Twenty types of polyethylene (PE) including high density polyethylene (HDPE) and linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE) with various viscosity were used to study the in-situ formation of PE- ethylene propylene rubber (EPR) core-shell rubber particles (CSRP) in polypropylene (PP) matrix by melt blending. The results show that PE and EPR cannot form CSRP if PE melt flow index (MFI) is lower than about 0.3 g/10 min. As a result, the impact fracture of PP/PE/EPR composite is brittle. If PE MFI is higher than 0.3 g/10 min, PE and EPR can form CSRP, leading to the ductile impact fracture of PP/PE/EPR composite. Interestingly, upper limit content of PE for the formation of CSRP depends on the type and viscosity of PE. For HDPE, upper limit content of PE tends to increase with the increase of its MFI, whereas it drops considerably for LLDPE. Understanding these relationships provides insights into optimizing the selection of core types and viscosity for enhancing the mechanical properties of polymer composites with core-shell structure. This may potentially guide the development of cost-effective and high-performance polymer composites.
采用 20 种不同粘度的聚乙烯(PE),包括高密度聚乙烯(HDPE)和线型低密度聚乙烯(LLDPE),研究了聚乙烯-乙丙橡胶(EPR)在聚丙烯(PP)基体中通过熔融共混原位形成芯壳橡胶颗粒(CSRP)的情况。结果表明,如果聚乙烯熔体流动指数(MFI)低于约 0.3 克/10 分钟,聚乙烯和乙丙橡胶就不能形成 CSRP。因此,PP/PE/EPR 复合材料的冲击断裂是脆性的。如果 PE 熔体流动指数(MFI)高于 0.3 克/10 分钟,PE 和 EPR 就会形成 CSRP,从而导致 PP/PE/EPR 复合材料发生韧性冲击断裂。有趣的是,形成 CSRP 的 PE 上限含量取决于 PE 的类型和粘度。对于高密度聚乙烯,聚乙烯的上限含量往往会随着其 MFI 的增加而增加,而对于低密度聚乙烯,上限含量则会大幅下降。了解这些关系有助于优化芯材类型和粘度的选择,从而提高具有芯壳结构的聚合物复合材料的机械性能。这有可能为开发具有成本效益和高性能的聚合物复合材料提供指导。
{"title":"In situ formation of PE-EPR core-shell rubber particles in polypropylene matrix by melt blending: Effect of PE chain structure and viscosity","authors":"Wei Bao, Yunbao Gao, Jianing Zhang, Jing Jin, Baijun Liu, Mingyao Zhang, Xiangling Ji, Wei Jiang","doi":"10.1002/app.56245","DOIUrl":"10.1002/app.56245","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Twenty types of polyethylene (PE) including high density polyethylene (HDPE) and linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE) with various viscosity were used to study the in-situ formation of PE- ethylene propylene rubber (EPR) core-shell rubber particles (CSRP) in polypropylene (PP) matrix by melt blending. The results show that PE and EPR cannot form CSRP if PE melt flow index (MFI) is lower than about 0.3 g/10 min. As a result, the impact fracture of PP/PE/EPR composite is brittle. If PE MFI is higher than 0.3 g/10 min, PE and EPR can form CSRP, leading to the ductile impact fracture of PP/PE/EPR composite. Interestingly, upper limit content of PE for the formation of CSRP depends on the type and viscosity of PE. For HDPE, upper limit content of PE tends to increase with the increase of its MFI, whereas it drops considerably for LLDPE. Understanding these relationships provides insights into optimizing the selection of core types and viscosity for enhancing the mechanical properties of polymer composites with core-shell structure. This may potentially guide the development of cost-effective and high-performance polymer composites.</p>","PeriodicalId":183,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Polymer Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142183718","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Poly(butylene adipate-co-butylene terephthalate) (PBAT)/thermoplastic starch (TPS) blends were prepared by melt blending. However, the processability and practical application of PBAT/TPS blends are limited by their poor compatibility. To enhance the compatibility between PBAT and TPS, PBAT was functionalized by maleic anhydride (MA) to prepare PBAT-MA, and then it was employed as a compatibilizer for PBAT/PBAT-MA/TPS blends. The effects of PBAT-MA on the tensile properties, rheological properties, morphology, and dynamic mechanics of PBAT/PBAT-MA/TPS blends were studied in detail. Rheological results revealed that the interaction between PBAT-MA and TPS enhanced the segment entanglement ability and improved the compatibility of the blends, which enhanced the tensile properties of the blends. Compared with the PBAT/PBAT-MA/TPS (50/0/50) blend, the tensile strength of the PBAT/PBAT-MA/TPS (40/10/50) blend increased from 9.2 to 15.8 MPa, and the elongation at break increased from 326.9% to 1017.6%. The dynamic mechanical results showed that the Tg of PBAT and TPS were close to each other after the addition of PBAT-MA, which confirmed that the compatibility of the blend was improved. This study provides a feasible approach to preparing high-performance and cost-effective PBAT/PBAT-MA/TPS blends while expanding the application prospects of PBAT in the packaging industry and agricultural film.
