Pub Date : 2023-07-26DOI: 10.9734/mrji/2023/v33i51382
G. B. Baeka, Aruchi Wekeh-Emenike
Aim: The determination of the effect of the tiger nut, coconut, coconut &tiger nut milk and ginger extract on the lipid profile of HBV infected mice Study Design: The study was conducted using adult mice of which some where infected with hepatitis B virus while some which were not infected, served as control. Place and Duration of Study: The study was carried out at the Rivers State University animal house and the study lasted for 2 months. Methodology: Adult healthy mice were grouped into five (5). The groups 2 to 5 mice were infected with HBV and the infection was confirmed using HBsAg rapid kit after which those in groups, 3, 4 and 5 were given the extracts. The blood samples of the mice were collected and analyzed. Results: The results showed that the TC, TG, HDL, LDL and VDL for the group1mice which were not inoculated had mean values of 4.63mmol/l,1.82mmol, 1.79mmol/l, 3.43mmol/l, 0.85mmol/l. The group 2 had mean values of 4.9mmol/l, 2.31mmol/l, 1.72mmol/l, 4.1mmol/l, 0.92mmol/l. The third group given the tigernut and ginger extract showed mean values of 4.7mmol/l, 2.04mmol/l, 1.9mmol/l, 3.83mmol/l, 0.63mmol/l. The fourth group given the coconut and ginger extract had mean values of 4.6mmol/l, 1.97mmol/l, 1.74mmol/l, 3.75mmol/l, 0.9mmol/l respectively. While the fifth group given the combination of coconut, tiger nut and ginger extract had mean values of 5.09mmol/l, 2.04mmol/l, 1.59mmol/l, 4.4mmol/l and 0.93mmol/l respectively. Conclusion: The tigernut and coconut individual extract with ginger, had positive impacts with the coconut extract with ginger having a better impact on the lipid profile of the infected mice.
{"title":"Effect of Some Nut Extracts and Ginger on the Lipid Profile of Hepatitis B Infected Mice","authors":"G. B. Baeka, Aruchi Wekeh-Emenike","doi":"10.9734/mrji/2023/v33i51382","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/mrji/2023/v33i51382","url":null,"abstract":"Aim: The determination of the effect of the tiger nut, coconut, coconut &tiger nut milk and ginger extract on the lipid profile of HBV infected mice \u0000Study Design: The study was conducted using adult mice of which some where infected with hepatitis B virus while some which were not infected, served as control. \u0000Place and Duration of Study: The study was carried out at the Rivers State University animal house and the study lasted for 2 months. \u0000Methodology: Adult healthy mice were grouped into five (5). The groups 2 to 5 mice were infected with HBV and the infection was confirmed using HBsAg rapid kit after which those in groups, 3, 4 and 5 were given the extracts. The blood samples of the mice were collected and analyzed. \u0000Results: The results showed that the TC, TG, HDL, LDL and VDL for the group1mice which were not inoculated had mean values of 4.63mmol/l,1.82mmol, 1.79mmol/l, 3.43mmol/l, 0.85mmol/l. The group 2 had mean values of 4.9mmol/l, 2.31mmol/l, 1.72mmol/l, 4.1mmol/l, 0.92mmol/l. The third group given the tigernut and ginger extract showed mean values of 4.7mmol/l, 2.04mmol/l, 1.9mmol/l, 3.83mmol/l, 0.63mmol/l. The fourth group given the coconut and ginger extract had mean values of 4.6mmol/l, 1.97mmol/l, 1.74mmol/l, 3.75mmol/l, 0.9mmol/l respectively. While the fifth group given the combination of coconut, tiger nut and ginger extract had mean values of 5.09mmol/l, 2.04mmol/l, 1.59mmol/l, 4.4mmol/l and 0.93mmol/l respectively. \u0000Conclusion: The tigernut and coconut individual extract with ginger, had positive impacts with the coconut extract with ginger having a better impact on the lipid profile of the infected mice.","PeriodicalId":18450,"journal":{"name":"Microbiology Research Journal International","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88548928","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-17DOI: 10.9734/mrji/2023/v33i51381
Y. E. Mba, C. J. Ugboma, R. Nrior
To compare and assessment of Biodegradability Potential of Pseudomonas putida and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens on oil spill dispersant (Aquabreak and Teepol) in Freshwater. Fresh water sample were collected from Biara, Gokana L.G.A, and were transported to the Microbiology Laboratory of Rivers State University, Port Harcourt, Nigeria for analyses while Oil spill dispersant (OSD/Aquabreak) was purchased from Barker and Hughes, all in Rivers state. Nine experimental set up were carried out using Bacillus and Pseudomonas species as the bio-augmenting organism. Controls were made without organisms. Its bioremediation potential on the pollutants and two types of test organisms were monitored for 28 days at an interval of 7day period. The setup was aerated twice a week to provide more oxygen for the organisms to thrive. Analysis of samples were carried out using standard analytical procedures. The resultsphysiochemical property of the water shows that as follows: pH 6.5, Temperature 30.0 ºC, Electric conductivity 15 µs/cm, Total dissolved solid 7 mg/l ,Chlorine 0.1 mg/l, Bromine 0.2 mg/l, Salinity (0.01 mg/l), Dissolved oxygen 1.5 mg/l , Biological Oxygen Demand 0.3 mg/l, Nitrate 0.01 mg/l, Sulphate 4.18 mg/l Phosphate 0.10 to 1.5mg/l, Total Hydrocarbon content 24mg/l. Percentage (%) Ultimate biodegradability of the two oil spill dispersant OSD/teepol and OSD/aquabreak revealed that control set-up recorded the 79.3 and 86.7 % , bioremediation set-up augmented with Bacillus amyloliquefaciens recorded 93.7 and 99.1% while the set-up augmented with P. putida had 98.0 and 94.7% respectively . It was observed that P. putida degrade Teepol than Bacillus amyloliquefaciens while aquabreak is more degraded by Bacillus amyloliquefaciens than P. putida. Nevertheless both dispersant shown high level of degradability by the test organisms. Therefore It is recommended that oil companies and government parastatals carrying out remediation in the Niger Delta should be encouraged and OSD/Teepol and OSD/aqubreak due to their high biodegradation potential.
