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Compatibility Analysis of Isotactic Polypropylene/Elastomer Blends for Power Cable Insulation Based on Numerical Simulations
IF 2.7 3区 化学 Q2 POLYMER SCIENCE Pub Date : 2025-02-26 DOI: 10.1002/app.56924
Jing Li, Xiaoyu Wang, Yu Gao, Ge Zheng, Yan Wu, Lingyun Gu, Jie Chen

Using elastomers to toughen the isotactic polypropylene (iPP) for power cable insulation is an economically efficient and widely recognized method. However, the selection of elastomers mostly relies on experience, and the compatibility between iPP and elastomers lacks quantitative characterization. In this paper, molecular dynamics (MD) and mesoscopic dynamics (MesoDyn) simulations were used to analyze the compatibility between iPP and elastomers. The molecular weights of iPP and two types of elastomers, propylene-based elastomer (PBE) and ethylene-octene copolymer (EOC) were measured by Gel permeation chromatography (GPC) to obtain simulation parameters. Molecular and mesoscopic models of iPP/elastomer blends were established, and the compatibility between iPP and elastomers was analyzed according to the monomer, molecular chain, and aggregated structures. The results showed that the compatibility of iPP and PBE was higher than that of iPP and EOC. The mixing energy and interaction parameter of iPP/PBE were close to 0. The solubility parameters of iPP and PBE were approximate, and the binding energy of iPP/PBE was higher than that of iPP/EOC. The dispersion of PBE Gauss chains in the iPP matrix is better than that of EOC. With the increase of the elastomer content, the order parameter of the iPP/elastomer blend increased to above 0.1, from compatible system to incompatible system. The compatibility threshold of iPP/PBE was 20 wt% of the elastomer content, while that of iPP/EOC was 10 wt% of the elastomer content. The simulation results of the compatibility were closely related to the mechanical and electrical properties of the blends. It is suggested that the simulation method can provide a reference for the determination of the types and contents of elastomers in the investigation of iPP-based cable insulation materials.

使用弹性体来增韧用于电力电缆绝缘的异方根聚丙烯(iPP)是一种经济有效且广受认可的方法。然而,弹性体的选择主要依靠经验,而 iPP 与弹性体之间的兼容性缺乏定量表征。本文采用分子动力学(MD)和介观动力学(MesoDyn)模拟来分析 iPP 与弹性体之间的相容性。通过凝胶渗透色谱法(GPC)测量了 iPP 和两种弹性体(丙烯基弹性体(PBE)和乙烯-辛烯共聚物(EOC))的分子量,从而获得了模拟参数。建立了 iPP 与弹性体共混物的分子和介观模型,并根据单体、分子链和聚集结构分析了 iPP 与弹性体的相容性。结果表明,iPP 与 PBE 的相容性高于 iPP 与 EOC 的相容性。iPP 和 PBE 的溶解度参数近似,iPP/PBE 的结合能高于 iPP/EOC。丙烯基弹性体高斯链在 iPP 基体中的分散性优于 EOC。随着弹性体含量的增加,iPP/弹性体共混物的阶次参数增至 0.1 以上,从相容体系变为不相容体系。iPP/PBE 的相容性阈值为弹性体含量的 20%,而 iPP/EOC 的相容性阈值为弹性体含量的 10%。相容性的模拟结果与共混物的机械和电气性能密切相关。建议该模拟方法可为研究基于 iPP 的电缆绝缘材料时确定弹性体的类型和含量提供参考。
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引用次数: 0
Development of Flexible Pressure Sensing Assembly of Biodegradable Polymers and Nanocomposite
IF 2.7 3区 化学 Q2 POLYMER SCIENCE Pub Date : 2025-02-26 DOI: 10.1002/app.56915
Ritika Panwar, Sagnik Ghosh, Mukesh Bajya, Anilkumar Yadav

