Wenlei Jia, Bo Li, Shiwei Zhou, Yonggang Wei, Hua Wang
In recent years, the impurity content in copper concentrate increases gradually with the consumption of high-grade copper ore. When the arsenic content in the raw materials increases, large amounts of arsenic enter the sulfuric acid system, resulting in large amounts of waste acid that put great pressure on production and environmental protection. Using the distribution characteristics of arsenic in each phase, the possibility of enriching arsenic in the form of stable arsenates in the slag was investigated to enrich arsenic in the form of stable arsenates in the slag. It is shown that increasing CaO content in slag at relatively low temperatures, controlling the slag type and changing the slag composition effectively improved the ability of the slag to absorb arsenic. Based on a theoretical analysis used to optimize the process parameters and determine a reasonable slag type, an oxygen-enriched top-blown smelting experiment was conducted with mixed copper concentrates. The mechanism of arsenic fixation in smelting slag at a smelting temperature of 1180 °C (1453 K) was investigated, and the results showed that the As content in slag was increased by 20∼50% and decreased by 10∼30% and 10∼20% in the dust and matte, respectively. Thus, arsenic is fixed in silicate in the form of stable arsenate, which can be an effective and safe treatment solution for copper smelting processes.
{"title":"Distribution behavior and deportation of arsenic in copper top-blown smelting process","authors":"Wenlei Jia, Bo Li, Shiwei Zhou, Yonggang Wei, Hua Wang","doi":"10.1051/metal/2023065","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/metal/2023065","url":null,"abstract":"In recent years, the impurity content in copper concentrate increases gradually with the consumption of high-grade copper ore. When the arsenic content in the raw materials increases, large amounts of arsenic enter the sulfuric acid system, resulting in large amounts of waste acid that put great pressure on production and environmental protection. Using the distribution characteristics of arsenic in each phase, the possibility of enriching arsenic in the form of stable arsenates in the slag was investigated to enrich arsenic in the form of stable arsenates in the slag. It is shown that increasing CaO content in slag at relatively low temperatures, controlling the slag type and changing the slag composition effectively improved the ability of the slag to absorb arsenic. Based on a theoretical analysis used to optimize the process parameters and determine a reasonable slag type, an oxygen-enriched top-blown smelting experiment was conducted with mixed copper concentrates. The mechanism of arsenic fixation in smelting slag at a smelting temperature of 1180 °C (1453 K) was investigated, and the results showed that the As content in slag was increased by 20∼50% and decreased by 10∼30% and 10∼20% in the dust and matte, respectively. Thus, arsenic is fixed in silicate in the form of stable arsenate, which can be an effective and safe treatment solution for copper smelting processes.","PeriodicalId":18527,"journal":{"name":"Metallurgical Research & Technology","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135495158","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The feed-forward back propagation neural (FFBPN) network method and multivariate data analysis are used to present a new approach for predicting the health of a blast furnace in the form of hot metal temperature (HMT), which is a crucial parameter to control the stable flow of hot metal production while avoiding major danger incidents during the ironmaking process. The health status also appears to predict the performance level of BF at a premature time, allowing the operator to take necessary steps to avoid BF deterioration. The BF’s health status designates the stability or instability of the BF, which may arise during the manufacturing process of hot molten iron, and is used to find the fault. In this paper, the health status of BF was determined with the help of a FFBPN and correlation matrix. This was done with Matlab (Version 2018Rb) software that uses data pre-processing, variable reduction, and a selective attribute of a data set. The FFBPN model has been trained, tested, and validated, and it has got 96% correlation coefficient of HMT prediction of combination of all data sets. The predicted HMT using several actual process data sets has been helpful in identifying the process irregularity in BF.
