Pub Date : 2021-04-06DOI: 10.2174/1876402913666210406163452
Shivani Verma, Puneet Utreja
Transdermal drug delivery is considered as a better alternative to oral administration of drugs like proteins or peptides that are susceptible to extensive degradation via first pass metabolism. This delivery route also shows high patient compliance due to no use of painful injections. Conventional delivery systems like creams and gel show poor skin permeation and high dosing frequency. The objective of this work was to investigate the role of highly advanced micro and nanocarrier systems like invasomes, transfersomes, transethosomes, oleic acid vesicles, and cubosomes for transdermal drug delivery exploring literature survey. Literature survey for these advanced micro and nanocarrier systems was carried out using search engines like Pubmed and Google scholar. Results of literature investigations revealed that advanced micro and nanocarrier systems discussed earlier have the caliber to enhance skin permeation of various bioactives, show sustain release, and target particular areas of skin better compared to old nanocarriers like liposomes. Present review concludes that advanced micro and nanocarrier systems like invasomes, transfersomes, transethosomes, oleic acid vesicles, and cubosomes are better alternatives for transdermal delivery of therapeutic agents compared to old nanocarriers like liposomes and conventional delivery systems like creams and gels.
{"title":"Exploring Therapeutic Potential Of Invasomes, Transfersomes, Transethosomes, Oleic Acid Vesicles, And Cubosomes Adopting Topical/Transdermal Route","authors":"Shivani Verma, Puneet Utreja","doi":"10.2174/1876402913666210406163452","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1876402913666210406163452","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000Transdermal drug delivery is considered as a better alternative to oral administration of drugs like proteins or peptides that are susceptible to extensive degradation via first pass metabolism. This delivery route also shows high patient compliance due to no use of painful injections. Conventional delivery systems like creams and gel show poor skin permeation and high dosing frequency. \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000The objective of this work was to investigate the role of highly advanced micro and nanocarrier systems like invasomes, transfersomes, transethosomes, oleic acid vesicles, and cubosomes for transdermal drug delivery exploring literature survey. \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000Literature survey for these advanced micro and nanocarrier systems was carried out using search engines like Pubmed and Google scholar.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000Results of literature investigations revealed that advanced micro and nanocarrier systems discussed earlier have the caliber to enhance skin permeation of various bioactives, show sustain release, and target particular areas of skin better compared to old nanocarriers like liposomes.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000Present review concludes that advanced micro and nanocarrier systems like invasomes, transfersomes, transethosomes, oleic acid vesicles, and cubosomes are better alternatives for transdermal delivery of therapeutic agents compared to old nanocarriers like liposomes and conventional delivery systems like creams and gels.\u0000","PeriodicalId":18543,"journal":{"name":"Micro and Nanosystems","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49386361","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-05DOI: 10.2174/1876402913666210405152403
Soorya Sasi, Sunish K. Sugunan, Radhakrishnan Nair P., S. Mathew
Aim of this study is to find the effect of the current collector in the performance of flexible energy storage devices based on surface modified organic-inorganic composite. As a part of our pursuit to develop flexible supercapacitive electrodes, we recently reported the fabrication of an electrode from an organic-inorganic composite slurry of surface functionalized fullerene and nickel hydroxide coated onto a copper sheet substrate using simple doctor blade method. We reported that the electrodes deliver specific energy and specific power of 661.5 Wh/kg and 8.8 KW/kg, respectively, and a specific capacitance of 675 Fg−1, which showed excellent cycling stabilities. In an effort to search for various combinatorial combinations of the composite and the substrate, in lieu of copper, in the present study, we incorporate nickel sheet as the current collector. The structure and composition of the binder-free, flexible super capacitive electrodes were characterized using XRD, TEM, FTIR, XPS, BET, Raman Spectroscopy, and their electrochemical properties were characterized using cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic charge-discharge measurements, chronoamperommetry and impedance spectroscopy. The as-prepared films stuck readily onto the substrate without the need of any binder material, exhibited remarkable flexibility, and were proven to be crack-free when subjected to repeated bending and twisting. The developed flexible super capacitive electrodes deliver a specific capacitance of 296 F g−1, maximum energy density of 82.2 Wh kg−1, and a maximum power density of 1056 W kg−1. The device retains 91.2 % of its capacitance when subjected to 1000 charge-discharge cycles. Our observations indicate that copper is the better choice as the current collector, which can be ascribed to the better electrical conductivity of copper compared to nickel. We conclude that the poor electrical conductivity of nickel sheet compared to copper substrate make the bottleneck for the performance of electrodes made using nickel substrate. To recapitulate, judicious choice of a current collector with high electrical conductivity along with a suitable surface modification strategy to form a composite in an amorphous form that forms smooth slurry are vital to the fabrication of binder-free, flexible supercapacitive devices.