{"title":"Comparative Assessment of Biodegradability Potential of Pseudomonas putida and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens on Oil Spill Dispersant (Aquabreak and Teepol) in Freshwater","authors":"Y. E. Mba, C. J. Ugboma, R. Nrior","doi":"10.9734/mrji/2023/v33i51381","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/mrji/2023/v33i51381","url":null,"abstract":"To compare and assessment of Biodegradability Potential of Pseudomonas putida and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens on oil spill dispersant (Aquabreak and Teepol) in Freshwater. Fresh water sample were collected from Biara, Gokana L.G.A, and were transported to the Microbiology Laboratory of Rivers State University, Port Harcourt, Nigeria for analyses while Oil spill dispersant (OSD/Aquabreak) was purchased from Barker and Hughes, all in Rivers state. Nine experimental set up were carried out using Bacillus and Pseudomonas species as the bio-augmenting organism. Controls were made without organisms. Its bioremediation potential on the pollutants and two types of test organisms were monitored for 28 days at an interval of 7day period. The setup was aerated twice a week to provide more oxygen for the organisms to thrive. Analysis of samples were carried out using standard analytical procedures. The resultsphysiochemical property of the water shows that as follows: pH 6.5, Temperature 30.0 ºC, Electric conductivity 15 µs/cm, Total dissolved solid 7 mg/l ,Chlorine 0.1 mg/l, Bromine 0.2 mg/l, Salinity (0.01 mg/l), Dissolved oxygen 1.5 mg/l , Biological Oxygen Demand 0.3 mg/l, Nitrate 0.01 mg/l, Sulphate 4.18 mg/l Phosphate 0.10 to 1.5mg/l, Total Hydrocarbon content 24mg/l. Percentage (%) Ultimate biodegradability of the two oil spill dispersant OSD/teepol and OSD/aquabreak revealed that control set-up recorded the 79.3 and 86.7 % , bioremediation set-up augmented with Bacillus amyloliquefaciens recorded 93.7 and 99.1% while the set-up augmented with P. putida had 98.0 and 94.7% respectively . It was observed that P. putida degrade Teepol than Bacillus amyloliquefaciens while aquabreak is more degraded by Bacillus amyloliquefaciens than P. putida. Nevertheless both dispersant shown high level of degradability by the test organisms. Therefore It is recommended that oil companies and government parastatals carrying out remediation in the Niger Delta should be encouraged and OSD/Teepol and OSD/aqubreak due to their high biodegradation potential.","PeriodicalId":18450,"journal":{"name":"Microbiology Research Journal International","volume":"59 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86962377","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-05DOI: 10.9734/mrji/2023/v33i51380
R. Devadharshini, G. Karpagam, K. Pavithra, S. Kowsalya, P. Priya, A. Ramachandran
Development of reliable and eco-accommodating methods for the synthesis of nanoparticles is a vital step in the field of nanotechnology. The remarkable chemical, physical, and biological characteristics of silver nanoparticles make them significant. Nowadays, due to the growing demand for environmentally benign technology for material synthesis, biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles (Ag Nps) has attracted a lot of attention in industrialized nations. Among the various types of nanoparticles and their strategy for synthesis, because of their special physicochemical and biological characteristics, silver nanoparticles created through green synthesis have drawn considerable interest in the biomedical, cellular imaging, cosmetics, drug delivery, food, and agrochemical industries. The size distributions and resultant nanostructure studies from the transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were in perfect agreement with the characteristics of the synthesized colloidal Ag-NPs analyzed by the ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) spectra. For the creation of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), biomolecules from various plant parts and microbial species have been investigated. In this review, the available previously released information on AgNPs production, characterisation methods, and applications are compiled and critically analyzed.
