seguretat a l’Autoritat Palestina (AP) a Gaza i Cisjordania. Alguns politics i experts palestins consideren la coordinacio i la cooperacio directes entre les forces de seguretat israelianes i palestines com una visio d’Israel adoptada en els acords de pau per a perpetuar l’ocupacio. Per altra banda, hi ha qui creu que l’AP sera la base administrativa d’un futur estat palesti. A falta de proves d’un progres concret cap a aquest objectiu, molts han comencat a questionar la necessitat de l’Autoritat, que ha fracassat en l’execucio de tasques de caire nacional. Actualment, l’AP sembla trobar-se en una crisi existencial. Els palestins la critiquen cada vegada mes, i molts han cercat la manera de distanciar-se de la participacio del govern als afers locals. A mes, alguns dels seus liders han cridat a la seva dissolucio. L’AP es troba collada per les preocupacions d’Israel i els problematics interessos partidistes contraposats pel costat palesti. Aquesta recerca explica els escenaris futurs de l’AP dues decades despres de la seva creacio i analitza la possibilitat de redefinir el seu paper, considerant els desenvolupaments significatius pel que fa al nou estatus de Palestina a l’ONU, la reconciliacio dins de Palestina i els esforcos per a revifar i reconstruir l’OAP.","PeriodicalId":183832,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Conflictology","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127801794","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The growth of the world-wide-web, and the revolution in information and communications technology of which it is a part, is an event of global historic significance, equivalent to the changes brought about by the industrial and agricultural revolutions of the 18 th and 19 th centuries. We are now living in a knowledge based world in which the internet is the core technological driver for knowledge storage, exchange and to a significant extent knowledge analysis and creation. The web is also a contested space, meaning that the values and ideas it generates and transmits are not neutral but have significant impact on how we live our lives. New forms of militarisation (cyberwar) and exploitation (cybercrime) are enabled by web technology and it can be argued that these darker aspects are in danger of becoming a dominating characteristic. This article explores the ways in which the web can be used to enhance capacities for creative peacebuilding though new forms of cyberpeace, which complement and extend the range of the traditional modes of conflict resolution while putting human agency – the choices and decisions of people – at the centre of the project to generate a global peace culture.
{"title":"Pacificar el ciberespai a l’era del zettabyte","authors":"Tom Woodhouse","doi":"10.7238/JOC.V5I2.2281","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7238/JOC.V5I2.2281","url":null,"abstract":"The growth of the world-wide-web, and the revolution in information and communications technology of which it is a part, is an event of global historic significance, equivalent to the changes brought about by the industrial and agricultural revolutions of the 18 th and 19 th centuries. We are now living in a knowledge based world in which the internet is the core technological driver for knowledge storage, exchange and to a significant extent knowledge analysis and creation. The web is also a contested space, meaning that the values and ideas it generates and transmits are not neutral but have significant impact on how we live our lives. New forms of militarisation (cyberwar) and exploitation (cybercrime) are enabled by web technology and it can be argued that these darker aspects are in danger of becoming a dominating characteristic. This article explores the ways in which the web can be used to enhance capacities for creative peacebuilding though new forms of cyberpeace, which complement and extend the range of the traditional modes of conflict resolution while putting human agency – the choices and decisions of people – at the centre of the project to generate a global peace culture.","PeriodicalId":183832,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Conflictology","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130429454","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article is a summary of the author’s `Many Peaces´ trilogy, which comprises in its original version more than 1200 pages. It has been published by Palgrave Macmillan in London 2012, 2013 with the third volume still to be issued. It presents a broad range of peace interpretations in history and culture, which are divided into the so called five peace families – the energetic, the moral, the modern, the post-modern and the transrational perceptions and understandings of peace(s). It further elaborates the transrational peace philosophy and derives from John Paul Lederach’s famous pyramid of conflict (work) a broader systemic understanding of conflict as relational phenomenon. It offers a tool for analysis of these complex processes that happen at human “contact boundaries at work” – the enlarged pyramid-model of themes, levels and layers. Finally, it introduces resonance, correspondence and homeostasis as principles of elicitiv conflict mapping, the methodological toolkit for applied conflict work.