{"title":"Functionalization of poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) and its compatibilizing effect on PBAT/thermoplastic starch blends","authors":"Guangxiang Zhang, Ke Yang, Songqi Zheng, Xiangyan Han, Yuexin Hu, Yuanyuan Han, Guiyan Zhao, Yulin Feng","doi":"10.1002/app.56246","DOIUrl":"10.1002/app.56246","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Poly(butylene adipate-<i>co</i>-butylene terephthalate) (PBAT)/thermoplastic starch (TPS) blends were prepared by melt blending. However, the processability and practical application of PBAT/TPS blends are limited by their poor compatibility. To enhance the compatibility between PBAT and TPS, PBAT was functionalized by maleic anhydride (MA) to prepare PBAT-MA, and then it was employed as a compatibilizer for PBAT/PBAT-MA/TPS blends. The effects of PBAT-MA on the tensile properties, rheological properties, morphology, and dynamic mechanics of PBAT/PBAT-MA/TPS blends were studied in detail. Rheological results revealed that the interaction between PBAT-MA and TPS enhanced the segment entanglement ability and improved the compatibility of the blends, which enhanced the tensile properties of the blends. Compared with the PBAT/PBAT-MA/TPS (50/0/50) blend, the tensile strength of the PBAT/PBAT-MA/TPS (40/10/50) blend increased from 9.2 to 15.8 MPa, and the elongation at break increased from 326.9% to 1017.6%. The dynamic mechanical results showed that the <i>T</i><sub>g</sub> of PBAT and TPS were close to each other after the addition of PBAT-MA, which confirmed that the compatibility of the blend was improved. This study provides a feasible approach to preparing high-performance and cost-effective PBAT/PBAT-MA/TPS blends while expanding the application prospects of PBAT in the packaging industry and agricultural film.</p>","PeriodicalId":183,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Polymer Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142227763","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Emre Kinaci, John J. La Scala, Erde Can, Giuseppe R. Palmese
In this study, two cardanol based epoxidized resins, NC514 with less than two epoxies per molecule and side chain epoxidized cardanol glycidyl ether (SCECGE) with approximately 2.45 epoxies (1.0 phenolic+1.45 aliphatic epoxies) per molecule were methacrylated. The methacrylated versions of cardanol based NC514 (NC514VE) and SCECGE (SCECGEVE) epoxy resins were used as cross-linker units in vinyl ester formulations with methacrylated lauric acid (MFA) and styrene (ST) as bio-based and synthetic based reactive diluents respectively, at various concentrations (10–40 wt%). The curing reactions of the resins were studied via FTIR and the extent of polymerization was determined for different cross-linker units in the presence of ST and MFA. Our mechanical and thermomechanical characterizations showed that VER formulations prepared with cardanol based SCECGEVE cross-linker unit have significantly improved properties than the samples prepared with commercially available counterpart NC514VE using either reactive diluent. These properties of SCECGEVE were also comparable with to that of methacrylated petroleum-based diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A vinyl ester (DGEBAVE) formulations unlike NC514VE formulations due to more effective side chain functionalization and cross-linking.