{"title":"Prediction of hot metal temperature in a blast furnace iron making process using multivariate data analysis and machine learning methodology","authors":"Arun Kumar, Ashish Agrawal, Ashok Kumar, Sunil Kumar","doi":"10.1051/metal/2023073","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/metal/2023073","url":null,"abstract":"The feed-forward back propagation neural (FFBPN) network method and multivariate data analysis are used to present a new approach for predicting the health of a blast furnace in the form of hot metal temperature (HMT), which is a crucial parameter to control the stable flow of hot metal production while avoiding major danger incidents during the ironmaking process. The health status also appears to predict the performance level of BF at a premature time, allowing the operator to take necessary steps to avoid BF deterioration. The BF’s health status designates the stability or instability of the BF, which may arise during the manufacturing process of hot molten iron, and is used to find the fault. In this paper, the health status of BF was determined with the help of a FFBPN and correlation matrix. This was done with Matlab (Version 2018Rb) software that uses data pre-processing, variable reduction, and a selective attribute of a data set. The FFBPN model has been trained, tested, and validated, and it has got 96% correlation coefficient of HMT prediction of combination of all data sets. The predicted HMT using several actual process data sets has been helpful in identifying the process irregularity in BF.","PeriodicalId":18527,"journal":{"name":"Metallurgical Research & Technology","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135609066","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A mathematical model was developed to describe the behavior of liquid steel flow and the steel/slag interface at a constant casting throughput in moulds of different widths. The impact of mould width (MW) on the liquid steel flow and the steel/slag interface was analyzed. Further it was examined whether a freestanding adjustable combination electromagnetic brake (FAC-EMBr) was conducive to controlling and improving the liquid steel flow. The results indicate that increasing MW decreased impact strength of the jet, upward backflow, and surface velocity––this was beneficial for reducing the meniscus height. Adjustment of the current intensity would enable the control of the behaviour of the liquid steel flow and meniscus, as well as reduce the dependence on matching the electromagnetic parameters and process parameters. This simplifies the operational process. As the MW increased to 1600 mm, an excessive input current of the vertical pole ( I V = 250 A) significantly decreased the upward backflow velocity; this was not conducive to melting the mould powder.
建立了一个数学模型，描述了在不同宽度的铸模中恒定铸造产量下钢液流动和钢/渣界面的行为。分析了模具宽度对钢液流动和钢渣界面的影响。进一步研究了独立式可调组合电磁制动器(face - embr)是否有利于控制和改善钢液流量。结果表明，增加MW会降低射流的冲击强度、向上回流和表面速度，这有利于降低半月板高度。调节电流强度可以控制钢液流动和半月板的行为，并减少对匹配电磁参数和工艺参数的依赖。这简化了操作过程。当MW增加到1600 mm时，垂直极输入电流过大(I V = 250 A)显著降低了向上回流速度;这不利于模具粉末的熔化。
{"title":"Numerical study of influence of mould width on freestanding adjustable combination electromagnetic brake in continuous casting mould","authors":"Zhuang Li, Lintao Zhang, Engang Wang","doi":"10.1051/metal/2023066","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/metal/2023066","url":null,"abstract":"A mathematical model was developed to describe the behavior of liquid steel flow and the steel/slag interface at a constant casting throughput in moulds of different widths. The impact of mould width (MW) on the liquid steel flow and the steel/slag interface was analyzed. Further it was examined whether a freestanding adjustable combination electromagnetic brake (FAC-EMBr) was conducive to controlling and improving the liquid steel flow. The results indicate that increasing MW decreased impact strength of the jet, upward backflow, and surface velocity––this was beneficial for reducing the meniscus height. Adjustment of the current intensity would enable the control of the behaviour of the liquid steel flow and meniscus, as well as reduce the dependence on matching the electromagnetic parameters and process parameters. This simplifies the operational process. As the MW increased to 1600 mm, an excessive input current of the vertical pole ( I V = 250 A) significantly decreased the upward backflow velocity; this was not conducive to melting the mould powder.","PeriodicalId":18527,"journal":{"name":"Metallurgical Research & Technology","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135555996","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Segregated solute atoms play an important role in grain boundary migration phenomena, which are critical for understanding the microstructure evolution in metals. Recrystallization kinetics of Fe-Si-Sn alloys were experimentally studied during static recrystallization. An established physical model that couples recovery and recrystallization was implemented to describe the experimental observations. The model was extended to include microstructural input, while taking into account the solute drag effect. The model is able to predict both the evolution of the recrystallized fraction and hardness after annealing in the temperature range [773K;1023K] for binary (Fe-5.8at. %Si) and ternary (Fe-5.8at. %Si-0.045at. % Sn) alloys.