本研究的目的是探讨集电体对基于表面改性有机-无机复合材料的柔性储能器件性能的影响。作为我们开发柔性超级电容器电极的努力的一部分，我们最近报道了使用简单的刮刀法，由表面功能化富勒烯和氢氧化镍的有机-无机复合浆料涂覆在铜片基底上制造电极。据我们报道，电极的比能和比功率分别为661.5 Wh/kg和8.8 KW/kg，比电容为675 Fg−1，显示出优异的循环稳定性。为了寻找复合材料和基底的各种组合组合，代替铜，在本研究中，我们将镍片作为集电器。使用XRD、TEM、FTIR、XPS、BET、拉曼光谱对无粘合剂柔性超电容电极的结构和组成进行了表征，并使用循环伏安法、恒电流充放电测量、计时电流法和阻抗谱对其电化学性能进行了表征。所制备的薄膜在不需要任何粘合剂材料的情况下易于粘附在基底上，表现出显著的柔韧性，并且在反复弯曲和扭曲时被证明是无裂纹的。开发的柔性超电容电极的比电容为296 F g−1，最大能量密度为82.2 Wh kg−1，最高功率密度为1056 W kg−1。当经历1000次充放电循环时，该器件保持了91.2%的电容。我们的观察结果表明，铜是更好的集电器选择，这可以归因于与镍相比，铜的导电性更好。我们得出的结论是，与铜基板相比，镍片的导电性较差，这是使用镍基板制成的电极性能的瓶颈。概括地说，明智地选择具有高导电性的集电器，以及适当的表面改性策略，以形成形成光滑浆料的非晶形式的复合材料，对于制造无粘合剂的柔性超级电容器器件至关重要。
{"title":"Effect of substrate on the performance of flexible energy storage devices based on surface modified C60 – β Ni(OH)2 nanocomposite","authors":"Soorya Sasi, Sunish K. Sugunan, Radhakrishnan Nair P., S. Mathew","doi":"10.2174/1876402913666210405152403","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1876402913666210405152403","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000Aim of this study is to find the effect of the current collector in the performance of flexible energy storage devices based on surface modified organic-inorganic composite. \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 As a part of our pursuit to develop flexible supercapacitive electrodes, we recently reported the fabrication of an electrode from an organic-inorganic composite slurry of surface functionalized fullerene and nickel hydroxide coated onto a copper sheet substrate using simple doctor blade method. We reported that the electrodes deliver specific energy and specific power of 661.5 Wh/kg and 8.8 KW/kg, respectively, and a specific capacitance of 675 Fg−1, which showed excellent cycling stabilities. In an effort to search for various combinatorial combinations of the composite and the substrate, in lieu of copper, in the present study, we incorporate nickel sheet as the current collector. \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000The structure and composition of the binder-free, flexible super capacitive electrodes were characterized using XRD, TEM, FTIR, XPS, BET, Raman Spectroscopy, and their electrochemical properties were characterized using cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic charge-discharge measurements, chronoamperommetry and impedance spectroscopy. \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000The as-prepared films stuck readily onto the substrate without the need of any binder material, exhibited remarkable flexibility, and were proven to be crack-free when subjected to repeated bending and twisting. The developed flexible super capacitive electrodes deliver a specific capacitance of 296 F g−1, maximum energy density of 82.2 Wh kg−1, and a maximum power density of 1056 W kg−1. The device retains 91.2 % of its capacitance when subjected to 1000 charge-discharge cycles. \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000Our observations indicate that copper is the better choice as the current collector, which can be ascribed to the better electrical conductivity of copper compared to nickel. We conclude that the poor electrical conductivity of nickel sheet compared to copper substrate make the bottleneck for the performance of electrodes made using nickel substrate. To recapitulate, judicious choice of a current collector with high electrical conductivity along with a suitable surface modification strategy to form a composite in an amorphous form that forms smooth slurry are vital to the fabrication of binder-free, flexible supercapacitive devices.\u0000\u0000","PeriodicalId":18543,"journal":{"name":"Micro and Nanosystems","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43820951","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-05DOI: 10.2174/1876402913666210405155127
Soumya R. Barik, R. Mohapatra, P. Mohapatra, A. Mahal, M. El-ajaily
Nanotechnology gain momentum in recent years in the field of drug delivery including nanomedicine and nano-delivery systems. Several applications such as biological agents, chemotherapeutic agents and immunotherapeutic agents are used for the treatment of number of diseases. This review compiles an updated summary on recent developments in this emerging field of nanomedicines and nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems. The study of nanostructured drug delivery systems helps to understand the efficient transport and controlled release of drugs to the diseased tissues of living organisms. This has stimulated the authors to highlight recent advances on smart nanocarriers composed of biopolymeric nanoparticles such as liposomes, dendrimers, and hydrogels. This review also highlighted some critical issues in the designing of nanocarrier systems for biomedical applications.