The wearable and flexible pressure sensors have gained significant attention due to their capability of transducing the physical phenomena like pressure and temperature into electrical signals. This study assessed the feasibility of poly(L-lactide) (PLA) nanocomposite films prepared by the solvent evaporation method and integrated it with knitted cotton fabric for pressure sensing application. Multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT), graphene oxide (GO), and carbon black (CB) individually and in a tri-mixture were used as nanofillers to improve the electrical conductivity of 2 wt.% PLA film. The increasing loadings of nanomaterials (0.1–8 wt.% for individual and 1–5 wt.% for tri-mixture) improved the electrical conductivity of PLA nanocomposite films. For PLA nanocomposite films prepared with individual nanomaterials, electrical conductivity followed the order, MWCNT>GO>CB. The electrical resistivity of PLA-nanocomposite films, that is, MWCNT-1 wt.%, GO-6 wt.%, and CB-8 wt.%, was 0.733 ± 0.02 kΩ cm, 200 ± 0.53 kΩ cm, and 276.25 ± 1.26 kΩ cm, respectively, whereas that of the 2 wt.% neat PLA film was 1760 ± 40 kΩ cm. PLA nanocomposite film (PLA-5) comprising 5 wt.% nanomaterials in a tri-mixture demonstrated the lowest electrical resistivity of 160.727 ± 3.94 Ω cm. Further, the PLA-5 nanocomposite film integrated into cotton knitted fabric, when assembled in an electrical circuit, acted as electrically conducting material. Moreover, the resistivity of the prepared assembly varied with changing pressure levels, thus proving its suitability for pressure sensing application. The value of change in resistance (R/R 0) decreased from 11 to 3.5 on a successive increase in applied pressure from 50 to 150 kPa. Certainly, the developed flexible pressure sensing assembly based on PLA nanocomposite film and cotton knitted fabric is potentially suitable for high pressure sensing areas such as sports and posture correction.

{"title":"Development of Flexible Pressure Sensing Assembly of Biodegradable Polymers and Nanocomposite","authors":"Ritika Panwar,&nbsp;Sagnik Ghosh,&nbsp;Mukesh Bajya,&nbsp;Anilkumar Yadav","doi":"10.1002/app.56915","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/app.56915","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The wearable and flexible pressure sensors have gained significant attention due to their capability of transducing the physical phenomena like pressure and temperature into electrical signals. This study assessed the feasibility of poly(L-lactide) (PLA) nanocomposite films prepared by the solvent evaporation method and integrated it with knitted cotton fabric for pressure sensing application. Multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT), graphene oxide (GO), and carbon black (CB) individually and in a tri-mixture were used as nanofillers to improve the electrical conductivity of 2 wt.% PLA film. The increasing loadings of nanomaterials (0.1–8 wt.% for individual and 1–5 wt.% for tri-mixture) improved the electrical conductivity of PLA nanocomposite films. For PLA nanocomposite films prepared with individual nanomaterials, electrical conductivity followed the order, MWCNT&gt;GO&gt;CB. The electrical resistivity of PLA-nanocomposite films, that is, MWCNT-1 wt.%, GO-6 wt.%, and CB-8 wt.%, was 0.733 ± 0.02 kΩ cm, 200 ± 0.53 kΩ cm, and 276.25 ± 1.26 kΩ cm, respectively, whereas that of the 2 wt.% neat PLA film was 1760 ± 40 kΩ cm. PLA nanocomposite film (PLA-5) comprising 5 wt.% nanomaterials in a tri-mixture demonstrated the lowest electrical resistivity of 160.727 ± 3.94 Ω cm. Further, the PLA-5 nanocomposite film integrated into cotton knitted fabric, when assembled in an electrical circuit, acted as electrically conducting material. Moreover, the resistivity of the prepared assembly varied with changing pressure levels, thus proving its suitability for pressure sensing application. The value of change in resistance (<i>R</i>/<i>R</i>\u0000 <sub>0</sub>) decreased from 11 to 3.5 on a successive increase in applied pressure from 50 to 150 kPa. Certainly, the developed flexible pressure sensing assembly based on PLA nanocomposite film and cotton knitted fabric is potentially suitable for high pressure sensing areas such as sports and posture correction.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":183,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Polymer Science","volume":"142 21","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143857009","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
In Air Superhydrophilic/Superoleophobic Nanofibrous Membranes for Separation of Oil-In-Water Emulsions
IF 2.7 3区 化学 Q2 POLYMER SCIENCE Pub Date : 2025-02-25 DOI: 10.1002/app.56930
Jingjing Wang, Dacheng Zhong, Xiaoyuan Wang

