Topical delivery of NSAIDs through organogels might transport lornoxicam to the site of action, minimizing gastrointestinal problems and adverse effects. In the current investigation, a lecithin organogel containing lornoxicam was made by microemulsion method. For this purpose, a certain amount of pure soya lecithin was dispersed in suitable isopropyl myristate as a dispersant and emulsifier at room temperature to form the oily phase. The lecithin was completely dissolved in the combination by the next morning. Sorbic acid was then added to the mixture as a preservative, Pluronic F-127 and potassium sorbate were weighed out, and then they were mixed with cold water to create an aqueous phase, and menthol was added. On the next morning, lornoxicam, the active component, became soluble in polyethylene glycol-400 and combined with the lecithin isopropyl palmitate mixture. The oily portion was agitated using a mechanical stirrer at 400 rpm while the aqueous phase was introduced gradually. The lornoxicam organogel preparation was it was assessed for its physical appearance, organoleptic characteristics, consistency, gelation temperature, drug content, and in vitro release studies. The active ingredient content of formulation F5 was the highest at 93.33. Formulations F4 and F5 were selected for kinetic studies because they had all physical characteristics under reasonable limits, the active ingredient level was the greatest, and the active ingredient release was the fastest in eight hours. The transdermal organogel formulation of lornoxicam was found to be effective for topical distribution of the drug and when administered topically, it has strong anti-inflammatory and anti-rheumatic action.
{"title":"Development and In vitro Assessment of Topical Microemulsion Based Pluronic-Lecithin Organogel for the Management of Arthritic Pain","authors":"Abhishek Yadav, Vikas Jhawat, Rahul Pratap Singh, Sunita Chauhan, Rohit Dutt, Rajesh Goyal, Deependra Singh","doi":"10.2174/0118764029280588231215044630","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0118764029280588231215044630","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000Topical delivery of NSAIDs through organogels might transport lornoxicam\u0000to the site of action, minimizing gastrointestinal problems and adverse effects.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000In the current investigation, a lecithin organogel containing lornoxicam was made by\u0000microemulsion method. For this purpose, a certain amount of pure soya lecithin was dispersed in\u0000suitable isopropyl myristate as a dispersant and emulsifier at room temperature to form the oily\u0000phase. The lecithin was completely dissolved in the combination by the next morning. Sorbic acid\u0000was then added to the mixture as a preservative, Pluronic F-127 and potassium sorbate were\u0000weighed out, and then they were mixed with cold water to create an aqueous phase, and menthol\u0000was added. On the next morning, lornoxicam, the active component, became soluble in polyethylene\u0000glycol-400 and combined with the lecithin isopropyl palmitate mixture. The oily portion\u0000was agitated using a mechanical stirrer at 400 rpm while the aqueous phase was introduced\u0000gradually.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000The lornoxicam organogel preparation was it was assessed for its physical appearance,\u0000organoleptic characteristics, consistency, gelation temperature, drug content, and in vitro release\u0000studies. The active ingredient content of formulation F5 was the highest at 93.33. Formulations\u0000F4 and F5 were selected for kinetic studies because they had all physical characteristics under\u0000reasonable limits, the active ingredient level was the greatest, and the active ingredient release\u0000was the fastest in eight hours.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000The transdermal organogel formulation of lornoxicam was found to be effective for\u0000topical distribution of the drug and when administered topically, it has strong anti-inflammatory\u0000and anti-rheumatic action.\u0000","PeriodicalId":18543,"journal":{"name":"Micro and Nanosystems","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140494348","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-25DOI: 10.2174/0118764029272246231120045443
Neha Bajwa
Cell-mediated drug delivery systems have gained significant attention in medical research due to their potential for enhanced therapeutic specificity and efficacy in various diseases. Among immune cells, neutrophils (NEs) have emerged as a promising candidate for drug delivery due to their prevalence and rapid response in inflammatory sites. However, the short lifespan and challenges associated with the in vitro cultivation of NEs have hindered their direct use for drug administration. This review aims to highlight the importance of NEs as effective drug-delivery vehicles and elucidate the underlying mechanisms contributing to their pharmacological efficacy. By analyzing recent studies and advancements in the field, we will discuss the strategies employed to harness NEs as drug carriers, including coating nanostructures with NE cell membranes. Additionally, we will explore the unique properties of NEs that enable targeted drug delivery, such as their ability to navigate through complex biological environments and actively migrate toward inflamed tissues. Furthermore, we will delve into the mechanisms of NE-mediated drug release and the potential applications of NE-based drug delivery systems in various therapeutic areas. Overall, this review provides valuable insights into the use of NEs as drug delivery mechanisms and offers perspectives on the future directions of this exciting field.