在这项研究中,对两种基于卡旦醇的环氧树脂进行了甲基丙烯酸化处理,一种是 NC514,其每个分子中的环氧化合物少于两个;另一种是侧链环氧化卡旦醇缩水甘油醚(SCECGE),其每个分子中的环氧化合物约为 2.45 个(1.0 个酚类环氧化合物+1.45 个脂肪族环氧化合物)。甲基丙烯酸化的卡旦醇基 NC514(NC514VE)和 SCECGE(SCECGEVE)环氧树脂在乙烯基酯配方中用作交联剂单元,甲基丙烯酸化月桂酸(MFA)和苯乙烯(ST)分别作为生物基和合成基活性稀释剂,浓度各异(10-40 wt%)。通过傅立叶变换红外光谱研究了树脂的固化反应,并确定了不同交联剂单元在 ST 和 MFA 存在下的聚合程度。我们的机械和热力学特性分析表明,与使用市售同类产品 NC514VE 制备的样品相比,使用卡旦醇基 SCECGEVE 交联剂单元制备的 VER 配方在性能上有明显改善。由于侧链官能化和交联效果更好,SCECGEVE 的这些性能也可与甲基丙烯酸石油基双酚 A 乙烯基酯二缩水甘油醚(DGEBAVE)配方媲美,而 NC514VE 配方则不同。
{"title":"Preparation and characterization of cardanol based vinyl ester resins as cross-linker units","authors":"Emre Kinaci, John J. La Scala, Erde Can, Giuseppe R. Palmese","doi":"10.1002/app.56129","DOIUrl":"10.1002/app.56129","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In this study, two cardanol based epoxidized resins, NC514 with less than two epoxies per molecule and side chain epoxidized cardanol glycidyl ether (SCECGE) with approximately 2.45 epoxies (1.0 phenolic+1.45 aliphatic epoxies) per molecule were methacrylated. The methacrylated versions of cardanol based NC514 (NC514VE) and SCECGE (SCECGEVE) epoxy resins were used as cross-linker units in vinyl ester formulations with methacrylated lauric acid (MFA) and styrene (ST) as bio-based and synthetic based reactive diluents respectively, at various concentrations (10–40 wt%). The curing reactions of the resins were studied via FTIR and the extent of polymerization was determined for different cross-linker units in the presence of ST and MFA. Our mechanical and thermomechanical characterizations showed that VER formulations prepared with cardanol based SCECGEVE cross-linker unit have significantly improved properties than the samples prepared with commercially available counterpart NC514VE using either reactive diluent. These properties of SCECGEVE were also comparable with to that of methacrylated petroleum-based diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A vinyl ester (DGEBAVE) formulations unlike NC514VE formulations due to more effective side chain functionalization and cross-linking.</p>","PeriodicalId":183,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Polymer Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142183717","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Contaminated water sources from various industries pose severe environmental challenges due to their complex compositions, high toxicity, and fluctuating qualities. This study introduces a groundbreaking strategy for fabricating advanced polysulfate (PSE) ultrafiltration membranes using a novel reverse thermally induced phase separation (RTIPS) process. By manipulating the cloud point through the DMAc/DEG solvent/nonsolvent system, our work innovatively controls membrane microstructure, overcoming limitations of conventional nonsolvent-induced phase separation (NIPS). Our findings reveal that RTIPS, when employed above the cloud point, yields PSE membranes with a unique bicontinuous sponge-like structure, significantly improving upon conventional NIPS products. Specifically, the optimized RTIPS membranes exhibit enhanced pure water flux (916.23 vs. 336.23 LMH), larger pore sizes (0.083 vs. 0.054 μm), increased tensile strength (1.32 vs. 0.84 MPa), and improved fouling resistance (FRR 65.5% vs. 55.2%). This research pioneers a facile yet potent method for tailoring membrane properties, achieving a balance between permeability, mechanical stability, and filtration efficacy. The demonstrated success of RTIPS in enhancing PSE membrane performance not only contributes to the development of high-performance water treatment technologies but also charts a new course in membrane science, offering a promising avenue for sustainable wastewater management solutions.