In air superhydrophilic/superoleophobic membranes display incomparable advantages for oil/water separation. However, such membranes are difficult to obtain on the basis of surface tension theory. In this study, poly(vinyl alcohol)/titanium dioxide@perfluorooctanoic acid (PVA/TiO2@PFOA) nanofibrous membrane was fabricated by the electrospinning technique, followed by UV-induced crosslinking and surface modification through an esterification reaction. The obtained membranes were easily wettable by water, and static oil contact angles for these membranes were found to be above 150° in air. The superhydrophilicity was primarily caused by the presence of Ti-OH groups on the membranes, which exhibited a strong affinity for water molecules. Surface enrichment of fluorocarbon groups accounted for the superoleophobicity of the membranes. These membranes showed excellent separation performance for various oil-in-water emulsions. The maximum permeate flux reached 3865.6 L·m−2·h−1 with a separation efficiency of 99.39%. The developed PVA/TiO2@PFOA membrane with in air superhydrophilic/superoleophobic property and good reusability displayed prospective potential in the remediation of oily wastewater.

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引用次数: 0
Improving the Thermal Insulation and Ablative Properties of Liquid Silicone Rubber by Adding Titanium Dioxide
IF 2.7 3区 化学 Q2 POLYMER SCIENCE Pub Date : 2025-02-25 DOI: 10.1002/app.56877
Hao Zhang, Chuxiang Zhou, Bojie Fu, Quan Yuan, Yaoqun Yue, Shengtai Zhou, Liwei Yan, Mei Liang, Huawei Zou, Jinggang Gai

The development of aerospace industry advances the design and preparation of high-performance flexible ablation-resistant and thermal insulation materials. In this work, a simultaneous improvement of thermal ablative and erosion resistance, thermal insulation, and char quality of epoxy modified vinyl silicone rubber (EMVSR)-based composites was achieved by adding a small amount of titanium dioxide (TiO2). The results showed that TiO2 acted as a heat shielding agent by reflecting dissipated heat and catalyzing the graphitization as well as reinforcing the char layer through co-caramelization reaction. The linear ablation rate and back-face temperature of EMVSR with 5 phr TiO2 were reduced by 21.5% and 16.1% when compared with the control sample (without TiO2) at a heat flux of 4 MW/m2. Moreover, the emissivity, thermal insulation, surface temperature, as well as the densification of char layer were improved by adding TiO2. This work provided a facile method to develop high-performance flexible thermal ablative materials for thermal protection purposes in the aerospace and fire protection sectors among others.

{"title":"Improving the Thermal Insulation and Ablative Properties of Liquid Silicone Rubber by Adding Titanium Dioxide","authors":"Hao Zhang,&nbsp;Chuxiang Zhou,&nbsp;Bojie Fu,&nbsp;Quan Yuan,&nbsp;Yaoqun Yue,&nbsp;Shengtai Zhou,&nbsp;Liwei Yan,&nbsp;Mei Liang,&nbsp;Huawei Zou,&nbsp;Jinggang Gai","doi":"10.1002/app.56877","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/app.56877","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The development of aerospace industry advances the design and preparation of high-performance flexible ablation-resistant and thermal insulation materials. In this work, a simultaneous improvement of thermal ablative and erosion resistance, thermal insulation, and char quality of epoxy modified vinyl silicone rubber (EMVSR)-based composites was achieved by adding a small amount of titanium dioxide (TiO<sub>2</sub>). The results showed that TiO<sub>2</sub> acted as a heat shielding agent by reflecting dissipated heat and catalyzing the graphitization as well as reinforcing the char layer through co-caramelization reaction. The linear ablation rate and back-face temperature of EMVSR with 5 phr TiO<sub>2</sub> were reduced by 21.5% and 16.1% when compared with the control sample (without TiO<sub>2</sub>) at a heat flux of 4 MW/m<sup>2</sup>. Moreover, the emissivity, thermal insulation, surface temperature, as well as the densification of char layer were improved by adding TiO<sub>2</sub>. This work provided a facile method to develop high-performance flexible thermal ablative materials for thermal protection purposes in the aerospace and fire protection sectors among others.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":183,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Polymer Science","volume":"142 20","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143826881","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Synthesis and Evaluation of Styrene–Butadiene Copolymer and Polybutadiene Latex Using Biomass 1,3-Butadiene Model Gas as a Monomer
IF 2.7 3区 化学 Q2 POLYMER SCIENCE Pub Date : 2025-02-25 DOI: 10.1002/app.56921
Tomoyuki Toda, Yuhi Sasakawa, Hitomi Toda, Katsuhiko Takenaka, Kei Nishii, Yo Nakamura