偏析的溶质原子在晶界迁移现象中起着重要的作用，这对于理解金属微观结构的演变具有重要意义。实验研究了Fe-Si-Sn合金在静态再结晶过程中的再结晶动力学。建立了恢复和再结晶耦合的物理模型来描述实验结果。在考虑溶质阻力效应的同时，对模型进行了扩展，纳入了微观结构的输入。该模型能够预测二元(Fe-5.8at)在[773K;1023K]温度范围内退火后再结晶分数和硬度的演变。%Si)和三元(Fe-5.8at)。% si - 0.045。% Sn合金。
{"title":"Kinetics of static recrystallization in Sn-added Fe-Si alloys","authors":"Myriam Dumont, Nikolas Mavrikakis, Wahib Saikaly, Dominique Mangelinck","doi":"10.1051/metal/2023067","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/metal/2023067","url":null,"abstract":"Segregated solute atoms play an important role in grain boundary migration phenomena, which are critical for understanding the microstructure evolution in metals. Recrystallization kinetics of Fe-Si-Sn alloys were experimentally studied during static recrystallization. An established physical model that couples recovery and recrystallization was implemented to describe the experimental observations. The model was extended to include microstructural input, while taking into account the solute drag effect. The model is able to predict both the evolution of the recrystallized fraction and hardness after annealing in the temperature range [773K;1023K] for binary (Fe-5.8at. %Si) and ternary (Fe-5.8at. %Si-0.045at. % Sn) alloys.","PeriodicalId":18527,"journal":{"name":"Metallurgical Research & Technology","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135910131","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jian Chu, Yun Xu, Qinglin Chen, Nan Zhang, Bing Dai
Based on the fundamental processes and principles of ironmaking in a BF, an analysis was conducted on the production technical data from 18 large-scale 3200 m 3 BFs in China in 2020. The study systematically investigated the influence of top pressure on reduction, air injection, furnace top, energy consumption, and pig iron composition within the BF. Practical operations in a newly No. 1 3200 m 3 BF in a Chinese company demonstrated that increasing the top pressure not only effectively improved the smelting process, operational stability, and reduced furnace fluctuations but also led to a decrease in dust emissions, increased pig iron yield and quality, and significantly reduced fuel consumption and process energy consumption. Against the backdrop of dual carbon objectives, gaining a scientific understanding of the dynamic operation principles of the BF smelting process and continuously exploring low-carbon ironmaking methods have become the focus for professionals and researchers in the fields of BF ironmaking, production management, technology, and scientific research.
{"title":"The method of reducing energy consumption in large blast furnace smelting by increasing top pressure","authors":"Jian Chu, Yun Xu, Qinglin Chen, Nan Zhang, Bing Dai","doi":"10.1051/metal/2023071","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/metal/2023071","url":null,"abstract":"Based on the fundamental processes and principles of ironmaking in a BF, an analysis was conducted on the production technical data from 18 large-scale 3200 m 3 BFs in China in 2020. The study systematically investigated the influence of top pressure on reduction, air injection, furnace top, energy consumption, and pig iron composition within the BF. Practical operations in a newly No. 1 3200 m 3 BF in a Chinese company demonstrated that increasing the top pressure not only effectively improved the smelting process, operational stability, and reduced furnace fluctuations but also led to a decrease in dust emissions, increased pig iron yield and quality, and significantly reduced fuel consumption and process energy consumption. Against the backdrop of dual carbon objectives, gaining a scientific understanding of the dynamic operation principles of the BF smelting process and continuously exploring low-carbon ironmaking methods have become the focus for professionals and researchers in the fields of BF ironmaking, production management, technology, and scientific research.","PeriodicalId":18527,"journal":{"name":"Metallurgical Research & Technology","volume":"58 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135211875","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Lingzhong Kong, Ming Kang, Ximin Zang, Shisen Li, Jie Yang
In order to understand the reaction mechanism of high manganese and high aluminum steel with ladle filler sand and improve the ladle free-opening rate, some laboratory experiments were carried out. The effect of [Mn] and [Al] contents in the steel and reaction time on the interfacial reaction of steel-sand were considered. The reaction mechanism between the steel and filler sand is as follows. Firstly, [Mn], [Fe]and [Al] in steel react with SiO 2 in filler sand to form a liquid phase dominated by MnO-Al 2 O 3 -SiO 2 -FeO. With the progress of the reaction, [Mn] and [Al] gradually reduce FeO, which leads to some metallic Fe being generated. Secondly, the liquid phase is further expanded, and solid phase (chromite phase) is dissolved into the liquid. At the same time, the Cr 2 O 3 in the liquid phase is reduced by [Al] in the steel. Finally, the liquid phase flows down by the gaps because of gravity, forming a sintered layer. In addition, both [Mn] and [Al] in steel can increase the liquid phase of filler sand, because the MnO and Al 2 O 3 of reaction products will lower the liquidous temperature, thus aggravating the sintering of filler sand.