细胞介导的给药系统在医学研究中备受关注，因为它们具有提高各种疾病治疗特异性和疗效的潜力。在免疫细胞中，嗜中性粒细胞（NEs）因其在炎症部位的普遍存在和快速反应而成为一种很有前途的给药候选细胞。然而，嗜中性粒细胞的寿命短以及体外培养嗜中性粒细胞所面临的挑战阻碍了它们直接用于给药。本综述旨在强调 NEs 作为有效给药载体的重要性，并阐明其药理作用的基本机制。通过分析该领域的最新研究和进展，我们将讨论利用 NEs 作为药物载体的策略，包括在纳米结构上包覆 NE 细胞膜。此外，我们还将探讨 NEs 实现靶向给药的独特特性，例如 NEs 在复杂生物环境中的导航能力和向炎症组织主动迁移的能力。此外，我们还将深入探讨 NE 介导的药物释放机制以及基于 NE 的给药系统在不同治疗领域的潜在应用。总之，这篇综述为我们提供了有关将 NEs 用作给药机制的宝贵见解，并展望了这一令人兴奋的领域的未来发展方向。
{"title":"Advances in Neutrophil Cell Membrane-coated Nano Drug Delivery Systems: A Comprehensive Review","authors":"Neha Bajwa","doi":"10.2174/0118764029272246231120045443","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0118764029272246231120045443","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000Cell-mediated drug delivery systems have gained significant attention in medical research\u0000due to their potential for enhanced therapeutic specificity and efficacy in various diseases. Among\u0000immune cells, neutrophils (NEs) have emerged as a promising candidate for drug delivery due to their\u0000prevalence and rapid response in inflammatory sites. However, the short lifespan and challenges associated\u0000with the in vitro cultivation of NEs have hindered their direct use for drug administration. This\u0000review aims to highlight the importance of NEs as effective drug-delivery vehicles and elucidate the\u0000underlying mechanisms contributing to their pharmacological efficacy. By analyzing recent studies\u0000and advancements in the field, we will discuss the strategies employed to harness NEs as drug carriers,\u0000including coating nanostructures with NE cell membranes.\u0000Additionally, we will explore the unique properties of NEs that enable targeted drug delivery, such as\u0000their ability to navigate through complex biological environments and actively migrate toward inflamed\u0000tissues. Furthermore, we will delve into the mechanisms of NE-mediated drug release and the\u0000potential applications of NE-based drug delivery systems in various therapeutic areas. Overall, this\u0000review provides valuable insights into the use of NEs as drug delivery mechanisms and offers perspectives\u0000on the future directions of this exciting field.\u0000","PeriodicalId":18543,"journal":{"name":"Micro and Nanosystems","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140494849","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-25DOI: 10.2174/0118764029277532231231100117
Suryakanta Swain, H. B. Samal, Santosh Satpathy, B. R. Jena, G. Pattnaik, Sheerin Bashas, Sonu Barad
The manufacture and study of innovative materials that enable the availability of relevant technologies are vital in light of the energy demands of various human activities and the need for a substantial shift in the energy matrix. A strategy based on the creation of enhanced applications for batteries has been devised to reduce the conversion, storage, and feeding of renewable energy like fuel cells and electrochemical capacitors. Conductive polymers (CP) can be utilised instead of traditional inorganic chemicals. Electrochemical energy storage devices with similar capabilities can be built using approaches based on the production of composite materials and nanostructures. CP's nanostructuring is notable for its concentration on synergistic coupling with other materials, which sets it apart from other nanostructures that have been developed in the preceding two decades. This is due to the fact that, when paired with other materials, their distinctive morphology and adaptability significantly enhance performance in areas like the suppression of ionic diffusion trajectories, electronic transport and the improvement of ion penetrability and intercalation spaces. The present study forecasts the wide-ranging modern applications of diverse nanostructured dielectric materials along with its future prospectives. The potential contributions of nanostructured carbon nanotubes to the development of innovative materials for energy storage devices are also critically discussed in this context, which delivers a summary of the present state of information on this emerging topic.