{"title":"Recent developments on Biopolymeric nanoparticles for Drug Delivery systems: An overview","authors":"Soumya R. Barik, R. Mohapatra, P. Mohapatra, A. Mahal, M. El-ajaily","doi":"10.2174/1876402913666210405155127","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1876402913666210405155127","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000Nanotechnology gain momentum in recent years in the field of drug delivery including nanomedicine and nano-delivery systems. Several applications such as biological agents, chemotherapeutic agents and immunotherapeutic agents are used for the treatment of number of diseases. This review compiles an updated summary on recent developments in this emerging field of nanomedicines and nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems. The study of nanostructured drug delivery systems helps to understand the efficient transport and controlled release of drugs to the diseased tissues of living organisms. This has stimulated the authors to highlight recent advances on smart nanocarriers composed of biopolymeric nanoparticles such as liposomes, dendrimers, and hydrogels. This review also highlighted some critical issues in the designing of nanocarrier systems for biomedical applications.\u0000","PeriodicalId":18543,"journal":{"name":"Micro and Nanosystems","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42455157","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-15DOI: 10.2174/1876402913666210315160435
M. Reddy, H. Raju, N. Banapurmath, V. V. Meti, A. Patil
Al7075 is a well-defined alloy for its excellent physical and mechanical behavior such as high strength, toughness, and low density. To reach the expectations of the automobile and aerospace applications, the properties of Al7075 alloy has to be improved by reinforcing nano-sized Al2O3 particles. Synthesis and characterization of the Al7075 alloy reinforced with Al2O3 nano particles for different structural engineering applications. In this present work, nano-sized Al2O3 particles were added and dispersed homogeneously using a stir casting technique. AA7076/Al2O3 composites were prepared by varying wt.% percent of Al2O3 reinforcement particles (0.75, 1, 1.25, 1.5. 1.75 and 2 wt.% (weight-percentage)). The SEM micrographs reveal the homogeneous distribution of Al2O3 reinforcements along the grain boundaries of the Al7075 matrix material. The experimental test results showed that the addition of Al2O3 reinforcements, the mechanical properties of the Al7075/Al2O3 composite, improved as compared to the Al7075 matrix material. The composite with 1.5 wt.% Al2O3 showed higher strength and hardness as compared to other reinforcements.
{"title":"Influence of nano-sized Al2O3 reinforcements on the mechanical behavior of the Al7075 composites","authors":"M. Reddy, H. Raju, N. Banapurmath, V. V. Meti, A. Patil","doi":"10.2174/1876402913666210315160435","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1876402913666210315160435","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000Al7075 is a well-defined alloy for its excellent physical and mechanical behavior such as high strength, toughness, and low density. To reach the expectations of the automobile and aerospace applications, the properties of Al7075 alloy has to be improved by reinforcing nano-sized Al2O3 particles. \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000Synthesis and characterization of the Al7075 alloy reinforced with Al2O3 nano particles for different structural engineering applications.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000In this present work, nano-sized Al2O3 particles were added and dispersed homogeneously using a stir casting technique. AA7076/Al2O3 composites were prepared by varying wt.% percent of Al2O3 reinforcement particles (0.75, 1, 1.25, 1.5. 1.75 and 2 wt.% (weight-percentage)). \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000The SEM micrographs reveal the homogeneous distribution of Al2O3 reinforcements along the grain boundaries of the Al7075 matrix material. The experimental test results showed that the addition of Al2O3 reinforcements, the mechanical properties of the Al7075/Al2O3 composite, improved as compared to the Al7075 matrix material. \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000The composite with 1.5 wt.% Al2O3 showed higher strength and hardness as compared to other reinforcements.\u0000\u0000","PeriodicalId":18543,"journal":{"name":"Micro and Nanosystems","volume":"13 1","pages":"1-1"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41516671","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-08DOI: 10.2174/1876402913666210308142702
Sharanabasava V. Ganachari, N. Banapurmath, Jayachandra S. Yaradoddi, Veerabhadragouda B. Patil, Akshata Yavagal, Pradyumna Mogre
Synthesis of magnetic nano Iron oxide (Fe3O4) ferrofluid nanoparticles using chemical methods and its characterization studies Iron oxide (Fe3O4) ferrofluid nanoparticles is synthesized by using the chemical co-precipitation technique, ferric and ferrous salts in the alkaline medium, which is known as Reimer’s procedure. Nano iron oxide (Fe3O4) particles have different magnetic properties and different magnetic moments, differentiating macroscopic iron oxide in suspended particles. The ratio of surface to volume increases along with the decrease in atomic size so that the surface properties are essential for using any nano-material. Prepared Fe3O4 nanoparticles were coated with oleic acid (C18H34O2) and polyvinyl butyral((C8H14O2)n), further characterized by Materials characterization techniques (SEM, XRD and FTIR). Magneto-rheological (MR) fluid has been one of the interesting studies the shear stress of PVB coated nano iron with microsphere has approximately the same as of PVB coated nano iron but shows very high shear stress withstanding capacity at 650 s-1 shear rates. The permanence of the magnetic colloidal depends on the thermal contribution and the balance between attractive and repulsive interactions.