{"title":"Breu introducció a la recerca en pau transracional i transformació elicitiva de conflictes","authors":"Wolfgang Dietrich","doi":"10.7238/joc.v5i2.1940","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7238/joc.v5i2.1940","url":null,"abstract":"This article is a summary of the author’s `Many Peaces´ trilogy, which comprises in its original version more than 1200 pages. It has been published by Palgrave Macmillan in London 2012, 2013 with the third volume still to be issued. It presents a broad range of peace interpretations in history and culture, which are divided into the so called five peace families – the energetic, the moral, the modern, the post-modern and the transrational perceptions and understandings of peace(s). It further elaborates the transrational peace philosophy and derives from John Paul Lederach’s famous pyramid of conflict (work) a broader systemic understanding of conflict as relational phenomenon. It offers a tool for analysis of these complex processes that happen at human “contact boundaries at work” – the enlarged pyramid-model of themes, levels and layers. Finally, it introduces resonance, correspondence and homeostasis as principles of elicitiv conflict mapping, the methodological toolkit for applied conflict work.","PeriodicalId":183832,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Conflictology","volume":"74 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115498091","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article presents the tool of elicitive conflict mapping (ECM), developed by Wolfgang Dietrich (2011, 2013, unpublished) at the Innsbruck UNESCO Chair and MA Program in Peace Studies, which seeks to operationalize the philosophy of transrational peace and the art of elicitive conflict work. The art of elicitive conflict work is based on the guiding principle that elicitive transformation does not develop or offer a content solution for the conflict episode, but it provides a safe space for the parties, in which they can work on changes in their relationships along the horizons of their own intelligibility. In this context, the practical relevance of ECM is not the creation of prescriptive methods or recipes, because transrationality and elicitive work exclude such instruments, but to support conflicting parties in finding orientation and recognizing new and concrete courses of action in their own contexts. Read in conjunction with Dietrich’s article in this very same issue and methodologically inspired by mind mapping, this contribution surveys practical ways in which elicitive conflict workers can find a point of entry into conflict analysis and seek guidance in the complex reality of themes, layers and levels. The aim is to shed light on the steps that elicitive workers and facilitation teams can take in order to create possibilities and courses of action that enable the recovery of the dynamic equilibrium of the conflictive system.
{"title":"Mapatge elicitiu de conflictes: una eina pràctica per al treball per la pau","authors":"Josefina Echavarría Alvarez","doi":"10.7238/JOC.V5I2.1986","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7238/JOC.V5I2.1986","url":null,"abstract":"This article presents the tool of elicitive conflict mapping (ECM), developed by Wolfgang Dietrich (2011, 2013, unpublished) at the Innsbruck UNESCO Chair and MA Program in Peace Studies, which seeks to operationalize the philosophy of transrational peace and the art of elicitive conflict work. The art of elicitive conflict work is based on the guiding principle that elicitive transformation does not develop or offer a content solution for the conflict episode, but it provides a safe space for the parties, in which they can work on changes in their relationships along the horizons of their own intelligibility. In this context, the practical relevance of ECM is not the creation of prescriptive methods or recipes, because transrationality and elicitive work exclude such instruments, but to support conflicting parties in finding orientation and recognizing new and concrete courses of action in their own contexts. Read in conjunction with Dietrich’s article in this very same issue and methodologically inspired by mind mapping, this contribution surveys practical ways in which elicitive conflict workers can find a point of entry into conflict analysis and seek guidance in the complex reality of themes, layers and levels. The aim is to shed light on the steps that elicitive workers and facilitation teams can take in order to create possibilities and courses of action that enable the recovery of the dynamic equilibrium of the conflictive system.","PeriodicalId":183832,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Conflictology","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117201843","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
L’article es un estudi dels efectes que ha tingut la guerra entre Etiopia i Eritrea de 1998-2000 en els dos estats. L’objectiu es estimular un debat public fonamentat sobre aquesta inacabable guerra freda. L’estudi es el producte d’un treball de camp dut a terme a Makalle, Adigrat i els seus voltants. La informacio presentada s’ha reunit mitjancant entrevistes presencials semiestructurades amb els habitants de l’antiga zona de guerra pel costat etiop, refugiats eritreus i etiops deportats d’Eritrea. A mes de les entrevistes, s’inclou bibliografia en forma d’informes i relats de guerra per a contrastar les dades recollides dels informadors. Tanmateix, no he entrevistat ministres, alts comandaments militars ni carrecs administratius locals. La recerca pren un enfocament qualitatiu i historic. Tot i que l’estudi presenta informacio adequada, s’ha trobat amb problemes en tractar una questio complexa i conflictiva en una situacio en que bona part de la informacio necessaria per a la seva plena comprensio no es troba disponible. Per tant, s’han deixat de banda moltes questions fortament polemiques. Tambe ha sigut extremament dificil reproduir una imatge completa de tots els lligams causals, perque la guerra mai no es un fet aillat. Aixi doncs, en aquest article intento dilucidar els motius d’una guerra considerada inutil, tot avaluant-ne l’impacte economic, social, politic i ambiental des d’una perspectiva emica.