{"title":"Reaction behavior of high manganese and high aluminum steel with chromium-containing ladle filler sand","authors":"Lingzhong Kong, Ming Kang, Ximin Zang, Shisen Li, Jie Yang","doi":"10.1051/metal/2023072","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/metal/2023072","url":null,"abstract":"In order to understand the reaction mechanism of high manganese and high aluminum steel with ladle filler sand and improve the ladle free-opening rate, some laboratory experiments were carried out. The effect of [Mn] and [Al] contents in the steel and reaction time on the interfacial reaction of steel-sand were considered. The reaction mechanism between the steel and filler sand is as follows. Firstly, [Mn], [Fe]and [Al] in steel react with SiO 2 in filler sand to form a liquid phase dominated by MnO-Al 2 O 3 -SiO 2 -FeO. With the progress of the reaction, [Mn] and [Al] gradually reduce FeO, which leads to some metallic Fe being generated. Secondly, the liquid phase is further expanded, and solid phase (chromite phase) is dissolved into the liquid. At the same time, the Cr 2 O 3 in the liquid phase is reduced by [Al] in the steel. Finally, the liquid phase flows down by the gaps because of gravity, forming a sintered layer. In addition, both [Mn] and [Al] in steel can increase the liquid phase of filler sand, because the MnO and Al 2 O 3 of reaction products will lower the liquidous temperature, thus aggravating the sintering of filler sand.","PeriodicalId":18527,"journal":{"name":"Metallurgical Research & Technology","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135506014","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Zhenxing Xing, Gongjin Cheng, He Yang, Xiangxin Xue
In order to achieve the goal of resource utilization of High-Ti vanadium titanomagnetite (High-Ti VTM), the high-temperature sintering characteristics of High-Ti VTM were investigated by micro-sintering experiments, while the effects of different ordinary iron ore dosage and basicity on the sintering process parameters and sinter quality were investigated by sintering pot experiments. The results showed that the TiO 2 and SiO 2 contents increased gradually with increasing dosage of High-Ti VTM, and the liquid phase fluidity index and binder phase strength increased gradually, while the assimilation temperature and intergranular consolidation strength showed a decreasing trend. With the increase of the dosage of ordinary iron ore, the vertical sintering speed was reduced, while the sinter yield and tumble index gradually increased. As the basicity of the sinter gradually increased, the sintering time and the pulverization degree of the sinter gradually increased and the sinter yield gradually decreased, while the vertical sintering speed and the tumble index both showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing. The results of the study provide data to support the preparation of sinter with High-Ti VTM.