{"title":"Exploring of novel reverse thermally induced phase separation process based on preparation and characterization of polysulfate ultrafiltration membranes with bicontinuous structure","authors":"Wei Wang, Linghao Sun, Jiaqi Wang, Fanfu Zeng, Baiyu Xu","doi":"10.1002/app.56082","DOIUrl":"10.1002/app.56082","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Contaminated water sources from various industries pose severe environmental challenges due to their complex compositions, high toxicity, and fluctuating qualities. This study introduces a groundbreaking strategy for fabricating advanced polysulfate (PSE) ultrafiltration membranes using a novel reverse thermally induced phase separation (RTIPS) process. By manipulating the cloud point through the DMAc/DEG solvent/nonsolvent system, our work innovatively controls membrane microstructure, overcoming limitations of conventional nonsolvent-induced phase separation (NIPS). Our findings reveal that RTIPS, when employed above the cloud point, yields PSE membranes with a unique bicontinuous sponge-like structure, significantly improving upon conventional NIPS products. Specifically, the optimized RTIPS membranes exhibit enhanced pure water flux (916.23 vs. 336.23 LMH), larger pore sizes (0.083 vs. 0.054 μm), increased tensile strength (1.32 vs. 0.84 MPa), and improved fouling resistance (FRR 65.5% vs. 55.2%). This research pioneers a facile yet potent method for tailoring membrane properties, achieving a balance between permeability, mechanical stability, and filtration efficacy. The demonstrated success of RTIPS in enhancing PSE membrane performance not only contributes to the development of high-performance water treatment technologies but also charts a new course in membrane science, offering a promising avenue for sustainable wastewater management solutions.</p>","PeriodicalId":183,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Polymer Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142183719","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hakjeong Kim, Sera Jeon, Yun Seong Cho, Chenyao Huang, Seongmin Na, Jihun Lee, Youngwook Chung, Joohoon Kang, Sang-Woo Kim, Dukhyun Choi
With the development of electronic devices and wireless communication technology, the quality of human life has improved. However, shielding from electromagnetic interference (EMI) is required due to device malfunctions and harmful effects on human health. Polymer-based shielding materials getting much attention due to their light weight, flexibility, good processability, and other desirable traits. However, achieving consistent dispersion of conductive fillers and optimizing the balance between electrical, mechanical, and thermal properties remain challenges despite the advantages of polymer-based materials. Especially, epoxy resins are promising polymer materials for EMI shielding applications due to their excellent mechanical strength, chemical resistance, and excellent adhesive properties. Additionally, epoxy resin exhibits remarkable processability allowing for various fabrication techniques such as casting, molding, and three-dimensional printing. However, one of the significant drawbacks of epoxy resin is the difficulty in achieving uniform dispersion of conductive fillers within the epoxy matrix. In this study, we propose an iron-nickel alloy (FeNi) embedded in an epoxy matrix (FeNi/Epoxy) for EMI shielding material. It is manufactured by facile fabrication process due to the advantages of epoxy, which has excellent processability. EMI shielding effectiveness at 12 GHz is enhanced from 9.12 to 17.86 dB by the increase of FeNi concentrations. Furthermore, thermal and mechanical properties were improved by the increase of FeNi concentration. Thermal conductivity for efficient heat dissipation is increased from 0.63 to 1.49 Wm−1 K−1. Moreover, polydopamine (PDA) was employed as a surface coating material for FeNi to overcome the non-uniform dispersion of FeNi particles in the epoxy matrix. Surface coating by PDA significantly enhanced the dispersion uniformity and strengthened the adhesion between the filler and matrix. Elastic modulus is greatly increased from 83.03 MPa to 1.29 GPa by the surface coating. The enhancement of mechanical properties is derived from the chemical bonds between the filler and matrix.