{"title":"Fundamental Consequences of the Ethio-Eritrean War [1998-2000]","authors":"Wuhibegezer Ferede Bezabih","doi":"10.7238/JOC.V5I2.1919","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7238/JOC.V5I2.1919","url":null,"abstract":"L’article es un estudi dels efectes que ha tingut la guerra entre Etiopia i Eritrea de 1998-2000 en els dos estats. L’objectiu es estimular un debat public fonamentat sobre aquesta inacabable guerra freda. L’estudi es el producte d’un treball de camp dut a terme a Makalle, Adigrat i els seus voltants. La informacio presentada s’ha reunit mitjancant entrevistes presencials semiestructurades amb els habitants de l’antiga zona de guerra pel costat etiop, refugiats eritreus i etiops deportats d’Eritrea. A mes de les entrevistes, s’inclou bibliografia en forma d’informes i relats de guerra per a contrastar les dades recollides dels informadors. Tanmateix, no he entrevistat ministres, alts comandaments militars ni carrecs administratius locals. La recerca pren un enfocament qualitatiu i historic. Tot i que l’estudi presenta informacio adequada, s’ha trobat amb problemes en tractar una questio complexa i conflictiva en una situacio en que bona part de la informacio necessaria per a la seva plena comprensio no es troba disponible. Per tant, s’han deixat de banda moltes questions fortament polemiques. Tambe ha sigut extremament dificil reproduir una imatge completa de tots els lligams causals, perque la guerra mai no es un fet aillat. Aixi doncs, en aquest article intento dilucidar els motius d’una guerra considerada inutil, tot avaluant-ne l’impacte economic, social, politic i ambiental des d’una perspectiva emica.","PeriodicalId":183832,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Conflictology","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129418463","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Les arrels biologiques dels conflictes humans venen de lluny en la seva evolucio i son, per tant, profundes. Per sort, algunes de les nostres tendencies humanes mes destructives poden ser mitigades o eliminades mitjancant l’evolucio cultural. Pero ates que la cultura es per a la biologia el mateix que el programari es per al maquinari, cal entendre correctament la naturalesa biologica dels conflictes per a poder proporcionar solucions, a mes de bastir unes cultures de pau duradores. Aquest article se centra en les arrels biologiques dels conflictes humans. Una continuacio seva giraria al voltant de la resolucio de conflictes mitjancant l’evolucio cultural.
{"title":"Biological Roots of Human Conflict, and its Resolution via Cultural Evolution","authors":"L. Marinoff","doi":"10.7238/joc.v5i2.2282","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7238/joc.v5i2.2282","url":null,"abstract":"Les arrels biologiques dels conflictes humans venen de lluny en la seva evolucio i son, per tant, profundes. Per sort, algunes de les nostres tendencies humanes mes destructives poden ser mitigades o eliminades mitjancant l’evolucio cultural. Pero ates que la cultura es per a la biologia el mateix que el programari es per al maquinari, cal entendre correctament la naturalesa biologica dels conflictes per a poder proporcionar solucions, a mes de bastir unes cultures de pau duradores. Aquest article se centra en les arrels biologiques dels conflictes humans. Una continuacio seva giraria al voltant de la resolucio de conflictes mitjancant l’evolucio cultural.","PeriodicalId":183832,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Conflictology","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128548503","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A Nigeria, la seguretat i la inseguretat son dues cares de la mateixa moneda. Aixi doncs, cal una representacio que reflecteixi la realitat d’aquest pais. La seguretat es humana i estructural. A Nigeria, el problema general es estructural i no es pot ignorar la influencia de les forces armades en la governanca i en la conformacio de la teoria i la practica de la seguretat. Aquesta influencia tambe va venir en certa manera dels entorns internacionals, aixi com de la interpretacio i l’aplicacio a paisos com Nigeria. Abans del canvi de paradigma del PDNU l’any 1994, la definicio de la seguretat se centrava mes en l’estructura que en els essers humans. En aquest sentit, la inseguretat ha predominat a Nigeria. La inseguretat afecta els essers humans i es veu fomentada per la corrupcio i la pobresa dels liders i dels seus seguidors. Aquesta inseguretat determina el programa de desenvolupament. L’article examina aquest tipus d’inseguretat tenint en compte les tendencies historiques i centrant-se en les politiques des de 1999. Les administracions, amb la seva incapacitat per a complir els seus programes de millora de la qualitat de vida dels nigerians, no es distingien en res d’un regim militar. Aquesta situacio no nomes fa augmentar la desconfianca, sino que tambe fomenta la inseguretat.
{"title":"In Search of the Causes of Insecurity in Nigeria: A Note on Administrations and their Agendas","authors":"A. Onoja","doi":"10.7238/JOC.V5I1.1660","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7238/JOC.V5I1.1660","url":null,"abstract":"A Nigeria, la seguretat i la inseguretat son dues cares de la mateixa moneda. Aixi doncs, cal una representacio que reflecteixi la realitat d’aquest pais. La seguretat es humana i estructural. A Nigeria, el problema general es estructural i no es pot ignorar la influencia de les forces armades en la governanca i en la conformacio de la teoria i la practica de la seguretat. Aquesta influencia tambe va venir en certa manera dels entorns internacionals, aixi com de la interpretacio i l’aplicacio a paisos com Nigeria. Abans del canvi de paradigma del PDNU l’any 1994, la definicio de la seguretat se centrava mes en l’estructura que en els essers humans. En aquest sentit, la inseguretat ha predominat a Nigeria. La inseguretat afecta els essers humans i es veu fomentada per la corrupcio i la pobresa dels liders i dels seus seguidors. Aquesta inseguretat determina el programa de desenvolupament. L’article examina aquest tipus d’inseguretat tenint en compte les tendencies historiques i centrant-se en les politiques des de 1999. Les administracions, amb la seva incapacitat per a complir els seus programes de millora de la qualitat de vida dels nigerians, no es distingien en res d’un regim militar. Aquesta situacio no nomes fa augmentar la desconfianca, sino que tambe fomenta la inseguretat.","PeriodicalId":183832,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Conflictology","volume":"154 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-05-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121569133","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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