{"title":"The Prospective Applications of arising Nanostructured Dielectric\u0000Materials in Storage of Energy: A Comprehensive Review","authors":"Suryakanta Swain, H. B. Samal, Santosh Satpathy, B. R. Jena, G. Pattnaik, Sheerin Bashas, Sonu Barad","doi":"10.2174/0118764029277532231231100117","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0118764029277532231231100117","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000The manufacture and study of innovative materials that enable the availability of relevant technologies are vital in light of the energy demands of various human activities\u0000and the need for a substantial shift in the energy matrix.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000A strategy based on the creation of enhanced applications for batteries has been devised\u0000to reduce the conversion, storage, and feeding of renewable energy like fuel cells and electrochemical capacitors.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000Conductive polymers (CP) can be utilised instead of traditional inorganic chemicals.\u0000Electrochemical energy storage devices with similar capabilities can be built using approaches\u0000based on the production of composite materials and nanostructures.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000CP's nanostructuring is notable for its concentration on synergistic coupling with other materials, which sets it apart from other nanostructures that have been developed in the preceding two\u0000decades. This is due to the fact that, when paired with other materials, their distinctive morphology\u0000and adaptability significantly enhance performance in areas like the suppression of ionic diffusion\u0000trajectories, electronic transport and the improvement of ion penetrability and intercalation spaces.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000The present study forecasts the wide-ranging modern applications of diverse\u0000nanostructured dielectric materials along with its future prospectives. The potential contributions of\u0000nanostructured carbon nanotubes to the development of innovative materials for energy storage devices are also critically discussed in this context, which delivers a summary of the present state of\u0000information on this emerging topic.\u0000","PeriodicalId":18543,"journal":{"name":"Micro and Nanosystems","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139598994","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-19DOI: 10.2174/0118764029277963231127105304
Himani Bhardwaj, Shruti Jain, Harsh Sohal
The global RC interconnects have become the controlling parameter for a circuit’s performance. But with the decrease in technology, an increase in resistance has become prominent. This increase further directly affects the performance of the system by increasing the performance parameters of the circuit like delay and power consumption. To resolve this issue and to be compatible with Internet of Things (IoT) applications, the interconnect circuits are required to be high speed with less heat generation In this paper, a new RC and RLC interconnect circuit design was proposed for 45nm technology to enhance the performance parameters. Furthermore, the RC interconnect design was simulated for lumped and distributed networks. The parasitic component values (resistance, inductance, and capacitance) are evaluated using PTM technology. The proposed interconnect circuit's resistance value decreased by a factor of 4, but the capacitance remains the same. Furthermore, power consumption and delay values were attained. An overall comparison was done between RC and RLC networks. 63.3% power improvement and 24.87% delay improvement were observed in the RLC network over RC distributed network.