1,3-Butadiene is an important raw material for styrene–butadiene rubber (SBR) and polybutadiene latex (BR latex), which are synthesized via emulsion polymerization. In this study, we synthesized 1,3-butadiene from erythritol, a biomass-derived product, as a sustainable alternative to the conventional fossil-based methods. This approach leverages renewable resources, offering environmental benefits, such as reduced carbon emissions and alignment with green chemistry principles. Although we developed an efficient method for the synthesis of 1,3-butadiene, this method also produces butenes as byproducts. We investigated the impact of these byproducts on emulsion polymerization to conduct copolymerization with styrene using either naphtha-derived 1,3-butadiene or a biomass 1,3-butadiene model gas (containing 1-butene, cis-2-butene, and trans-2-butene). The resulting styrene–butadiene copolymers showed comparable conversion rates, microstructures, molecular weights, and glass transition temperatures regardless of the source. Similarly, BR latex synthesized using naphtha derived and biomass 1,3-butadiene model gases showed similar particle size distributions with nearly identical conversions, microstructures, and glass transition temperatures. The vulcanizate of the SBR obtained from the biomass-derived 1,3-butadiene model gas exhibited mechanical properties equivalent to those of naphtha-derived SBR in tensile tests. Overall, this study demonstrates that erythritol can serve as a viable substitute for conventional 1,3-butadiene with potential industrial applications.

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引用次数: 0
The Macromolecular Transition of Kapok Fiber by RF Plasma Treatment Investigated by SAXS/WAXD Studies and Their Correlation With Electrical Properties of the Fiber-Reinforced Composites
IF 2.7 3区 化学 Q2 POLYMER SCIENCE Pub Date : 2025-02-25 DOI: 10.1002/app.56914
Ramyaranjan Das, Basanta Kumar Parida, Mukesh Ranjan, T. Umasankar Patro, Dillip Kumar Bisoyi

The macromolecular structure of untreated and RF plasma-treated kapok fiber (KF) was investigated employing small-angle x-ray scattering (SAXS) and wide-angle x-ray diffraction (WAXD). Subsequently, the macromolecular structural transition of the KF was correlated with the dielectric properties of their reinforced epoxy polymer composites. WAXD patterns of the KF resemble the Iβ structure of the cellulose. The crystallinity index (CI) and crystallite size (CS) values of KF are found to increase from 48.8% and 3.0 nm to 55.6% and 3.6 nm, respectively, after plasma treatment on KF at a power of 30 W for 30 min. The one-dimensional and three-dimensional correlation functions are calculated from background-corrected smeared-out SAXS intensity data. The theories developed by Vonk and Ruland were used to estimate different macromolecular parameters from correlation functions, considering the KF has a non-ideal two-phase structure. The maximum value of CI, CS and the minimum value of transversal length in the void phase (� � � � � � � � � � l� � 2� � ¯) and volume fraction of void phase (� � � � � � � � ϕ� � 2) are obtained for KF treated with RF plasma at a power of 30 W for 30 min. Consequently, reinforced composites exhibit low dielectric constant (12) and low dielectric loss (0.5), enhancing their suitability for use in printed circuit boards.