{"title":"Resource utilization of High-Ti vanadium titanomagnetite: Preparation and properties of sinter","authors":"Zhenxing Xing, Gongjin Cheng, He Yang, Xiangxin Xue","doi":"10.1051/metal/2023074","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/metal/2023074","url":null,"abstract":"In order to achieve the goal of resource utilization of High-Ti vanadium titanomagnetite (High-Ti VTM), the high-temperature sintering characteristics of High-Ti VTM were investigated by micro-sintering experiments, while the effects of different ordinary iron ore dosage and basicity on the sintering process parameters and sinter quality were investigated by sintering pot experiments. The results showed that the TiO 2 and SiO 2 contents increased gradually with increasing dosage of High-Ti VTM, and the liquid phase fluidity index and binder phase strength increased gradually, while the assimilation temperature and intergranular consolidation strength showed a decreasing trend. With the increase of the dosage of ordinary iron ore, the vertical sintering speed was reduced, while the sinter yield and tumble index gradually increased. As the basicity of the sinter gradually increased, the sintering time and the pulverization degree of the sinter gradually increased and the sinter yield gradually decreased, while the vertical sintering speed and the tumble index both showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing. The results of the study provide data to support the preparation of sinter with High-Ti VTM.","PeriodicalId":18527,"journal":{"name":"Metallurgical Research & Technology","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135609070","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Bottom blowing plays an important role in improving the physical and chemical reaction speed in the molten bath of combined blowing converter. In this paper, physical and numerical simulations were performed to study the influence of slag properties and non-uniform bottom blowing gas supply mode on flow and mixing behavior of molten bath in a 210 t converter. Compared with the two-phase case, the average velocity in the three-phase case is lower and the flow field is asymmetric. The increase of slag thickness, viscosity and surface tension will reduce the average velocity of the molten bath and make the mixing time longer. The numerical simulation of ten cases is carried out to study the effect of partial blockage of the tuyere on the overall mixing. The results showed that the existence of the central vortex and the long horizontal flow are beneficial to promote the overall mixing, while the central collision and the vortex at the edge play the opposite role in the non-uniform mode. The smaller flow difference between the tuyeres is unfavorable to the mixing of the molten bath. Reasonable tuyere flow difference can promote the horizontal flow of the molten bath and improving the stirring force.
{"title":"Effect of slag properties and non-uniform bottom blowing gas supply mode on fluid flow and mixing behavior in converter","authors":"Zhao Liu, Shusen Cheng, Yong Liu, Pengbo Liu, Weiyang Zhang","doi":"10.1051/metal/2023064","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/metal/2023064","url":null,"abstract":"Bottom blowing plays an important role in improving the physical and chemical reaction speed in the molten bath of combined blowing converter. In this paper, physical and numerical simulations were performed to study the influence of slag properties and non-uniform bottom blowing gas supply mode on flow and mixing behavior of molten bath in a 210 t converter. Compared with the two-phase case, the average velocity in the three-phase case is lower and the flow field is asymmetric. The increase of slag thickness, viscosity and surface tension will reduce the average velocity of the molten bath and make the mixing time longer. The numerical simulation of ten cases is carried out to study the effect of partial blockage of the tuyere on the overall mixing. The results showed that the existence of the central vortex and the long horizontal flow are beneficial to promote the overall mixing, while the central collision and the vortex at the edge play the opposite role in the non-uniform mode. The smaller flow difference between the tuyeres is unfavorable to the mixing of the molten bath. Reasonable tuyere flow difference can promote the horizontal flow of the molten bath and improving the stirring force.","PeriodicalId":18527,"journal":{"name":"Metallurgical Research & Technology","volume":"95 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135495607","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Bünyamin Yamanel, Oguz Erdem, Salih Ugur Bayça, Osman Bican
In this study, package boronizing process was applied to AISI 1020 steel by using Baybora-2 boronizing agent and the kinetics of boronizing process was investigated. The pack boronizing process was performed at 1223 and 1323 K temperatures for 2, 4 and 6 h. The properties of the boride layer formed on the surface as a result of the boronizing process were determined using optical microscopy and SEM analysis. XRD analysis was performed to determine the phases formed in the boride layer. As a result of the analysis, it was determined that the boride layer consisted of FeB and Fe 2 B phases. It was determined that the thickness of the boride layer increased with the increase of boronizing time and temperature. While the boride layer thickness for the temperature of 1223 K was between 115 and 196.3 μm, the boride layer thickness for the temperature of 1323 K was found to be between 157.2 and 304.7 μm. In this study, a boriding powder, patented and under development, was used and a surface layer with a hardness of 2224 HV was obtained on the surface of AISI 1020 steel. This hardness value is approximately 5 times the hardness values of steels hardened by traditional surface hardening methods such as cementation and nitriding. Also, considering the boride layer thicknesses, the activation energy was calculated as 162.26 kJ/mol using the classical kinetic method.