{"title":"Energy Optimization for RC and RLC Interconnect Design in Low Power\u0000VLSI","authors":"Himani Bhardwaj, Shruti Jain, Harsh Sohal","doi":"10.2174/0118764029277963231127105304","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0118764029277963231127105304","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000The global RC interconnects have become the controlling parameter for a\u0000circuit’s performance. But with the decrease in technology, an increase in resistance has become\u0000prominent. This increase further directly affects the performance of the system by increasing the performance parameters of the circuit like delay and power consumption. To resolve this issue and to be\u0000compatible with Internet of Things (IoT) applications, the interconnect circuits are required to be\u0000high speed with less heat generation\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000In this paper, a new RC and RLC interconnect circuit design was proposed for 45nm technology to enhance the performance parameters. Furthermore, the RC interconnect design was simulated for lumped and distributed networks. The parasitic component values (resistance, inductance,\u0000and capacitance) are evaluated using PTM technology.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000The proposed interconnect circuit's resistance value decreased by a factor of 4, but the capacitance remains the same. Furthermore, power consumption and delay values were attained. An\u0000overall comparison was done between RC and RLC networks.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u000063.3% power improvement and 24.87% delay improvement were observed in the RLC\u0000network over RC distributed network.\u0000","PeriodicalId":18543,"journal":{"name":"Micro and Nanosystems","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138959064","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The bacterium Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is known to cause gastroduodenal disorders associated with the stomach lining that grows in the gastrointestinal tract, and can cause gastritis, peptic ulcer, gastric lymphoma, and stomach cancer. Nearly 50% of people worldwide suffer from H. pylori infection. This infection is more prominent in poor nations and undeveloped countries, and is caused by multiple factors, such as consumption of unhygienic food, crowded living style, etc. In the eradication treatment of gastric H. pylori infection, conventional dosage forms have various adverse effects on patients. In this study, we have explored current developments in the utilization of nanotechnological carriers for the successful management of H. pylori infection. In order to combat rising amoxicillin resistance, this review has focused on therapeutic strategies that use cyclodextrins, niosomes, liposomes, microspheres, nanoparticles, solid lipid nanoparticles, and nanostructure nanoparticles to improve therapy against H. pylori. The entrapment of amoxicillin in various nanotechnological carriers enhances its effectiveness and reduces adverse effects. These carriers lead to targeted drug release and improve drug penetration to the gastroduodenal disease site that locally controls and adjusts the drug release. For the effective treatment of H. pylori infection, nanotechnological carriers have provided a new avenue for the development of innovative, high-impact, and low-dose systems. The main objective of this review was to outline the present limitations of H. pylori therapy and new potential alternatives, as well as to report how nanotechnological carriers may be used to overcome treatment shortcomings.
{"title":"Amoxicillin-loaded Nanotechnological Carriers for the Effective Treatment of Helicobacter pylori Infection","authors":"Darsh Gautam, Poonam Talwan, Sahil Dhiman, Rahul Gill, Aparna Thakur, Simran Dhiman, Deexa Sharma, Akhil Kumar, Saksham Sharma","doi":"10.2174/0118764029259927231127094657","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0118764029259927231127094657","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000The bacterium Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is known to cause gastroduodenal disorders associated with the stomach lining that grows in the gastrointestinal tract, and can\u0000cause gastritis, peptic ulcer, gastric lymphoma, and stomach cancer. Nearly 50% of people worldwide\u0000suffer from H. pylori infection. This infection is more prominent in poor nations and undeveloped\u0000countries, and is caused by multiple factors, such as consumption of unhygienic food, crowded living\u0000style, etc. In the eradication treatment of gastric H. pylori infection, conventional dosage forms have\u0000various adverse effects on patients.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000In this study, we have explored current developments in the utilization of nanotechnological\u0000carriers for the successful management of H. pylori infection. In order to combat rising amoxicillin resistance, this review has focused on therapeutic strategies that use cyclodextrins, niosomes, liposomes,\u0000microspheres, nanoparticles, solid lipid nanoparticles, and nanostructure nanoparticles to improve\u0000therapy against H. pylori.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000The entrapment of amoxicillin in various nanotechnological carriers enhances its effectiveness and reduces adverse effects. These carriers lead to targeted drug release and improve drug penetration to the gastroduodenal disease site that locally controls and adjusts the drug release.