{"title":"The Macromolecular Transition of Kapok Fiber by RF Plasma Treatment Investigated by SAXS/WAXD Studies and Their Correlation With Electrical Properties of the Fiber-Reinforced Composites","authors":"Ramyaranjan Das,&nbsp;Basanta Kumar Parida,&nbsp;Mukesh Ranjan,&nbsp;T. Umasankar Patro,&nbsp;Dillip Kumar Bisoyi","doi":"10.1002/app.56914","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/app.56914","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The macromolecular structure of untreated and RF plasma-treated kapok fiber (KF) was investigated employing small-angle x-ray scattering (SAXS) and wide-angle x-ray diffraction (WAXD). Subsequently, the macromolecular structural transition of the KF was correlated with the dielectric properties of their reinforced epoxy polymer composites. WAXD patterns of the KF resemble the Iβ structure of the cellulose. The crystallinity index (CI) and crystallite size (CS) values of KF are found to increase from 48.8% and 3.0 nm to 55.6% and 3.6 nm, respectively, after plasma treatment on KF at a power of 30 W for 30 min. The one-dimensional and three-dimensional correlation functions are calculated from background-corrected smeared-out SAXS intensity data. The theories developed by Vonk and Ruland were used to estimate different macromolecular parameters from correlation functions, considering the KF has a non-ideal two-phase structure. The maximum value of CI, CS and the minimum value of transversal length in the void phase (<span></span><math>\u0000 \u0000 <semantics>\u0000 \u0000 <mrow>\u0000 \u0000 <mover>\u0000 \u0000 <msub>\u0000 \u0000 <mi>l</mi>\u0000 \u0000 <mn>2</mn>\u0000 </msub>\u0000 \u0000 <mo>¯</mo>\u0000 </mover>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 </semantics>\u0000 </math>) and volume fraction of void phase (<span></span><math>\u0000 \u0000 <semantics>\u0000 \u0000 <mrow>\u0000 \u0000 <msub>\u0000 \u0000 <mi>ϕ</mi>\u0000 \u0000 <mn>2</mn>\u0000 </msub>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 </semantics>\u0000 </math>) are obtained for KF treated with RF plasma at a power of 30 W for 30 min. Consequently, reinforced composites exhibit low dielectric constant (12) and low dielectric loss (0.5), enhancing their suitability for use in printed circuit boards.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":183,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Polymer Science","volume":"142 21","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143856820","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
PLA/Starch Composite Coating Used for Developing Slow Releasing Fertilizer
IF 2.7 3区 化学 Q2 POLYMER SCIENCE Pub Date : 2025-02-25 DOI: 10.1002/app.56920
Yanan Li, Zhibo Zhao, Yunlong Xu, Litao Ma, Qingfei Duan, Long Yu

An eco-friendly coating material based on polylactic acid (PLA) and aged rice starch was developed for slow-release fertilizers (SRFs). In this system, aged starch served as both a cost-effective filler and a channel for facilitating nutrient release during the initial stages. By adjusting the PLA-to-starch ratio, the water channel formation rate within the coating could be precisely controlled, effectively regulating the release behavior of urea. Coated urea particles were prepared using a spraying technique, and their microstructure, morphology, thermal properties, and release rates were systematically evaluated via scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and water release experiments. The results demonstrated that both the morphological and thermal properties of the composites varied with starch content. Notably, the inclusion of starch eliminated the zero-release period, enabling earlier nutrient availability. The release rate of urea increased proportionally with starch content, as starch created diffusion channels in the coating. The optimal composite formulation, PLA85/Starch15, achieved a 77% release rate over 28 days, meeting international standards for SRFs (approximately 75%). This study highlights the potential of PLA/aged rice starch composites as sustainable coating materials for controlled-release fertilizers.

{"title":"PLA/Starch Composite Coating Used for Developing Slow Releasing Fertilizer","authors":"Yanan Li,&nbsp;Zhibo Zhao,&nbsp;Yunlong Xu,&nbsp;Litao Ma,&nbsp;Qingfei Duan,&nbsp;Long Yu","doi":"10.1002/app.56920","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/app.56920","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>An eco-friendly coating material based on polylactic acid (PLA) and aged rice starch was developed for slow-release fertilizers (SRFs). In this system, aged starch served as both a cost-effective filler and a channel for facilitating nutrient release during the initial stages. By adjusting the PLA-to-starch ratio, the water channel formation rate within the coating could be precisely controlled, effectively regulating the release behavior of urea. Coated urea particles were prepared using a spraying technique, and their microstructure, morphology, thermal properties, and release rates were systematically evaluated via scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and water release experiments. The results demonstrated that both the morphological and thermal properties of the composites varied with starch content. Notably, the inclusion of starch eliminated the zero-release period, enabling earlier nutrient availability. The release rate of urea increased proportionally with starch content, as starch created diffusion channels in the coating. The optimal composite formulation, PLA85/Starch15, achieved a 77% release rate over 28 days, meeting international standards for SRFs (approximately 75%). This study highlights the potential of PLA/aged rice starch composites as sustainable coating materials for controlled-release fertilizers.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":183,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Polymer Science","volume":"142 21","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143856821","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Application of Modified Starch @ Phenolic Resin Flame Retardant Coating on RPUF
IF 2.7 3区 化学 Q2 POLYMER SCIENCE Pub Date : 2025-02-25 DOI: 10.1002/app.56901
Haoping Peng, Dingding Li, Shouwu Xu, Yonggang Zhao, Yun Lei, Haoran Zhu, Qigui Tan, Zhiwei Li