{"title":"Kinetic and mechanical properties of boronized AISI 1020 steel with Baybora-2 powder","authors":"Bünyamin Yamanel, Oguz Erdem, Salih Ugur Bayça, Osman Bican","doi":"10.1051/metal/2023069","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/metal/2023069","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, package boronizing process was applied to AISI 1020 steel by using Baybora-2 boronizing agent and the kinetics of boronizing process was investigated. The pack boronizing process was performed at 1223 and 1323 K temperatures for 2, 4 and 6 h. The properties of the boride layer formed on the surface as a result of the boronizing process were determined using optical microscopy and SEM analysis. XRD analysis was performed to determine the phases formed in the boride layer. As a result of the analysis, it was determined that the boride layer consisted of FeB and Fe 2 B phases. It was determined that the thickness of the boride layer increased with the increase of boronizing time and temperature. While the boride layer thickness for the temperature of 1223 K was between 115 and 196.3 μm, the boride layer thickness for the temperature of 1323 K was found to be between 157.2 and 304.7 μm. In this study, a boriding powder, patented and under development, was used and a surface layer with a hardness of 2224 HV was obtained on the surface of AISI 1020 steel. This hardness value is approximately 5 times the hardness values of steels hardened by traditional surface hardening methods such as cementation and nitriding. Also, considering the boride layer thicknesses, the activation energy was calculated as 162.26 kJ/mol using the classical kinetic method.","PeriodicalId":18527,"journal":{"name":"Metallurgical Research & Technology","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135211332","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ji Wu, Cai Liang, Xiushi Gan, Minghui Xie, Zhe Jiang, Zhenxing Zhao, Xu Wang
The reaction temperature and time on the carbon loss of coke during CO 2 gasification were studied. The results showed that there were significant correlations among the reactivity, pulverization rate, and wear resistance. The degree of variation in pulverization rate and wear resistance revealed that coke reactivity changed dramatically as reaction temperature rose. The temperature was also the key factor for coke graphitization. The evolution of the inorganic minerals and pore wall microstructure was investigated after coke gasification. The migration and accumulation of inorganic minerals, such as mullite, calcium ferrite, and iron oxide in coke, were discovered to catalyze the deterioration of the coke pore wall, resulting in the coke powder formation. The graphitization degree of the skin layer was greater than that of the core after high-temperature reactions, which accelerated skin layer separation from the core.
{"title":"Study on deterioration behavior of coke during gasification","authors":"Ji Wu, Cai Liang, Xiushi Gan, Minghui Xie, Zhe Jiang, Zhenxing Zhao, Xu Wang","doi":"10.1051/metal/2023078","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/metal/2023078","url":null,"abstract":"The reaction temperature and time on the carbon loss of coke during CO 2 gasification were studied. The results showed that there were significant correlations among the reactivity, pulverization rate, and wear resistance. The degree of variation in pulverization rate and wear resistance revealed that coke reactivity changed dramatically as reaction temperature rose. The temperature was also the key factor for coke graphitization. The evolution of the inorganic minerals and pore wall microstructure was investigated after coke gasification. The migration and accumulation of inorganic minerals, such as mullite, calcium ferrite, and iron oxide in coke, were discovered to catalyze the deterioration of the coke pore wall, resulting in the coke powder formation. The graphitization degree of the skin layer was greater than that of the core after high-temperature reactions, which accelerated skin layer separation from the core.","PeriodicalId":18527,"journal":{"name":"Metallurgical Research & Technology","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135660079","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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