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000For the effective treatment of H. pylori infection, nanotechnological carriers have provided a new avenue for the development of innovative, high-impact, and low-dose systems. The main objective of this review was to outline the present limitations of H. pylori therapy and new potential alternatives, as well as to report how nanotechnological carriers may be used to overcome treatment\u0000shortcomings.\u0000","PeriodicalId":18543,"journal":{"name":"Micro and Nanosystems","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138593107","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-06DOI: 10.2174/0118764029204082231120144906
Abeer Baioun, H. Kellawi
Interfacial charge transfer is a fundamental issue in both the science and technology of the batteries. In this work, the activation energy for the interfacial charge transfer, Ea, though PY thin film was estimated by measurement measurements of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) for both monovalent and multivalent hydration cations: Li+, Na+, K+, Ca+2 and Mg+2 in aqueous electrolytes. Rechargeable batteries have become quintessential energy conversion devices that are widely used in portable electronic devices and hybrid electric vehicles. PB and its analogues have open channels that allow rapid insertion/extraction of different cations ,and that lead to a long cycle of its in such as batteries (Na+, Li+ and K+) preparation of Prussian yellow Nanofilm on ITO glass by a simple chemical facial method and study of its charge/discharge processes of intercalation compounds in rechargeable features The electrochemical measurements of potentiostat/galvanostat cyclic voltammograms and EIS were carried out in three-electrode cells, with Ag/AgCl as a reference electrode. Pt. and ITO|PY as working and counter electrodes respectively. The electrolytes were solutions of 0.1M+z cation in water where M+z was one of the following cations: Li+, Na+, K+, Ca+2 or Mg+2. The effect of hydration on the activation energy for the PY thin film was studied by the EIS at different temperatures. The ions K+ have an activation energy interfacial, which is lower than that of Na+ and Li+. So the coulombic repulsion at the interface is largely suppressed by the screening effect of ions hydration, explaining the small values of Ea with aqueous electrolyte. Furthermore, the hydration helped the Ca+2 and Mg+2 intercalation in PBA but with large values of Ea that were due to coulombic repulsion at the interface. Prussian blue can be considered among the most promising cathode materials for energy storage batteries because of their rigid open framework with large interstitial sites that can pertain to mono and bivalent cation mobility and accommodate volume variation during ions insertion/ extraction
{"title":"Activation Energy Rechargeable Prussian Yellow Nano Film Electrode using Hydrated Ions","authors":"Abeer Baioun, H. Kellawi","doi":"10.2174/0118764029204082231120144906","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0118764029204082231120144906","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000Interfacial charge transfer is a fundamental issue in both the science and technology\u0000of the batteries. In this work, the activation energy for the interfacial charge transfer, Ea, though PY\u0000thin film was estimated by measurement measurements of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy\u0000(EIS) for both monovalent and multivalent hydration cations: Li+, Na+, K+, Ca+2 and Mg+2 in aqueous\u0000electrolytes.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000Rechargeable batteries have become quintessential energy conversion devices that are\u0000widely used in portable electronic devices and hybrid electric vehicles. PB and its analogues have\u0000open channels that allow rapid insertion/extraction of different cations ,and that lead to a long cycle\u0000of its in such as batteries (Na+, Li+ and K+)\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000preparation of Prussian yellow Nanofilm on ITO glass by a simple chemical facial method\u0000and study of its charge/discharge processes of intercalation compounds in rechargeable features\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000The electrochemical measurements of potentiostat/galvanostat cyclic voltammograms and\u0000EIS were carried out in three-electrode cells, with Ag/AgCl as a reference electrode. Pt. and ITO|PY\u0000as working and counter electrodes respectively. The electrolytes were solutions of 0.1M+z cation in\u0000water where M+z was one of the following cations: Li+, Na+, K+, Ca+2 or Mg+2.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000The effect of hydration on the activation energy for the PY thin film was studied by the EIS\u0000at different temperatures. The ions K+ have an activation energy interfacial, which is lower than that\u0000of Na+ and Li+. So the coulombic repulsion at the interface is largely suppressed by the screening effect\u0000of ions hydration, explaining the small values of Ea with aqueous electrolyte. Furthermore, the\u0000hydration helped the Ca+2 and Mg+2 intercalation in PBA but with large values of Ea that were due to\u0000coulombic repulsion at the interface.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000Prussian blue can be considered among the most promising cathode materials for energy\u0000storage batteries because of their rigid open framework with large interstitial sites that can pertain\u0000to mono and bivalent cation mobility and accommodate volume variation during ions insertion/\u0000extraction\u0000","PeriodicalId":18543,"journal":{"name":"Micro and Nanosystems","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138595738","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-06DOI: 10.2174/0118764029270222231123071138