In this study, sodium tripolyphosphate was used to modify starch, resulting in a novel starch-based flame retardant. The phenolic resin was employed as the matrix, with the starch-based flame retardant incorporated as a filler and applied to the surface of rigid polyurethane foam (RPUF) to prepare the composite material. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that the coating effectively penetrated the RPUF framework, forming a strong and tightly bonded layer with excellent coverage. The combustion and mechanical properties of the composite material were investigated. The results showed that, in vertical combustion tests, the composite material met the UL940-5VA standard. In thermogravimetric analysis, the composite exhibited a 42.71% increase in char residue compared with the RPUF. In three-point bending pulverization resistance tests, the composite demonstrated a 28.42% reduction in chalking compared with the RPUF coated solely with phenolic resin. This study paves a new path for the practical application of bio-based flame retardants.

{"title":"Application of Modified Starch @ Phenolic Resin Flame Retardant Coating on RPUF","authors":"Haoping Peng,&nbsp;Dingding Li,&nbsp;Shouwu Xu,&nbsp;Yonggang Zhao,&nbsp;Yun Lei,&nbsp;Haoran Zhu,&nbsp;Qigui Tan,&nbsp;Zhiwei Li","doi":"10.1002/app.56901","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/app.56901","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In this study, sodium tripolyphosphate was used to modify starch, resulting in a novel starch-based flame retardant. The phenolic resin was employed as the matrix, with the starch-based flame retardant incorporated as a filler and applied to the surface of rigid polyurethane foam (RPUF) to prepare the composite material. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that the coating effectively penetrated the RPUF framework, forming a strong and tightly bonded layer with excellent coverage. The combustion and mechanical properties of the composite material were investigated. The results showed that, in vertical combustion tests, the composite material met the UL940-5VA standard. In thermogravimetric analysis, the composite exhibited a 42.71% increase in char residue compared with the RPUF. In three-point bending pulverization resistance tests, the composite demonstrated a 28.42% reduction in chalking compared with the RPUF coated solely with phenolic resin. This study paves a new path for the practical application of bio-based flame retardants.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":183,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Polymer Science","volume":"142 20","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143826884","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Study on Dyeing and Simultaneous Modification of 3D-Printed TPU Parts by Solvent Dip-Dyeing Method
IF 2.7 3区 化学 Q2 POLYMER SCIENCE Pub Date : 2025-02-25 DOI: 10.1002/app.56902
Huantong Zhang, Wei Wu, Junjian Ye, Lu Cui, Xinxin Pan, Huiyue Qian, Changxi Chen

Aiming at the problem of rough and porous surfaces and the mechanical properties of thermoplastic polyurethane elastomer (TPU) parts prepared by selective laser sintering, this article used the dip-dyeing process to improve surface modification of TPU parts. It researched the solvent type, dip-dyeing temperature, time, pH value of the dyeing solution, and the initial concentration of dyes on the dyeing performance, surface properties, and mechanical properties of TPU parts. It analyzed the mechanism of the TPU parts immersed in solvent simultaneous modification and dyeing. After dip-dyeing, the surface of TPU parts formed a homogeneous integument; the surface roughness was reduced from 23.3 μm of the original TPU parts to 0.3 μm of the dyed TPU parts. The apparent performance and dirt resistance of TPU parts are improved, and the colorfastness rate is 4 or more. Simultaneous modification of dyeing efficiently improved the mechanical properties of TPU parts through solvent impregnation. When DMF dyeing solution was used, the dyeing temperature was 30°C and the dyeing time was 60 s, the tensile strength of the TPU parts reached 4.51 MPa and the elongation at break reached 421.1%, which are 61.48% and 108.2% higher than that of the original TPU parts.