{"title":"Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles","authors":"R. Devadharshini, G. Karpagam, K. Pavithra, S. Kowsalya, P. Priya, A. Ramachandran","doi":"10.9734/mrji/2023/v33i51380","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/mrji/2023/v33i51380","url":null,"abstract":"Development of reliable and eco-accommodating methods for the synthesis of nanoparticles is a vital step in the field of nanotechnology. The remarkable chemical, physical, and biological characteristics of silver nanoparticles make them significant. Nowadays, due to the growing demand for environmentally benign technology for material synthesis, biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles (Ag Nps) has attracted a lot of attention in industrialized nations. Among the various types of nanoparticles and their strategy for synthesis, because of their special physicochemical and biological characteristics, silver nanoparticles created through green synthesis have drawn considerable interest in the biomedical, cellular imaging, cosmetics, drug delivery, food, and agrochemical industries. The size distributions and resultant nanostructure studies from the transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were in perfect agreement with the characteristics of the synthesized colloidal Ag-NPs analyzed by the ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) spectra. For the creation of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), biomolecules from various plant parts and microbial species have been investigated. In this review, the available previously released information on AgNPs production, characterisation methods, and applications are compiled and critically analyzed.","PeriodicalId":18450,"journal":{"name":"Microbiology Research Journal International","volume":"60 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88487559","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-04DOI: 10.9734/mrji/2023/v33i41378
Abange William Baiye, Lavoisier Christian Ngassa Yimtchi, Anicette Chafa Betbeui, Noel Achille Teudjieu Dongmo, Hontense Kamga Gonsu
Aims: This study aimed to screen for Beta Lactamases (BLs) and other resistant bacteria among patients admitted to the emergency unit of the Yaoundé University Teaching Hospital (YUTH). Study Design: This study was a cross-sectional hospital-based study. Place and Duration of Study: This study was conducted at the Bacteriology unit of the YUTH, Yaoundé- Cameroon between February to June 2020. Methodology: Seventy-Five urine samples were collected from newly admitted patients at the emergency unit of the YUTH and bacteria species were identified basis on their culture characteristics, Gram morphology, and biochemical tests. The isolates were screened from the production of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) and AmpC BLs using the Double disk synergy method and Disk approximation methods respectively. These isolates were later subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility testing using the disk diffusion method. Results: Out of the 75 urine analyzed, 14 (18.7%) were found positive for Urinary Tract Infection. Fourteen bacteria species were isolated identified and enumerated as E. coli (5), Klebsiella species (4), Citrobacter species (2), Proteus species (2), and Enterobacter species (1). A high level of resistance was observed with Amoxicillin clavulanic acid, Cefuroxime, and Ceftazidime while a high level of sensitivity was observed among carbapenem antibiotics. Eight of 14 isolated bacteria were BLs producers, of which 5 were sorely ESBL producers, 2 co-producers (ESBL + AmpC), and 1 AmpC producer. The overall positive rate of BLs in the study population was 10.7%. Again, patient origin and previous antibiotic use were significantly associated with BLs prevalence p-value of .01 and .04 respectively. Conclusion: The high prevalence of the ß- lactamases in the Emergency unit emphasizes the need for continuous surveillance in the Emergency unit to detect resistant strains, strict guidelines for antibiotic therapy, and the implementation of infection control measures to reduce the increasing burden of antibiotic resistance.