V.K. Sharma, Sadat Riyaz
Growing progress in the field of nanoelectronics necessitates ever more advanced nanotechnology due to the continued scaling of conventional devices. For the purpose of fabricating current integrated circuits (ICs), QCA nanotechnology is the most suitable substitute for complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) technology. The problem of short-channel secondary effects at the ultra-nanoscale level confronts CMOS technology. Quantum-dot cellular automata (QCA) nanotechnology overcomes the issues of conventional logic circuit design methods due to its numerous advantages. This research work aims to design an energy-efficient, reliable, universal, 3×3, and reversible logic gate for the implementation of various logical and Boolean functions in quantum-dot cellular automata (QCA) nanotechnology. It is desirable for portable systems to have a small size, extremely low power consumption, and a clock rate in the terahertz. As a result, QCA nanotechnology is an incredible advancement for digital system applications and the design of future systems. This research article proposes a novel, ultra-efficient, multi-operative, 3×3 universal reversible gate and implemented in QCA nanotechnology using precise QCA cell interaction. The proposed gate is used for the implementation of all the basic logic gates to validate its universality. The multi-operation nature of the proposed gate is established by the implementation of all the 13 standard Boolean functions. The energy dissipation analysis of the design has been presented for the varying setup. This research article proposes a novel, ultra-efficient, multi-operative, 3×3 universal reversible gate implemented in QCA nanotechnology using precise QCA cell interaction. The proposed gate is used for the implementation of all the basic logic gates to validate its universality. The implementation of all thirteen standard Boolean functions establishes the proposed gate's multi-operational nature. The energy dissipation analysis of the design has been presented for the varying setups. The proposed gate is area-efficient because it uses minimum QCA cells. The analysis establishes minimum energy dissipation by the proposed design and endorsing as the ultra-high efficient designs. The proposed gate is area-efficient because it uses minimum QCA cells. Various logical and Boolean functions are effectively implemented using the proposed gate. The result analysis establishes the minimum energy dissipation of the proposed design and endorses it as an ultra-efficient design. The QCA cell interaction method demonstrates the best way to design a universal, reversible, and multi-operative gate. NA
{"title":"Universal and Reversible Gate Design in Quantum-dot Cellular Automata Nanotechnology","authors":"V.K. Sharma, Sadat Riyaz","doi":"10.2174/0118764029270222231123071138","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0118764029270222231123071138","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000Growing progress in the field of nanoelectronics necessitates ever more advanced\u0000nanotechnology due to the continued scaling of conventional devices. For the purpose of fabricating\u0000current integrated circuits (ICs), QCA nanotechnology is the most suitable substitute for\u0000complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) technology. The problem of short-channel secondary\u0000effects at the ultra-nanoscale level confronts CMOS technology.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000Quantum-dot cellular automata (QCA) nanotechnology overcomes the issues of conventional\u0000logic circuit design methods due to its numerous advantages. This research work aims to design an\u0000energy-efficient, reliable, universal, 3×3, and reversible logic gate for the implementation of various\u0000logical and Boolean functions in quantum-dot cellular automata (QCA) nanotechnology.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000It is desirable for portable systems to have a small size, extremely low power consumption,\u0000and a clock rate in the terahertz. As a result, QCA nanotechnology is an incredible advancement for\u0000digital system applications and the design of future systems.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000This research article proposes a novel, ultra-efficient, multi-operative, 3×3 universal reversible gate and implemented in QCA nanotechnology using precise QCA cell interaction. The proposed gate is used for the implementation of all the basic logic gates to validate its universality. The multi-operation nature of the proposed gate is established by the implementation of all the 13 standard Boolean functions. The energy dissipation analysis of the design has been presented for the varying setup.