{"title":"Polydopamine-coated iron-nickel alloy and epoxy composites for electromagnetic interference shielding","authors":"Hakjeong Kim, Sera Jeon, Yun Seong Cho, Chenyao Huang, Seongmin Na, Jihun Lee, Youngwook Chung, Joohoon Kang, Sang-Woo Kim, Dukhyun Choi","doi":"10.1002/app.56187","DOIUrl":"10.1002/app.56187","url":null,"abstract":"<p>With the development of electronic devices and wireless communication technology, the quality of human life has improved. However, shielding from electromagnetic interference (EMI) is required due to device malfunctions and harmful effects on human health. Polymer-based shielding materials getting much attention due to their light weight, flexibility, good processability, and other desirable traits. However, achieving consistent dispersion of conductive fillers and optimizing the balance between electrical, mechanical, and thermal properties remain challenges despite the advantages of polymer-based materials. Especially, epoxy resins are promising polymer materials for EMI shielding applications due to their excellent mechanical strength, chemical resistance, and excellent adhesive properties. Additionally, epoxy resin exhibits remarkable processability allowing for various fabrication techniques such as casting, molding, and three-dimensional printing. However, one of the significant drawbacks of epoxy resin is the difficulty in achieving uniform dispersion of conductive fillers within the epoxy matrix. In this study, we propose an iron-nickel alloy (FeNi) embedded in an epoxy matrix (FeNi/Epoxy) for EMI shielding material. It is manufactured by facile fabrication process due to the advantages of epoxy, which has excellent processability. EMI shielding effectiveness at 12 GHz is enhanced from 9.12 to 17.86 dB by the increase of FeNi concentrations. Furthermore, thermal and mechanical properties were improved by the increase of FeNi concentration. Thermal conductivity for efficient heat dissipation is increased from 0.63 to 1.49 Wm<sup>−1</sup> K<sup>−1</sup>. Moreover, polydopamine (PDA) was employed as a surface coating material for FeNi to overcome the non-uniform dispersion of FeNi particles in the epoxy matrix. Surface coating by PDA significantly enhanced the dispersion uniformity and strengthened the adhesion between the filler and matrix. Elastic modulus is greatly increased from 83.03 MPa to 1.29 GPa by the surface coating. The enhancement of mechanical properties is derived from the chemical bonds between the filler and matrix.</p>","PeriodicalId":183,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Polymer Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142183721","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This research explores the development of new composite material by integrating Azadirachta Indica (AI) with LLDPE to create wood-plastic composites using the rotational molding process. By examining various proportions of AI wood flour blended with LLDPE, we investigated their impact on mechanical and physical properties. Our tests elucidate a clear correlation between mechanical properties and composite morphologies. Despite identical molding conditions, higher wood particle concentrations reduced mechanical properties compared to lower concentrations. Remarkably, a 12% wood content emerges as optimal, yielding a tensile modulus of 3.69 MPa and a flexural modulus of 468.5 MPa, with an acceptable reduction of 11% density and 13% porosity versus pure LLDPE. Additionally, we observed declines in tensile strength, impact strength, and hardness by up to 23%, 62%, and 11%, respectively, compared to neat LLDPE. Natural fillers enhance aesthetics, making these materials ideal for consumer products like garden equipment and furniture accessories.