{"title":"Screening for Beta-Lactamases Producing Bacteria and Other Resistant Bacteria among Patients Admitted to the Emergency Unit at the Yaoundé University Teaching Hospital, Cameroon","authors":"Abange William Baiye, Lavoisier Christian Ngassa Yimtchi, Anicette Chafa Betbeui, Noel Achille Teudjieu Dongmo, Hontense Kamga Gonsu","doi":"10.9734/mrji/2023/v33i41378","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/mrji/2023/v33i41378","url":null,"abstract":"Aims: This study aimed to screen for Beta Lactamases (BLs) and other resistant bacteria among patients admitted to the emergency unit of the Yaoundé University Teaching Hospital (YUTH). \u0000Study Design: This study was a cross-sectional hospital-based study. \u0000Place and Duration of Study: This study was conducted at the Bacteriology unit of the YUTH, Yaoundé- Cameroon between February to June 2020. \u0000Methodology: Seventy-Five urine samples were collected from newly admitted patients at the emergency unit of the YUTH and bacteria species were identified basis on their culture characteristics, Gram morphology, and biochemical tests. The isolates were screened from the production of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) and AmpC BLs using the Double disk synergy method and Disk approximation methods respectively. These isolates were later subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility testing using the disk diffusion method. \u0000Results: Out of the 75 urine analyzed, 14 (18.7%) were found positive for Urinary Tract Infection. Fourteen bacteria species were isolated identified and enumerated as E. coli (5), Klebsiella species (4), Citrobacter species (2), Proteus species (2), and Enterobacter species (1). A high level of resistance was observed with Amoxicillin clavulanic acid, Cefuroxime, and Ceftazidime while a high level of sensitivity was observed among carbapenem antibiotics. Eight of 14 isolated bacteria were BLs producers, of which 5 were sorely ESBL producers, 2 co-producers (ESBL + AmpC), and 1 AmpC producer. The overall positive rate of BLs in the study population was 10.7%. Again, patient origin and previous antibiotic use were significantly associated with BLs prevalence p-value of .01 and .04 respectively. \u0000Conclusion: The high prevalence of the ß- lactamases in the Emergency unit emphasizes the need for continuous surveillance in the Emergency unit to detect resistant strains, strict guidelines for antibiotic therapy, and the implementation of infection control measures to reduce the increasing burden of antibiotic resistance.","PeriodicalId":18450,"journal":{"name":"Microbiology Research Journal International","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82285019","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-30DOI: 10.9734/mrji/2023/v33i41377
Sonal Jain, Kalpana Singh
Background: Tuberculosis (TB) remains a global health problem with 25% of the world’s population infected from the causative agent Mycobacterium tuberculosis(MTB). Indian ranks first amongst the eight countries reported to have highest burden of MTB across the globe. TB is categorized into pulmonary and extrapulmonary(EPTB); the most common clinical manifestation of EPTB being tuberculous lymphadenitis(LNTB). LNTB generally occurs due to reactivation of latent infection and cervical lymph nodes are the most common sites. Objective: The present research work was conducted to explore disease spectrum of LNTB highlighting specific histopathologic features. Materials and Methods: Twenty-one patients with clinically diagnosed LNTB were included and one lymph node biopsy was obtained from each patient. The formalin-fixed paraffin tissue sections were subjected to standard hematoxylin & eosin staining (H & E stain) to understand different histologic features of LNTB. Results: LNTB displayed a disease spectrum which can be categorized into four broad categories as: 1. Early granulomas(n=2); 2. Non-caseating granulomas(n=12); 3. Caseating granulomas(n=6); 4. Massive extensive caseation without Langhan’s giant cells(n=1). The well-formed, non-necrotic, epithelioid cell granulomas were prominent feature of LNTB in our study. Conclusion: The above study supports the existence of a disease spectrum of LNTB with histologic features ranging from early granulomas to massive caseation necrosis. This can aid clinicians for better diagnosis of LNTB so to aid for early detection and an appropriate treatment of the disease.
{"title":"Histopathological Cellular and Diagnostic Features of Tuberculous Lymphadenitis","authors":"Sonal Jain, Kalpana Singh","doi":"10.9734/mrji/2023/v33i41377","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/mrji/2023/v33i41377","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Tuberculosis (TB) remains a global health problem with 25% of the world’s population infected from the causative agent Mycobacterium tuberculosis(MTB). Indian ranks first amongst the eight countries reported to have highest burden of MTB across the globe. TB is categorized into pulmonary and extrapulmonary(EPTB); the most common clinical manifestation of EPTB being tuberculous lymphadenitis(LNTB). LNTB generally occurs due to reactivation of latent infection and cervical lymph nodes are the most common sites. \u0000Objective: The present research work was conducted to explore disease spectrum of LNTB highlighting specific histopathologic features. \u0000Materials and Methods: Twenty-one patients with clinically diagnosed LNTB were included and one lymph node biopsy was obtained from each patient. The formalin-fixed paraffin tissue sections were subjected to standard hematoxylin & eosin staining (H & E stain) to understand different histologic features of LNTB. \u0000Results: LNTB displayed a disease spectrum which can be categorized into four broad categories as: 1. Early granulomas(n=2); 2. Non-caseating granulomas(n=12); 3. Caseating granulomas(n=6); 4. Massive extensive caseation without Langhan’s giant cells(n=1). The well-formed, non-necrotic, epithelioid cell granulomas were prominent feature of LNTB in our study. \u0000Conclusion: The above study supports the existence of a disease spectrum of LNTB with histologic features ranging from early granulomas to massive caseation necrosis. This can aid clinicians for better diagnosis of LNTB so to aid for early detection and an appropriate treatment of the disease.","PeriodicalId":18450,"journal":{"name":"Microbiology Research Journal International","volume":"37 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87124755","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-28DOI: 10.9734/mrji/2023/v33i41376