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000This research article proposes a novel, ultra-efficient, multi-operative, 3×3 universal reversible\u0000gate implemented in QCA nanotechnology using precise QCA cell interaction. The proposed\u0000gate is used for the implementation of all the basic logic gates to validate its universality. The implementation\u0000of all thirteen standard Boolean functions establishes the proposed gate's multi-operational\u0000nature. The energy dissipation analysis of the design has been presented for the varying setups.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000The proposed gate is area-efficient because it uses minimum QCA cells. The analysis establishes minimum energy dissipation by the proposed design and endorsing as the ultra-high efficient designs.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000The proposed gate is area-efficient because it uses minimum QCA cells. Various logical and\u0000Boolean functions are effectively implemented using the proposed gate. The result analysis establishes\u0000the minimum energy dissipation of the proposed design and endorses it as an ultra-efficient design.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000The QCA cell interaction method demonstrates the best way to design a universal,\u0000reversible, and multi-operative gate.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000NA\u0000","PeriodicalId":18543,"journal":{"name":"Micro and Nanosystems","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138594668","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-05DOI: 10.2174/0118764029265057231121094206
Rupin Ranu, K. Chavan, S. Desarada, V.K. Gade, S.L. Kadam
Nanomaterials are very useful in energy harvesting and energy storage devices. Morphological features play a vital role in energy storage devices. Supercapacitors and batteries are examples of energy storage devices. The working of a supercapacitor is decided by the nature of the microstructure and other features of the electrode material. Vanadium Pentaoxide (V25) is one of the promising materials due to its attractive features, such as band gap, multiple oxidation state, and large conductivity transition from semiconducting to conducting domain. This study aimed to perform the tuning of structural, optical and morphological properties of V2O5 nanomaterials using the hydrothermal method. A low-cost hydrothermal method was used in this work. Hydrothermal synthesis was carried out at different concentrations of Ammonium Metavanadate (NH4VO3), varying from 0.06 M, 0.08 M, and 0.1 M in the aqueous medium. Moreover, the pH of the solution was maintained at 4 using drop-wise addition of H2SO4. Hydrothermal synthesis was carried out at 160° for 24 hours. The synthesized precipitate was annealed at 700° for 7 hours in ambient air. Structural, optical, morphological, and elemental probing was carried out. XRD revealed the formation of monoclinic crystalline phase formation of V2O5. Crystallite size increased with an increase in the concentration of vanadium precursor. The band gap obtained using UV-Vis spectroscopy decreased upon an increase in concentration. SEM micrographs displayed nanosheet and nanorod-like distorted morphology. The presence of vanadium and oxygen was noticed in the EDS study. Nanoparticles with attractive features are very useful as an electrode material for supercapacitors. Upon changing concentration, we can change the band gap of the material, adding an extra edge in the use of these materials.
{"title":"Synthesis and Characterization of V2O5 Nanorods Using Hydrothermal\u0000Method for Energy Application","authors":"Rupin Ranu, K. Chavan, S. Desarada, V.K. Gade, S.L. Kadam","doi":"10.2174/0118764029265057231121094206","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0118764029265057231121094206","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000Nanomaterials are very useful in energy harvesting and energy storage devices.\u0000Morphological features play a vital role in energy storage devices. Supercapacitors and batteries\u0000are examples of energy storage devices. The working of a supercapacitor is decided by the nature\u0000of the microstructure and other features of the electrode material. Vanadium Pentaoxide (V25) is\u0000one of the promising materials due to its attractive features, such as band gap, multiple oxidation\u0000state, and large conductivity transition from semiconducting to conducting domain.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000This study aimed to perform the tuning of structural, optical and morphological properties\u0000of V2O5 nanomaterials using the hydrothermal method.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000A low-cost hydrothermal method was used in this work. Hydrothermal synthesis was carried\u0000out at different concentrations of Ammonium Metavanadate (NH4VO3), varying from 0.06 M,\u00000.08 M, and 0.1 M in the aqueous medium. Moreover, the pH of the solution was maintained at 4 using\u0000drop-wise addition of H2SO4. Hydrothermal synthesis was carried out at 160° for 24 hours. The\u0000synthesized precipitate was annealed at 700° for 7 hours in ambient air. Structural, optical, morphological,\u0000and elemental probing was carried out.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000XRD revealed the formation of monoclinic crystalline phase formation of V2O5. Crystallite\u0000size increased with an increase in the concentration of vanadium precursor. The band gap obtained\u0000using UV-Vis spectroscopy decreased upon an increase in concentration. SEM micrographs displayed\u0000nanosheet and nanorod-like distorted morphology. The presence of vanadium and oxygen\u0000was noticed in the EDS study.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000Nanoparticles with attractive features are very useful as an electrode material for supercapacitors.\u0000Upon changing concentration, we can change the band gap of the material, adding an extra\u0000edge in the use of these materials.\u0000","PeriodicalId":18543,"journal":{"name":"Micro and Nanosystems","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138598638","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-05DOI: 10.2174/0118764029271070231117041624