{"title":"Structure–property correlation assessment of LLDPE-based biocomposites with Azadirachta Indica wood flour","authors":"Jitender Yadav, PL Ramkumar, Ajit Kumar Parwani","doi":"10.1002/app.56237","DOIUrl":"10.1002/app.56237","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This research explores the development of new composite material by integrating <i>Azadirachta Indica</i> (AI) with LLDPE to create wood-plastic composites using the rotational molding process. By examining various proportions of <i>AI</i> wood flour blended with LLDPE, we investigated their impact on mechanical and physical properties. Our tests elucidate a clear correlation between mechanical properties and composite morphologies. Despite identical molding conditions, higher wood particle concentrations reduced mechanical properties compared to lower concentrations. Remarkably, a 12% wood content emerges as optimal, yielding a tensile modulus of 3.69 MPa and a flexural modulus of 468.5 MPa, with an acceptable reduction of 11% density and 13% porosity versus pure LLDPE. Additionally, we observed declines in tensile strength, impact strength, and hardness by up to 23%, 62%, and 11%, respectively, compared to neat LLDPE. Natural fillers enhance aesthetics, making these materials ideal for consumer products like garden equipment and furniture accessories.</p>","PeriodicalId":183,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Polymer Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142183720","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Michail Maricanov, Roman Becker, Robert David Ludwig Jerusalem, Joerg Christian Tiller, Frank Katzenberg
Shape memory polymers typically utilize the glass transition or melting temperature to switch from one shape to another. The goal of this work is to check if the α-relaxation, which is attributed to the migration of chains through lamellar crystals, can be utilized as novel switch for any crosslinkable semi-crystalline thermoplastic. Using cross-linked low-density polyethylene (x-LDPE) as an example, it is shown that the α-relaxation is indeed suitable as switch, when the polymer is crystallized under strain to an intermediate shape. It is demonstrated that post-stretching at a temperature between the α-relaxation and the melting temperature, followed by subsequent cooling to room-temperature switches x-LDPE from the intermediate to a temporary shape and that reheating to this temperature initiates the retraction back to the intermediate shape. Switching between intermediate and temporary shapes is shown to be accompanied by a reversible change in morphology.
{"title":"On the suitability of the α-relaxation as novel trigger for a shape memory polymer","authors":"Michail Maricanov, Roman Becker, Robert David Ludwig Jerusalem, Joerg Christian Tiller, Frank Katzenberg","doi":"10.1002/app.56241","DOIUrl":"10.1002/app.56241","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Shape memory polymers typically utilize the glass transition or melting temperature to switch from one shape to another. The goal of this work is to check if the <i>α</i>-relaxation, which is attributed to the migration of chains through lamellar crystals, can be utilized as novel switch for any crosslinkable semi-crystalline thermoplastic. Using cross-linked low-density polyethylene (x-LDPE) as an example, it is shown that the <i>α</i>-relaxation is indeed suitable as switch, when the polymer is crystallized under strain to an intermediate shape. It is demonstrated that post-stretching at a temperature between the <i>α</i>-relaxation and the melting temperature, followed by subsequent cooling to room-temperature switches x-LDPE from the intermediate to a temporary shape and that reheating to this temperature initiates the retraction back to the intermediate shape. Switching between intermediate and temporary shapes is shown to be accompanied by a reversible change in morphology.</p>","PeriodicalId":183,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Polymer Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/app.56241","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142223953","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tao Hai, Fahad Mohammed Alhomayani, Pradeep Kumar Singh, N. Soliman, W. El-Shafay, H. Fuad
In this study, we delved into innovative strategies to make neat E-glass fabrics (NGFs) more impact- and tensile-resistant by using shear-thickening fluids (STFs). To achieve this goal, the polyethylene glycol (PEG) in STFs has been modified. Subsequently, the STF-impregnated fabric composites were prepared from unmodified PEG and functionally modified PEGs using malonic and tartaric acids, V/S/GF, M/S/GF, and T/S/GF composites, respectively. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis was conducted to confirm the chemical modification of PEGs. The rheological tests showed a significant improvement in the peak viscosity of modified STFs compared with virgin STF. Dynamic rheological analysis also studied media-particle interaction, revealing improved media-particle interaction in STFs due to abundant H-bonding. In addition, a series of experimental tests, namely compressive impact resistance and strip tensile strength tests, have been conducted to investigate the effect of STF modification on the NGF. The results revealed notable improvements in tensile strength and energy dissipation in the T/S/GF and M/S/GF composites compared with V/S/GF and NGF. Importantly, this improvement extended to the impact performance of single, triple, and quintuple layers. Notably, we found that the peak load of 5 T/S/GF was 37.71%, 18.57%, and 11.87% lower than that of 5NGF, 5 V/S/GF, and 5 M/S/GF, respectively. The idea that made these improvements possible came from PEG functionalization, which helps hydrogen bonds form between the dispersed phase and the dispersion medium, leading to higher viscosity. This, in turn, increases inter-yarn friction, effectively enhancing the spring-like properties of T/S/GF and M/S/GF compared with V/S/GF. A two-step artificial intelligence regression analysis underpinned these findings, elucidating the interplay of molecular mechanisms in high-performance fabric composites.