{"title":"Study on Dyeing and Simultaneous Modification of 3D-Printed TPU Parts by Solvent Dip-Dyeing Method","authors":"Huantong Zhang,&nbsp;Wei Wu,&nbsp;Junjian Ye,&nbsp;Lu Cui,&nbsp;Xinxin Pan,&nbsp;Huiyue Qian,&nbsp;Changxi Chen","doi":"10.1002/app.56902","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/app.56902","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Aiming at the problem of rough and porous surfaces and the mechanical properties of thermoplastic polyurethane elastomer (TPU) parts prepared by selective laser sintering, this article used the dip-dyeing process to improve surface modification of TPU parts. It researched the solvent type, dip-dyeing temperature, time, pH value of the dyeing solution, and the initial concentration of dyes on the dyeing performance, surface properties, and mechanical properties of TPU parts. It analyzed the mechanism of the TPU parts immersed in solvent simultaneous modification and dyeing. After dip-dyeing, the surface of TPU parts formed a homogeneous integument; the surface roughness was reduced from 23.3 μm of the original TPU parts to 0.3 μm of the dyed TPU parts. The apparent performance and dirt resistance of TPU parts are improved, and the colorfastness rate is 4 or more. Simultaneous modification of dyeing efficiently improved the mechanical properties of TPU parts through solvent impregnation. When DMF dyeing solution was used, the dyeing temperature was 30°C and the dyeing time was 60 s, the tensile strength of the TPU parts reached 4.51 MPa and the elongation at break reached 421.1%, which are 61.48% and 108.2% higher than that of the original TPU parts.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":183,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Polymer Science","volume":"142 20","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143826885","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Volatile Organic Solvents as Osmotic Agents of Organic Solvent Forward Osmosis for Pharmaceutical Concentration
IF 2.7 3区 化学 Q2 POLYMER SCIENCE Pub Date : 2025-02-25 DOI: 10.1002/app.56932
Ryoichi Takada, Ryosuke Takagi, Hideto Matsuyama

In the pharmaceutical industry, a preconcentration can reduce the total production cost of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) or their intermediates. For preconcentration, organic solvent forward osmosis (OSFO) is suitable because of its nonthermal nature, low capital cost, and capability for high-degree concentration. However, OSFO has a drawback where the osmotic agent (OA) can contaminate the concentrated process solution by reverse diffusion. In this study, it was attempted for the first time to use a pure volatile organic solvent as an OA in the OSFO for overcoming the drawback. Because even if the process solution is contaminated, the OA can be removed in the subsequent process (e.g., dry process) of pharmaceutical production. Hydrophobic volatile organic solvents were examined as OAs with a thin film composite membrane with a hydrophilic polyamide selective layer. As a result, it was found that isooctane had the least reverse diffused behavior because of the poorest affinity with the selective layer. Using isooctane in the OSFO experiment, the tocopherol (model API intermediate) concentration increased to 48 wt% with only 0.13 wt% of isooctane contamination. This study clearly reveals the feasibility of the above OA and would open the opportunity for social implementation of OSFO preconcentration in the pharmaceutical industry.

{"title":"Volatile Organic Solvents as Osmotic Agents of Organic Solvent Forward Osmosis for Pharmaceutical Concentration","authors":"Ryoichi Takada,&nbsp;Ryosuke Takagi,&nbsp;Hideto Matsuyama","doi":"10.1002/app.56932","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/app.56932","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In the pharmaceutical industry, a preconcentration can reduce the total production cost of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) or their intermediates. For preconcentration, organic solvent forward osmosis (OSFO) is suitable because of its nonthermal nature, low capital cost, and capability for high-degree concentration. However, OSFO has a drawback where the osmotic agent (OA) can contaminate the concentrated process solution by reverse diffusion. In this study, it was attempted for the first time to use a pure volatile organic solvent as an OA in the OSFO for overcoming the drawback. Because even if the process solution is contaminated, the OA can be removed in the subsequent process (e.g., dry process) of pharmaceutical production. Hydrophobic volatile organic solvents were examined as OAs with a thin film composite membrane with a hydrophilic polyamide selective layer. As a result, it was found that isooctane had the least reverse diffused behavior because of the poorest affinity with the selective layer. Using isooctane in the OSFO experiment, the tocopherol (model API intermediate) concentration increased to 48 wt% with only 0.13 wt% of isooctane contamination. This study clearly reveals the feasibility of the above OA and would open the opportunity for social implementation of OSFO preconcentration in the pharmaceutical industry.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":183,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Polymer Science","volume":"142 21","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143856818","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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Journal of Applied Polymer Science
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