{"title":"Synthesis and characterisation of iron oxide (Fe3O4) ferrofluid nanoparticles coated by poly (vinyl butyral) with microsphere","authors":"Sharanabasava V. Ganachari, N. Banapurmath, Jayachandra S. Yaradoddi, Veerabhadragouda B. Patil, Akshata Yavagal, Pradyumna Mogre","doi":"10.2174/1876402913666210308142702","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1876402913666210308142702","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000Synthesis of magnetic nano Iron oxide (Fe3O4) ferrofluid nanoparticles using chemical methods and its characterization studies \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 Iron oxide (Fe3O4) ferrofluid nanoparticles is synthesized by using the chemical co-precipitation technique, ferric and ferrous salts in the alkaline medium, which is known as Reimer’s procedure.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000Nano iron oxide (Fe3O4) particles have different magnetic properties and different magnetic moments, differentiating macroscopic iron oxide in suspended particles. The ratio of surface to volume increases along with the decrease in atomic size so that the surface properties are essential for using any nano-material. Prepared Fe3O4 nanoparticles were coated with oleic acid (C18H34O2) and polyvinyl butyral((C8H14O2)n), further characterized by Materials characterization techniques (SEM, XRD and FTIR). Magneto-rheological (MR) fluid has been one of the interesting studies the shear stress of PVB coated nano iron with microsphere has approximately the same as of PVB coated nano iron but shows very high shear stress withstanding capacity at 650 s-1 shear rates. \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000The permanence of the magnetic colloidal depends on the thermal contribution and the balance between attractive and repulsive interactions.\u0000\u0000","PeriodicalId":18543,"journal":{"name":"Micro and Nanosystems","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41739430","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-04DOI: 10.2174/1876402913666210304103951
C.H. Yu, Y. Mao, Z. Xue, J. Kong, H. Li, L. Pei, C. Fan, S. Tang
Great attention has been paid to the environmental pollution by organic dyes which are difficult to be degraded in natural environment and have been an unavoidable and urgent global problem. It is essential to develop green waste water treatment technology with high removal efficiency and low cost to protect surroundings and human health. The aim of the research is to synthesize lithium bismuthate/bismuth oxide microspheres with good photocatalytic performance for the removal of gentian violet (GV). Lithium bismuthate/bismuth oxide microspheres were successfully prepared by a sodium ligninsulfonate-assisted hydrothermal synthesis route. The lithium bismuthate/bismuth oxide microspheres were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and solid UV-vis diffuse reflectance spectrum. XRD pattern and SEM observation show that the lithium bismuthate/bismuth oxide microspheres are composed of cubic LiBi12O18.50 and monoclinic Bi2O3 with the diameter of 250 nm-1 μm. Irregular microscale and nanoscale particles are formed under low hydrothermal temperature, low sodium ligninsulfonate concentration and short duration time. With increasing the sodium ligninsulfonate concentration, hydrothermal temperature and duration time, irregular particles are transferred into microspheres. Lithium bismuthate/bismuth oxide microspheres possess a band gap energy of 1.85 eV suggesting good visible light absorption ability. The photocatalytic removal ability for GV is enhanced by prolonging light irradiation time and microspheres dosage. GV solution with the concentration of 10 mg•L-1 is able to be totally degraded by 10 mg lithium bismuthate/bismuth oxide microspheres in 10 mL GV solution under solar light irradiation for 6 h. The lithium bismuthate/bismuth oxide microspheres show good photocatalytic removal ability toward GV in waste water under solar light irradiation.
有机染料在自然环境中难以降解，对环境的污染已成为一个不可避免的紧迫的全球性问题。开发高去除率、低成本的绿色废水处理技术对保护环境和人类健康至关重要。研究目的是合成具有良好光催化性能的铋酸锂/氧化铋微球，用于脱除龙胆紫(GV)。采用木质素磺酸钠辅助水热合成方法成功制备了铋酸锂/氧化铋微球。采用x射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)、傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)和固体紫外-可见漫反射光谱对铋酸锂/氧化铋微球进行了研究。XRD图谱和SEM观察表明，铋酸锂/氧化铋微球由立方LiBi12O18.50和单斜Bi2O3组成，直径为250 nm-1 μm。在较低的水热温度、较低的木质素磺酸钠浓度和较短的持续时间下，可形成不规则的微纳米级颗粒。随着木质素磺酸钠浓度、水热温度和持续时间的增加，不规则颗粒向微球转移。铋酸锂/氧化铋微球的能带能为1.85 eV，具有良好的可见光吸收能力。延长光照射时间和微球投加量可提高光催化去除GV的能力。10 mg铋酸锂/氧化铋微球在10 mL GV溶液中照射6 h，可以完全降解浓度为10 mg•L-1的GV溶液。在日光照射下，铋酸锂/氧化铋微球对废水中的GV表现出良好的光催化去除能力。
{"title":"Sodium Ligninsulfonate-assisted Synthesis of Lithium Bismuthate/bismuth Oxide Microspheres and Solar Light Photocatalytic Performance","authors":"C.H. Yu, Y. Mao, Z. Xue, J. Kong, H. Li, L. Pei, C. Fan, S. Tang","doi":"10.2174/1876402913666210304103951","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1876402913666210304103951","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000 Great attention has been paid to the environmental pollution by organic dyes which are difficult to be degraded in natural environment and have been an unavoidable and urgent global problem. It is essential to develop green waste water treatment technology with high removal efficiency and low cost to protect surroundings and human health.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 The aim of the research is to synthesize lithium bismuthate/bismuth oxide microspheres with good photocatalytic performance for the removal of gentian violet (GV).\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000Lithium bismuthate/bismuth oxide microspheres were successfully prepared by a sodium ligninsulfonate-assisted hydrothermal synthesis route. The lithium bismuthate/bismuth oxide microspheres were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and solid UV-vis diffuse reflectance spectrum.