{"title":"Enhancing impact resistance in E-glass fabric composites through shear thickening fluids and functionalized polyethylene glycol","authors":"Tao Hai, Fahad Mohammed Alhomayani, Pradeep Kumar Singh, N. Soliman, W. El-Shafay, H. Fuad","doi":"10.1002/app.56131","DOIUrl":"10.1002/app.56131","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In this study, we delved into innovative strategies to make neat E-glass fabrics (NGFs) more impact- and tensile-resistant by using shear-thickening fluids (STFs). To achieve this goal, the polyethylene glycol (PEG) in STFs has been modified. Subsequently, the STF-impregnated fabric composites were prepared from unmodified PEG and functionally modified PEGs using malonic and tartaric acids, V/S/GF, M/S/GF, and T/S/GF composites, respectively. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis was conducted to confirm the chemical modification of PEGs. The rheological tests showed a significant improvement in the peak viscosity of modified STFs compared with virgin STF. Dynamic rheological analysis also studied media-particle interaction, revealing improved media-particle interaction in STFs due to abundant H-bonding. In addition, a series of experimental tests, namely compressive impact resistance and strip tensile strength tests, have been conducted to investigate the effect of STF modification on the NGF. The results revealed notable improvements in tensile strength and energy dissipation in the T/S/GF and M/S/GF composites compared with V/S/GF and NGF. Importantly, this improvement extended to the impact performance of single, triple, and quintuple layers. Notably, we found that the peak load of 5 T/S/GF was 37.71%, 18.57%, and 11.87% lower than that of 5NGF, 5 V/S/GF, and 5 M/S/GF, respectively. The idea that made these improvements possible came from PEG functionalization, which helps hydrogen bonds form between the dispersed phase and the dispersion medium, leading to higher viscosity. This, in turn, increases inter-yarn friction, effectively enhancing the spring-like properties of T/S/GF and M/S/GF compared with V/S/GF. A two-step artificial intelligence regression analysis underpinned these findings, elucidating the interplay of molecular mechanisms in high-performance fabric composites.</p>","PeriodicalId":183,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Polymer Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142183722","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Multi-responsive, self-healing hydrogels were developed utilizing positively charged polysaccharides, chitosan, and water-soluble chitosan. This fabrication employed free-radical synthesized polyacrylic acid and polymethacrylic acid along with the cross-linker FeCl3, resulting in the generation of polyelectrolyte metal complexes, which enhances the properties of the chitosan-based hydrogels, particularly their mechanical strength, self-healing ability, thermal stability, swelling behavior, porous structure, cell viability, and even anticancer activity. Characterization and stability assessment of the hydrogels were performed using FT-IR, nuclear magnetic resonance, gel permeation chromatography, scanning electron microscopy, rheometer, x-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, DSC, and UV spectroscopy. FT-IR measurements indicated that the facile complexation of the cross-linker's metal ions (Fe3+) with the carboxylate (COO−), amino (NH), and hydroxyl (OH) groups of the polymers and chitosan chains facilitated rapid gelation. Furthermore, the sustained release of the drug levofloxacin (up to 80%) was observed to increase with increasing pH due to the hydrogels' anionic nature. Biocompatibility and cytotoxicity tests were conducted using the MTT assay on splenocytes and Dalton Lymphoma cancer cell lines. These tests demonstrated the promising potential of these hydrogels for drug delivery applications.