Tapé Joëlle Stéphanie, Houphouët Kouakou Richard, Koné Koumba Maï, M. Pauline, Guibert Benjamin, Métayer Isabelle, M. Didier, Guéhi Tagro Simplice
Aim: High free fatty acids (FFA) content of cocoa beans is high lead to alter quality of butter fraction and chocolate manufactured. During primary post-harvest processing, cocoa beans harbor lipase producing mold speciess could trigger the accumulation of FFA. This study investigated the improvement of the quality of raw cocoa material sourced from Côte d’Ivoire regarding its high FFA concentration. Methods: Fermented and dry cocoa were sampled on-farm level in some main cocoa producing regions of Côte d'Ivoire. Contaminating mold strains were isolated using Sabouraud chloramphenicol agar incubated at 25°C for 7 days. Morphological identification of mold isolates was preformed from younger fungal culture. Biochemical study about lipolytic properties of mold isolates was carried out using Cazpeck-Dox Agar medium enriched with olive oil as carbon source and rhodamine B as indicator of lipase activity. Extraction, PCR amplification using a specific transcribed spacer primer (ITS4/ITS5) and sequencing of DNA were performed for fungal species molecular identification. Results: Approximately 154 mold isolates belonging to 8 genera were found in tested cocoa beans. Only Rhizopus oryzae, Absidia corymbifera, Mucor heimalis, Aspergillus niger, A. tubingensis, A. aculeatus, A. flavus, A. tamari, A. fumigatus, Nigrospora sphaerica, Curvularia geniculate and Penicillium chrysogenum species produced greater lipolytic properties. A. corymbifera, A. niger, A. fumigatus and R. orysae were the most frequent and predominant species. Cocoa beans inoculated with R. oryzae, A. corymbifera or A. niger recorded higher FFA content above 1.75%. Conclusion: Reducing of the mold species growth during cocoa primary post-harvest processing could sustainably produce raw cocoa material with less FFA.
{"title":"Effect of Spoilage by Lipolytic Fungi Strains on Free Fatty Acids (FFA) Formation in Fermented and Dry Cocoa Beans","authors":"Tapé Joëlle Stéphanie, Houphouët Kouakou Richard, Koné Koumba Maï, M. Pauline, Guibert Benjamin, Métayer Isabelle, M. Didier, Guéhi Tagro Simplice","doi":"10.9734/mrji/2023/v33i41376","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/mrji/2023/v33i41376","url":null,"abstract":"Aim: High free fatty acids (FFA) content of cocoa beans is high lead to alter quality of butter fraction and chocolate manufactured. During primary post-harvest processing, cocoa beans harbor lipase producing mold speciess could trigger the accumulation of FFA. This study investigated the improvement of the quality of raw cocoa material sourced from Côte d’Ivoire regarding its high FFA concentration. Methods: Fermented and dry cocoa were sampled on-farm level in some main cocoa producing regions of Côte d'Ivoire. Contaminating mold strains were isolated using Sabouraud chloramphenicol agar incubated at 25°C for 7 days. Morphological identification of mold isolates was preformed from younger fungal culture. Biochemical study about lipolytic properties of mold isolates was carried out using Cazpeck-Dox Agar medium enriched with olive oil as carbon source and rhodamine B as indicator of lipase activity. Extraction, PCR amplification using a specific transcribed spacer primer (ITS4/ITS5) and sequencing of DNA were performed for fungal species molecular identification. Results: Approximately 154 mold isolates belonging to 8 genera were found in tested cocoa beans. Only Rhizopus oryzae, Absidia corymbifera, Mucor heimalis, Aspergillus niger, A. tubingensis, A. aculeatus, A. flavus, A. tamari, A. fumigatus, Nigrospora sphaerica, Curvularia geniculate and Penicillium chrysogenum species produced greater lipolytic properties. A. corymbifera, A. niger, A. fumigatus and R. orysae were the most frequent and predominant species. Cocoa beans inoculated with R. oryzae, A. corymbifera or A. niger recorded higher FFA content above 1.75%. Conclusion: Reducing of the mold species growth during cocoa primary post-harvest processing could sustainably produce raw cocoa material with less FFA.","PeriodicalId":18450,"journal":{"name":"Microbiology Research Journal International","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82635228","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-19DOI: 10.9734/mrji/2023/v33i41375
M. Tageldin, Adel Mergani Babier, O. A. Elhasan, M. Yousif, Seitelbanat Yasin Ahemir, H. M. Hussien, S. Yousif, Salma Ibrahim, Hadeel Omer Mirgani, H. Mohamed, Tarig A. Gamar, E. A. Ahmed
Background: The quinolone group, a synthetic antimicrobial, is widely used worldwide to treat many diseases, including those caused by Gram-negative bacteria. Escherichia coli and others are among the bacteria that produce quinolone resistance genes (qnr) such as qnrA and aac(6′)-Ib-cr. Objective: The present study aimed to the isolate Escherichia coli from patients attending some Hospitals in Wad Medani city, identification of drug resistance patterns and detection of the frequency of quinolones resistance genes; qnrA and aac(6′)-Ib-cr among isolated strains. Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive, hospital-based study included 119 Escherichia coli strains was conducted. A designed questionnaire used for demographic data collection and the attitude toward antimicrobials usage. Clinical specimens were processed for aerobic bacterial isolation and identification. Antimicrobial sensitivity performed by Kirby Bauer disc diffusion technique according to the CLSI guidelines. Presence of qnrA and aac(6′)-Ib-cr genes was assessed by multiplex PCR. Results: Most strains of Escherichia coli originated from urine 53.8% (64/119) and wounds 42.9% (51/119) specimens. Meropenem had the best effect against tested strains with susceptibility of 85% (101/119). Multiplex PCR assay, using specific primers, demonstrated that 41.2% (49/119) and 37.8% (45/119) of isolated Escherichia coli possessed qnrA and aac(6′)-Ib-cr genes respectively. Conclusion: The high rate of qnrA and aac (6)-Ib-cr genes among Escherichia coli necessitate the usage of molecular tools in detecting the genetic determinants of drug resistance microorganisms in countries such as Sudan.