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 XRD pattern and SEM observation show that the lithium bismuthate/bismuth oxide microspheres are composed of cubic LiBi12O18.50 and monoclinic Bi2O3 with the diameter of 250 nm-1 μm. Irregular microscale and nanoscale particles are formed under low hydrothermal temperature, low sodium ligninsulfonate concentration and short duration time. With increasing the sodium ligninsulfonate concentration, hydrothermal temperature and duration time, irregular particles are transferred into microspheres. Lithium bismuthate/bismuth oxide microspheres possess a band gap energy of 1.85 eV suggesting good visible light absorption ability. The photocatalytic removal ability for GV is enhanced by prolonging light irradiation time and microspheres dosage. GV solution with the concentration of 10 mg•L-1 is able to be totally degraded by 10 mg lithium bismuthate/bismuth oxide microspheres in 10 mL GV solution under solar light irradiation for 6 h.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 The lithium bismuthate/bismuth oxide microspheres show good photocatalytic removal ability toward GV in waste water under solar light irradiation.\u0000\u0000","PeriodicalId":18543,"journal":{"name":"Micro and Nanosystems","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42767961","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-02-22DOI: 10.2174/1876402913666210222141301
Uchechukwu A. Maduagwu, V. Srivastava
The derivation and assessment of quantum scaling length of Cylindrical Surrounding Double-Gate (CSDG) MOSFET with respect to Silicon body thickness. To derive the quantum natural length of CSDG MOSFET with respect of Silicon body Thickness, observe the behaviour of the CSDG MOSFET at the nanoscale regime and compare the behaviour of the CSDG MOSFET with Cylindrical Surrounding Gate (CSG) MOSFET. The authors employed the mathematical analysis. The quantum energy level is analysed using Schrodinger equation by assuming one-dimensional approach and a negligible potential well. The analytical results obtained from classical and quantum natural length are compared with the numerical simulations. Also, the model was compared with CSG MOSFET. Results shows that proposed analytical close-form expression approximately matches the numerical simulation and the proposed CSDG MOSFET will be better than CSG MOSFET at quantum level even though it has smaller quantum natural length than CSG MOSFET. In this research work, quantum scaling length model and quantum scaling factor have been proposed using the quantum confinement approach. The performance assessment of the CSDG MOSFETs provided an opportunity of determining the scaling limit of CSDG MOSFETs by evaluating the trade-off between the quantum natural length and the classical natural length of CSDG MOSFETs. Results obtained were compared with CSG MOSFETs to show that CSDG MOSFETs offer better device characteristics.
{"title":"Assessment of Quantum Scaling Length Model for Cylindrical Surrounding Double-Gate (CSDG) MOSFET","authors":"Uchechukwu A. Maduagwu, V. Srivastava","doi":"10.2174/1876402913666210222141301","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1876402913666210222141301","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000The derivation and assessment of quantum scaling length of Cylindrical Surrounding Double-Gate (CSDG) MOSFET with respect to Silicon body thickness.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000To derive the quantum natural length of CSDG MOSFET with respect of Silicon body\u0000Thickness, observe the behaviour of the CSDG MOSFET at the nanoscale regime and compare the behaviour of the CSDG MOSFET with Cylindrical Surrounding Gate\u0000(CSG) MOSFET.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 The authors employed the mathematical analysis. The quantum energy level is analysed using Schrodinger equation by assuming one-dimensional approach and a negligible potential well.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000The analytical results obtained from classical and quantum natural length are compared with the numerical simulations. Also, the model was compared with CSG MOSFET. Results shows that proposed analytical close-form expression approximately matches the numerical simulation and the proposed CSDG MOSFET will be better than CSG MOSFET at quantum level even though it has smaller quantum natural length than CSG MOSFET.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 In this research work, quantum scaling length model and quantum scaling factor have been proposed using the quantum confinement approach. The performance assessment of the CSDG MOSFETs provided an opportunity of determining the scaling limit of CSDG MOSFETs by evaluating the trade-off between the quantum natural length and the classical natural length of CSDG MOSFETs. Results obtained were compared with CSG MOSFETs to show that CSDG MOSFETs offer better device characteristics.\u0000\u0000","PeriodicalId":18543,"journal":{"name":"Micro and Nanosystems","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42186073","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-02-22DOI: 10.2174/1876402913666210222142150
E. Marchenko, Y. Yasenchuk, D. Avdeeva, G. Baigonakova, S. Gunther, M. Iuzhakova