Walaa Fawaz, Jameela Hasian, I. Alghoraibi
Vincristine sulfate is commonly used to treat different types of cancers. However, its effectiveness is hindered by undesirable side effects, which significantly limit its applications in medicine. This study aims to prepare vincristine nanoparticles, in order to develop a promising approach for cancer therapy. Vincristine nanoparticles were prepared by utilizing polycaprolactone as a carrier through the double emulsion method. The morphological characteristics and particle size of the vincristine nanoparticles were examined. The surface charge and average dynamic size, encapsulation efficiency in addition to release profile study were also evaluated. Dynamic Light Scattering confirmed the small size of nanoparticles (~200 nm). SEM showed spherical-shaped nanoparticles with smooth surfaces, and the polydispersity index values of the prepared nanoparticles were below 0.5 in all preparations. The zeta potential of the nanoparticles was found to be negative, which can be attributed to the presence of carboxylic groups in the PCL polymer, The encapsulation efficiency of Vincristine-loaded nanoparticles (NPs) varied from 36% to 57% for all the prepared NPs with varying amounts of PCL. The release profile demonstrated a prolonged release of Vincristine from the nanoparticles compared to the Vincristine solution. The double emulsion solvent evaporation method was used successfully to prepare vincristine- loaded PCL nanoparticles, which suggests that nanoscale carriers hold promise as effective vehicles for delivering chemotherapeutic agents in the treatment of cancer.
{"title":"Preparation, Characterization, and Release Profile Study of Vincristine Sulfate-loaded Polycaprolactone Nanoparticles","authors":"Walaa Fawaz, Jameela Hasian, I. Alghoraibi","doi":"10.2174/0118764029271070231117041624","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0118764029271070231117041624","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000Vincristine sulfate is commonly used to treat different types of cancers. However,\u0000its effectiveness is hindered by undesirable side effects, which significantly limit its applications\u0000in medicine.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000This study aims to prepare vincristine nanoparticles, in order to develop a promising approach\u0000for cancer therapy.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000Vincristine nanoparticles were prepared by utilizing polycaprolactone as a carrier through\u0000the double emulsion method. The morphological characteristics and particle size of the vincristine nanoparticles\u0000were examined. The surface charge and average dynamic size, encapsulation efficiency in\u0000addition to release profile study were also evaluated.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000Dynamic Light Scattering confirmed the small size of nanoparticles (~200 nm). SEM showed\u0000spherical-shaped nanoparticles with smooth surfaces, and the polydispersity index values of the prepared\u0000nanoparticles were below 0.5 in all preparations. The zeta potential of the nanoparticles was\u0000found to be negative, which can be attributed to the presence of carboxylic groups in the PCL polymer,\u0000The encapsulation efficiency of Vincristine-loaded nanoparticles (NPs) varied from 36% to 57% for all\u0000the prepared NPs with varying amounts of PCL. The release profile demonstrated a prolonged release\u0000of Vincristine from the nanoparticles compared to the Vincristine solution.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000The double emulsion solvent evaporation method was used successfully to prepare vincristine-\u0000loaded PCL nanoparticles, which suggests that nanoscale carriers hold promise as effective\u0000vehicles for delivering chemotherapeutic agents in the treatment of cancer.\u0000","PeriodicalId":18543,"journal":{"name":"Micro and Nanosystems","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138599725","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-29DOI: 10.2174/0118764029273245231117112521
Sanshita, Inderbir Singh
{"title":"Dissolvable Microneedles for the Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis","authors":"Sanshita, Inderbir Singh","doi":"10.2174/0118764029273245231117112521","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0118764029273245231117112521","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:sec> <jats:title /> <jats:p /> </jats:sec>","PeriodicalId":18543,"journal":{"name":"Micro and Nanosystems","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139213713","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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