{"title":"Molecular Detection of Plasmid-Mediated Quinolone Resistance Genes (qnrA and aac(6′)-Ib-cr) in Drug Resistant Escherichia coli, Sudan","authors":"M. Tageldin, Adel Mergani Babier, O. A. Elhasan, M. Yousif, Seitelbanat Yasin Ahemir, H. M. Hussien, S. Yousif, Salma Ibrahim, Hadeel Omer Mirgani, H. Mohamed, Tarig A. Gamar, E. A. Ahmed","doi":"10.9734/mrji/2023/v33i41375","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/mrji/2023/v33i41375","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The quinolone group, a synthetic antimicrobial, is widely used worldwide to treat many diseases, including those caused by Gram-negative bacteria. Escherichia coli and others are among the bacteria that produce quinolone resistance genes (qnr) such as qnrA and aac(6′)-Ib-cr. \u0000Objective: The present study aimed to the isolate Escherichia coli from patients attending some Hospitals in Wad Medani city, identification of drug resistance patterns and detection of the frequency of quinolones resistance genes; qnrA and aac(6′)-Ib-cr among isolated strains. \u0000Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive, hospital-based study included 119 Escherichia coli strains was conducted. A designed questionnaire used for demographic data collection and the attitude toward antimicrobials usage. Clinical specimens were processed for aerobic bacterial isolation and identification. Antimicrobial sensitivity performed by Kirby Bauer disc diffusion technique according to the CLSI guidelines. Presence of qnrA and aac(6′)-Ib-cr genes was assessed by multiplex PCR. \u0000Results: Most strains of Escherichia coli originated from urine 53.8% (64/119) and wounds 42.9% (51/119) specimens. Meropenem had the best effect against tested strains with susceptibility of 85% (101/119). Multiplex PCR assay, using specific primers, demonstrated that 41.2% (49/119) and 37.8% (45/119) of isolated Escherichia coli possessed qnrA and aac(6′)-Ib-cr genes respectively. \u0000Conclusion: The high rate of qnrA and aac (6)-Ib-cr genes among Escherichia coli necessitate the usage of molecular tools in detecting the genetic determinants of drug resistance microorganisms in countries such as Sudan.","PeriodicalId":18450,"journal":{"name":"Microbiology Research Journal International","volume":"05 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86304983","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-09DOI: 10.9734/mrji/2023/v33i41373
R. Tchikoua, M. P. Ngoundam, L. T. Ngoune
The Chechim nchabe is a traditional food widely consumed in Foumban, Foumbot, Koutaba, Massangam, Kouoptamo, Malentouen and Magba, 07 Departments of Noun (West region of Cameroon). It is obtained by fermenting cassava sticks cooked on the surface of river or spring water. Unfortunately, the bad hygienic quality of the environment during production promotes its contamination by pathogenic germs. The objective of this study is to carry out a second fermentation in order to reduce contamination of Chechim nchabe by pathogens germs during production. To achieve this objective, a survey on the socio-economic data, profile of the producers, production protocol and characteristics of product have been realized. After microbiological analysis of Chechim nchabe, a second fermentation was performed in the laboratory. From the results, it appears that all the producers are women, aged between 51 and 58 years and 87% of them not attending school. The water used for soaking the cassava revealed that 54% of women use river water and 46% spring water. The Chechim nchabe samples collected after traditional production in the 07 Departments of Noun, show average contamination of Enterobacteriaceae, moulds, staphylococci, Escherichia coli and lactic acid bacteria with respective concentrations of 4.7; 4.1; 4.4; 4.7 and 4.8 Log10ufc/mL. However, Chechim nchabe produced in urban areas such as Foumbot and Foumban recorded low contamination compared to that produced in rural areas like Massangam, which were heavily contaminated with Escherichia coli and Enterobacteriaceae. It was also noted that the Chechim nchabe produced in spring water is more contaminated than that produced in river water. The second fermentation for 10 hours of Chechim nchabe in a basin, after 12 hours of traditional fermentation, eliminated all of pathogenic germs from Chechim nchabe. This second fermentation of 10 hours could be a solution to guarantee the sanitary quality of Chechim nchabe before its consumption.