The porous SHS–TiNi alloy is a widely used material for repairing defects in bone tissues. The objective of the study is to comprehensively investigate porous SHS–TiNi alloy samples for fatigue strength under cyclic bending, to study deformation characteristics under quasistatic tension and bending, and to carry out the fractographic analysis of fracture features. The study employed the electrospark method for cutting plates from a porous isotropic SHS–TiNi rod 30 mm in diameter and 300 mm in length. Deformation behaviour under tension and three-point bending of porous plates showed that porous samples undergo viscoelastic deformation due to the austenite–martensite (A→M) phase transformation. The fracture surfaces of elastic porous samples were studied by SEM. Microscopic studies of fracture surfaces revealed zones of quasi-brittle fracture of martensite and viscous fracture of austenite. The porous framework of intermetallic alloy exhibits a continuous brittle layer and numerous brittle non-metallic inclusions. However, successful fatigue tests showed that brittle phases and inclusions do not significantly affect deformation and fatigue characteristics of porous titanium nickelide. It was found that 70% of porous samples sustain 106 cycles of deformation without fracture due to reversible A→M→A phase transformations in the TiNi phase, which is one of the components of multiphase porous alloy. Viscoelastic behavior of the porous sample and its high fatigue strength under cyclic loading is due to reversible deformation of the TiNi phase. The corrosion-resistant layer of the porous framework allows an effective use of SHS–TiNi.
{"title":"Deformation Behavior, Fatigue and Fracture Surface Microstructure of Porous Titanium Nickelid","authors":"E. Marchenko, Y. Yasenchuk, D. Avdeeva, G. Baigonakova, S. Gunther, M. Iuzhakova","doi":"10.2174/1876402913666210222142150","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1876402913666210222142150","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000 The porous SHS–TiNi alloy is a widely used material for repairing defects in bone\u0000tissues.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000The objective of the study is to comprehensively investigate porous SHS–TiNi alloy\u0000samples for fatigue strength under cyclic bending, to study deformation characteristics under\u0000quasistatic tension and bending, and to carry out the fractographic analysis of fracture features.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 The study employed the electrospark method for cutting plates from a porous isotropic\u0000SHS–TiNi rod 30 mm in diameter and 300 mm in length.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 Deformation behaviour under tension and three-point bending of porous plates showed that\u0000porous samples undergo viscoelastic deformation due to the austenite–martensite (A→M) phase\u0000transformation. The fracture surfaces of elastic porous samples were studied by SEM. Microscopic\u0000studies of fracture surfaces revealed zones of quasi-brittle fracture of martensite and viscous fracture\u0000of austenite. The porous framework of intermetallic alloy exhibits a continuous brittle layer and\u0000numerous brittle non-metallic inclusions. However, successful fatigue tests showed that brittle phases\u0000and inclusions do not significantly affect deformation and fatigue characteristics of porous titanium\u0000nickelide. It was found that 70% of porous samples sustain 106\u0000cycles of deformation without fracture\u0000due to reversible A→M→A phase transformations in the TiNi phase, which is one of the components\u0000of multiphase porous alloy.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000Viscoelastic behavior of the porous sample and its high fatigue strength under cyclic\u0000loading is due to reversible deformation of the TiNi phase. The corrosion-resistant layer of the porous\u0000framework allows an effective use of SHS–TiNi.\u0000\u0000","PeriodicalId":18543,"journal":{"name":"Micro and Nanosystems","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43597319","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-02-19DOI: 10.2174/1876402913666210219153948
Soorya Sasi, Arya Sajeev, Sunish K. Sugunan, P. Nair, S. Mathew
Electrolyte is an essential constituent of a dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) as it mediates charge transport and regeneration of the oxidized dye. Iodide/triiodide (I- /I3-) based electrolytes are the ones widely being used in DSSCs. These types of electrolytes are usually made by dissolving high concentrations of triiodide and polyiodide species in solvents such as acetonitrile or methoxypropionitrile. These solvents face evaporation issues and lead to stability problems, thus reduce the life span of the DSSC. For solving these issues, various types of electrolytes such as ionic liquids, and gelated liquid electrolytes have been used to replace the conventional volatile electrolytes. To solve the solvent evaporation issue and increase in electric resistance, we aim to synthesis a nonvolatile electrolyte with excellent open-circuit voltage and stability. A new genre of nonvolatile Co(II)/Co(III) redox electrolyte was synthesized by the reaction of tris(2-(1H-pyrazol-1-yl)pyridine)cobalt(II) and tris(2-(1H-pyrazol-1-yl)pyridine) cobalt(III) with 2,4,6-tris(dodecyloxy)benzaldehyde. As a proof-of-principle experiment, a DSSC was fabricated using the as-synthesized electrolyte, N-719 dye as the light harvester, and TiO2 as the photoanode and their performances were analyzed in room light conditions. The DSSCs deliver a remarkable power conversion efficiency of 22.1%, an open circuit voltage of 1 V and a power output of 88.5 μW cm–2 at 1000 lux, under illumination from a deltron LED light. Cobalt based non-volatile electrolytes are efficient candidates that can replace the conventional volatile electrolytes in DSSCs. Further research into this new type of electrolyte could pave ways to deliver high open circuit voltage as well as good current density with high stability.