{"title":"Chitosan-based self-healing hydrogel mediated by poly(acrylic-methacrylic acid) exhibiting high biocompatibility and anti-tumor activity","authors":"Krishtan Pal, Sandeep Kumar, Paramjeet Yadav, Sheetal Jaiswal, Rajesh Kumar, Arbind Acharya","doi":"10.1002/app.56231","DOIUrl":"10.1002/app.56231","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Multi-responsive, self-healing hydrogels were developed utilizing positively charged polysaccharides, chitosan, and water-soluble chitosan. This fabrication employed free-radical synthesized polyacrylic acid and polymethacrylic acid along with the cross-linker FeCl<sub>3</sub>, resulting in the generation of polyelectrolyte metal complexes, which enhances the properties of the chitosan-based hydrogels, particularly their mechanical strength, self-healing ability, thermal stability, swelling behavior, porous structure, cell viability, and even anticancer activity. Characterization and stability assessment of the hydrogels were performed using FT-IR, nuclear magnetic resonance, gel permeation chromatography, scanning electron microscopy, rheometer, x-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, DSC, and UV spectroscopy. FT-IR measurements indicated that the facile complexation of the cross-linker's metal ions (Fe<sup>3+</sup>) with the carboxylate (COO<sup>−</sup>), amino (NH), and hydroxyl (OH) groups of the polymers and chitosan chains facilitated rapid gelation. Furthermore, the sustained release of the drug levofloxacin (up to 80%) was observed to increase with increasing pH due to the hydrogels' anionic nature. Biocompatibility and cytotoxicity tests were conducted using the MTT assay on splenocytes and Dalton Lymphoma cancer cell lines. These tests demonstrated the promising potential of these hydrogels for drug delivery applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":183,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Polymer Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142223950","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
β-phase poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) film boasts excellent electrical properties and can be used in sensors, micro actuation, and energy harvesting. In this paper, high β-phase PVDF films were stretched by stretch-line equipment (roll to roll) and the β-phase content can reach 60%, realizing the potential for large-scale fabrication. Moreover, the electrical and electrostrictive properties of PVDF films before and after stretching are compared. The stretched film (PVDF-R film) has better piezoelectric properties and electrostrictive properties due to the formation of high β phase in the stretched film and the directional arrangement of PVDF molecular chains in the amorphous region (the formation of directional amorphous). Under the same driving electric field intensity (180 kV/mm), the electrostrictive deformation of PVDF film is 1.5 μm, while that of PVDF-R film is 2 μm. The piezoelectric coefficient of the PVDF-R films can reach 36 pC/N. The output voltage of the PVDF-R film in finger press mode is studied and the peak position of the output voltage signal is obvious, which can be used for pulse monitoring.
{"title":"Enhanced piezoelectric and electrodeformation properties of PVDF films fabricated by roll to roll process","authors":"Chao Zhang","doi":"10.1002/app.56213","DOIUrl":"10.1002/app.56213","url":null,"abstract":"<p>β-phase poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) film boasts excellent electrical properties and can be used in sensors, micro actuation, and energy harvesting. In this paper, high β-phase PVDF films were stretched by stretch-line equipment (roll to roll) and the β-phase content can reach 60%, realizing the potential for large-scale fabrication. Moreover, the electrical and electrostrictive properties of PVDF films before and after stretching are compared. The stretched film (PVDF-R film) has better piezoelectric properties and electrostrictive properties due to the formation of high β phase in the stretched film and the directional arrangement of PVDF molecular chains in the amorphous region (the formation of directional amorphous). Under the same driving electric field intensity (180 kV/mm), the electrostrictive deformation of PVDF film is 1.5 μm, while that of PVDF-R film is 2 μm. The piezoelectric coefficient of the PVDF-R films can reach 36 pC/N. The output voltage of the PVDF-R film in finger press mode is studied and the peak position of the output voltage signal is obvious, which can be used for pulse monitoring.</p>","PeriodicalId":183,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Polymer Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142183724","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}