{"title":"Reduction of Microbial Contamination of Chechin nchabe (Cooked Fermented Cassava) Produced in Noun (West Cameroon) by a Second Fermentation","authors":"R. Tchikoua, M. P. Ngoundam, L. T. Ngoune","doi":"10.9734/mrji/2023/v33i41373","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/mrji/2023/v33i41373","url":null,"abstract":"The Chechim nchabe is a traditional food widely consumed in Foumban, Foumbot, Koutaba, Massangam, Kouoptamo, Malentouen and Magba, 07 Departments of Noun (West region of Cameroon). It is obtained by fermenting cassava sticks cooked on the surface of river or spring water. Unfortunately, the bad hygienic quality of the environment during production promotes its contamination by pathogenic germs. The objective of this study is to carry out a second fermentation in order to reduce contamination of Chechim nchabe by pathogens germs during production. To achieve this objective, a survey on the socio-economic data, profile of the producers, production protocol and characteristics of product have been realized. After microbiological analysis of Chechim nchabe, a second fermentation was performed in the laboratory. From the results, it appears that all the producers are women, aged between 51 and 58 years and 87% of them not attending school. The water used for soaking the cassava revealed that 54% of women use river water and 46% spring water. The Chechim nchabe samples collected after traditional production in the 07 Departments of Noun, show average contamination of Enterobacteriaceae, moulds, staphylococci, Escherichia coli and lactic acid bacteria with respective concentrations of 4.7; 4.1; 4.4; 4.7 and 4.8 Log10ufc/mL. However, Chechim nchabe produced in urban areas such as Foumbot and Foumban recorded low contamination compared to that produced in rural areas like Massangam, which were heavily contaminated with Escherichia coli and Enterobacteriaceae. It was also noted that the Chechim nchabe produced in spring water is more contaminated than that produced in river water. The second fermentation for 10 hours of Chechim nchabe in a basin, after 12 hours of traditional fermentation, eliminated all of pathogenic germs from Chechim nchabe. This second fermentation of 10 hours could be a solution to guarantee the sanitary quality of Chechim nchabe before its consumption.","PeriodicalId":18450,"journal":{"name":"Microbiology Research Journal International","volume":"79 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85379654","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-29DOI: 10.9734/mrji/2023/v33i31372
S. C. Ihechu, V. Robinson, Nedie Patience Akani
The effect of brine on bacteria isolated from leafy vegetables was evaluated. Fresh waterleaf (Talinum triangulare), Pumpkin leaves (Telfairia occidentalis) and Bitter leaves (Vernonia amygdalina) including cooking salt were bought from vendors in Mile 3 market, Port Harcourt, Rivers State. Brine concentrations of 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5% were prepared by dissolving appropriate grams of salt in distilled water. Nine millilitres of the respective concentrations were transferred into clean test tubes, labelled, stoppered with foil and autoclaved at 121℃ for 15 minutes at 15psi. Sterile distilled water served as a control. The test isolates were standardized based on 0.5McFarland and 1mL each was introduced into different brine concentrations. The standard plate count was used to monitor brine effects on isolates and this was done hourly for six hours. Inoculated plates were incubated at 37℃ for 24 hours. After incubation, enumerated colonies were used to deduce isolate mortality. The total heterotrophic bacterial (THB) load of bitter, Pumpkin and water leaves were 3.49±0.4×106, 3.25±0.4×106 and 1.99±0.2×106 CFU/g, respectively. The staphylococcal counts for bitter, Pumpkin and water leaves were 1.65±0.3×104, 3.13±0.5×104 and 1.55±0.4×104 CFU/g, respectively. Total coliform counts for bitter, Pumpkin and water leaves were 1.52±0.8×105, 2.85±0.1×105 and 1.75±0.6×105 CFU/g, respectively. Staphylococcal counts of pumpkin leaves were significantly (P≤0.05) higher than those obtained for bitter leaf and water leaf. There was no significant difference(P>0.05) in the THB and Coliform counts of all samples. E. coli was predominant in Pumpkin and water leaves while Staphylococcus sp was predominant in bitter leaves. The LC50 values for E. coli, Klebsiella, Staphylococcus, and Bacillus sp were; 5.39, 3.88, 1.62, and -0.41mg/ml, respectively. The LC50 showed that the brine was very lethal on Bacillus sp and Staphylococcus sp. High brine concentration is recommended to achieve reduced bacterial load.