电解质是染料敏化太阳能电池(DSSC)的重要组成部分，它介导了氧化染料的电荷传输和再生。碘化物/三碘化物(I-/I3-)电解质是DSSCs中广泛使用的电解质。这些类型的电解质通常是通过将高浓度的三碘化物和多碘化物溶解在乙腈或甲氧基丙腈等溶剂中制成的。这些溶剂面临蒸发问题，并导致稳定性问题，从而减少DSSC的寿命。为了解决这些问题，离子液体、凝胶液体电解质等各种类型的电解质被用来取代传统的挥发性电解质。为了解决溶剂蒸发和电阻增加的问题，我们的目标是合成一种具有良好开路电压和稳定性的非挥发性电解质。用2,4,6-三(十二烷基)苯甲醛与三(2-(1h -吡唑-1-基)吡啶)钴(II)和三(2-(1h -吡唑-1-基)吡啶)钴(III)反应，合成了一种新型的非挥发性Co(II)/Co(III)氧化还原电解质。作为原理验证实验，以合成的电解质、N-719染料作为光收集器、TiO2作为光阳极制备了DSSC，并在室内光条件下分析了它们的性能。在deltronLED灯照射下，DSSCs的功率转换效率为22.1%，开路电压为1 V，输出功率为88.5 μW cm - 2。钴基非挥发性电解质是取代DSSCs中传统挥发性电解质的有效候选者。对这种新型电解质的进一步研究可以为提供高开路电压以及高稳定性的良好电流密度提供途径。
{"title":"Dye-sensitized solar cells based a new type of nonvolatile Co(II)/Co(III) electrolyte delivering higher power conversion efficiency for indoor applications.","authors":"Soorya Sasi, Arya Sajeev, Sunish K. Sugunan, P. Nair, S. Mathew","doi":"10.2174/1876402913666210219153948","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1876402913666210219153948","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000 Electrolyte is an essential constituent of a dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) as it\u0000mediates charge transport and regeneration of the oxidized dye. Iodide/triiodide (I-\u0000/I3-) based\u0000electrolytes are the ones widely being used in DSSCs. These types of electrolytes are usually made\u0000by dissolving high concentrations of triiodide and polyiodide species in solvents such as acetonitrile\u0000or methoxypropionitrile. These solvents face evaporation issues and lead to stability problems, thus\u0000reduce the life span of the DSSC. For solving these issues, various types of electrolytes such as ionic\u0000liquids, and gelated liquid electrolytes have been used to replace the conventional volatile\u0000electrolytes.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 To solve the solvent evaporation issue and increase in electric resistance, we aim to\u0000synthesis a nonvolatile electrolyte with excellent open-circuit voltage and stability.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 A new genre of nonvolatile Co(II)/Co(III) redox electrolyte was synthesized by the reaction\u0000of tris(2-(1H-pyrazol-1-yl)pyridine)cobalt(II) and tris(2-(1H-pyrazol-1-yl)pyridine) cobalt(III) with\u00002,4,6-tris(dodecyloxy)benzaldehyde. As a proof-of-principle experiment, a DSSC was fabricated\u0000using the as-synthesized electrolyte, N-719 dye as the light harvester, and TiO2 as the photoanode and\u0000their performances were analyzed in room light conditions.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 The DSSCs deliver a remarkable power conversion efficiency of 22.1%, an open circuit\u0000voltage of 1 V and a power output of 88.5 μW cm–2\u0000at 1000 lux, under illumination from a deltron\u0000LED light.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 Cobalt based non-volatile electrolytes are efficient candidates that can replace the\u0000conventional volatile electrolytes in DSSCs. Further research into this new type of electrolyte could\u0000pave ways to deliver high open circuit voltage as well as good current density with high stability. \u0000","PeriodicalId":18543,"journal":{"name":"Micro and Nanosystems","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42019908","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-02-10DOI: 10.2174/1876402913666210210155312
A. Deyasi, Ratul Ghosh, P. Chakraborty, Anwesha Adhikary, A. Sarkar
Fill factor in the negative permittivity materials are tailored within physically permissible limit to characterize the Brillouin zone for two-dimensional crystal under propagation of both s and p-polarized waves. Two lowermost bandgaps are computed along with corresponding midband frequencies, where plane wave expansion method is invoked for computational purpose. Rectangular geometrical shape is considered for the simulation, and all the results are calculated inside the ‘Γ’ point and ‘X’ point of first Brillouin zone. Simulated findings depict monotonous variations of both bandgap width as well as midband frequency for higher negative permittivity materials, when magnitude of fill factor is comparatively low, for both TE (Transverse Electric)and TM (Transverse Magnetic)mode of propagations. Lower negative permittivity leads to random fluctuations which makes it unsuitable for photonic component design. Multiple forbidden regions may be observed for some specific artificial materials