{"title":"Effect of Brine Concentration on Bacteria Isolated from Leafy Vegetables (Talinum triangulare, Telfairia occidentalis and Vernonia amygdalina)","authors":"S. C. Ihechu, V. Robinson, Nedie Patience Akani","doi":"10.9734/mrji/2023/v33i31372","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/mrji/2023/v33i31372","url":null,"abstract":"The effect of brine on bacteria isolated from leafy vegetables was evaluated. Fresh waterleaf (Talinum triangulare), Pumpkin leaves (Telfairia occidentalis) and Bitter leaves (Vernonia amygdalina) including cooking salt were bought from vendors in Mile 3 market, Port Harcourt, Rivers State. Brine concentrations of 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5% were prepared by dissolving appropriate grams of salt in distilled water. Nine millilitres of the respective concentrations were transferred into clean test tubes, labelled, stoppered with foil and autoclaved at 121℃ for 15 minutes at 15psi. Sterile distilled water served as a control. The test isolates were standardized based on 0.5McFarland and 1mL each was introduced into different brine concentrations. The standard plate count was used to monitor brine effects on isolates and this was done hourly for six hours. Inoculated plates were incubated at 37℃ for 24 hours. After incubation, enumerated colonies were used to deduce isolate mortality. The total heterotrophic bacterial (THB) load of bitter, Pumpkin and water leaves were 3.49±0.4×106, 3.25±0.4×106 and 1.99±0.2×106 CFU/g, respectively. The staphylococcal counts for bitter, Pumpkin and water leaves were 1.65±0.3×104, 3.13±0.5×104 and 1.55±0.4×104 CFU/g, respectively. Total coliform counts for bitter, Pumpkin and water leaves were 1.52±0.8×105, 2.85±0.1×105 and 1.75±0.6×105 CFU/g, respectively. Staphylococcal counts of pumpkin leaves were significantly (P≤0.05) higher than those obtained for bitter leaf and water leaf. There was no significant difference(P>0.05) in the THB and Coliform counts of all samples. E. coli was predominant in Pumpkin and water leaves while Staphylococcus sp was predominant in bitter leaves. The LC50 values for E. coli, Klebsiella, Staphylococcus, and Bacillus sp were; 5.39, 3.88, 1.62, and -0.41mg/ml, respectively. The LC50 showed that the brine was very lethal on Bacillus sp and Staphylococcus sp. High brine concentration is recommended to achieve reduced bacterial load.","PeriodicalId":18450,"journal":{"name":"Microbiology Research Journal International","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74768369","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-22DOI: 10.9734/mrji/2023/v33i31371
A. D. Aderolake, O. Adeola, A. Amos
This study was conducted to investigate the probiotic properties of twenty lactic acid bacteria (LAB) previously isolated and identified from naturally fermented kunun-zaki (a Nigerian fermented cereal beverage). The probiotic properties of the twenty lactic acid bacteria (LAB) isolates were assessed using different standard methods and agar well diffusion method. The results showed that most of the isolates tolerated acidic pH and survived at 30-40oC. All the tested LAB isolates grew at 1% NaCl concentration and remarkably, six LAB isolates {L. brevis (3) and L. plantarum (3)} exhibited good growth at higher NaCl concentrations (10-15%). The highest percentage of cellular auto-aggregation was observed in L plantarum (84.86%) and the lowest was obtained in L. brevis (27.44%). All the twenty LAB isolates tested in-vitro in this study grew in bile salt; fermented glucose; produced good aroma; produced no hemolysis revealing they were not pathogenic and produced antagonistic activity against selected pathogens (Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi, Shigella. dysenteriae and Escherichia coli) which made them suitable and safe for human consumption as potential probiotics and for industrial purposes.
{"title":"Probiotic Properties of Lactic Acid Bacteria Isolated from Spontaneously Fermented Kunun-Zaki","authors":"A. D. Aderolake, O. Adeola, A. Amos","doi":"10.9734/mrji/2023/v33i31371","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/mrji/2023/v33i31371","url":null,"abstract":"This study was conducted to investigate the probiotic properties of twenty lactic acid bacteria (LAB) previously isolated and identified from naturally fermented kunun-zaki (a Nigerian fermented cereal beverage). The probiotic properties of the twenty lactic acid bacteria (LAB) isolates were assessed using different standard methods and agar well diffusion method. The results showed that most of the isolates tolerated acidic pH and survived at 30-40oC. All the tested LAB isolates grew at 1% NaCl concentration and remarkably, six LAB isolates {L. brevis (3) and L. plantarum (3)} exhibited good growth at higher NaCl concentrations (10-15%). The highest percentage of cellular auto-aggregation was observed in L plantarum (84.86%) and the lowest was obtained in L. brevis (27.44%). All the twenty LAB isolates tested in-vitro in this study grew in bile salt; fermented glucose; produced good aroma; produced no hemolysis revealing they were not pathogenic and produced antagonistic activity against selected pathogens (Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi, Shigella. dysenteriae and Escherichia coli) which made them suitable and safe for human consumption as potential probiotics and for industrial purposes.","PeriodicalId":18450,"journal":{"name":"Microbiology Research Journal International","volume":"23 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88223990","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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