which can be utilized in antenna or multi-channel filter design in higher THz region. The present paper aims to compute the shape of the first Brillouin zone from the fill factor for a two-dimensional photonic crystal structure. EBG (Electromagnetic Band gap) of a photonic crystal plays a major role in determining its candidature for optical applications, which is critically controlled by fill factor. Therefore, it is significant to investigate the effect of F.F on the wave propagation characteristics of 2D PhC(Two-dimensional photonic crystal). Investigation of metamaterial based photonic crystal structure for electromagnetic bandgap analysis in the desired spectrum of interest as a function of fill factor inside the first Brillouin zone Method:Maxwell’s equations are solved using plane wave propagation method to solve the problem, and simulation is carried out in MATLAB® software. Both the first and second photonic bandgaps are simultaneously computed with variation of refractive index differences of the constituent materials as well as with the fill factors. Results are extremely significant about the formation of narrowband and wideband filters on certain material combinations and structural designs. Better tenability is observed for metamaterial structure compared to conventional positive index materials, and fill factor has a great role in shaping the Brillouin zone and corresponding bandgap width.
负介电常数材料的填充因子在物理允许的范围内进行调整，以表征二维晶体在s和p极化波传播下的布里渊区。计算了两个最低带隙以及相应的中频，其中采用平面波展开法进行计算。模拟采用矩形几何形状，所有结果均在第一布里色区' Γ '点和' X '点内进行计算。模拟结果描述了高负介电常数材料的带隙宽度和中频的单调变化，当填充因子的幅度相对较低时，对于TE(横向电)和TM(横向磁)传播模式。较低的负介电常数导致随机波动，不适合光子元件的设计。对于某些特定的人造材料，可以观察到多个禁区，这些人造材料可以用于天线或高太赫兹区域的多通道滤波器设计。本文的目的是从二维光子晶体结构的填充因子计算第一布里渊带的形状。光子晶体的电磁带隙(EBG)在决定其光学应用的候选性方面起着重要作用，其关键是由填充因子控制的。因此，研究f - f对二维PhC(二维光子晶体)波传播特性的影响具有重要意义。基于超材料的光子晶体结构研究用于电磁带隙分析的期望频谱作为第一布里渊区内填充因子的函数方法:采用平面波传播法求解麦克斯韦方程组，并在MATLAB®软件中进行仿真。根据组成材料折射率差的变化以及填充因子的变化，同时计算了第一和第二光子带隙。窄带和宽带滤波器的形成在一定的材料组合和结构设计上具有重要意义。与传统的正折射率材料相比，超材料结构具有更好的可维持性，填充因子对布里渊带的形成和相应的带隙宽度有很大的影响。
{"title":"Investigating Fill Factor Effect on Brillouin Zone of Metamaterial-based 2D Photonic Crystal","authors":"A. Deyasi, Ratul Ghosh, P. Chakraborty, Anwesha Adhikary, A. Sarkar","doi":"10.2174/1876402913666210210155312","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1876402913666210210155312","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000Fill factor in the negative permittivity materials are tailored within physically permissible limit to characterize the Brillouin zone for two-dimensional crystal under propagation of both s and p-polarized waves. Two lowermost bandgaps are computed along with corresponding midband frequencies, where plane wave expansion method is invoked for computational purpose. Rectangular geometrical shape is considered for the simulation, and all the results are calculated inside the ‘Γ’ point and ‘X’ point of first Brillouin zone. Simulated findings depict monotonous variations of both bandgap width as well as midband frequency for higher negative permittivity materials, when magnitude of fill factor is comparatively low, for both TE (Transverse Electric)and TM (Transverse Magnetic)mode of propagations. Lower negative permittivity leads to random fluctuations which makes it unsuitable for photonic component design. Multiple forbidden regions may be observed for some specific artificial materials which can be utilized in antenna or multi-channel filter design in higher THz region.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000The present paper aims to compute the shape of the first Brillouin zone from the fill factor for a two-dimensional photonic crystal structure.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000EBG (Electromagnetic Band gap) of a photonic crystal plays a major role in determining its candidature for optical applications, which is critically controlled by fill factor. Therefore, it is significant to investigate the effect of F.F on the wave propagation characteristics of 2D PhC(Two-dimensional photonic crystal). \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000Investigation of metamaterial based photonic crystal structure for electromagnetic bandgap analysis in the desired spectrum of interest as a function of fill factor inside the first Brillouin zone \u0000Method:Maxwell’s equations are solved using plane wave propagation method to solve the problem, and simulation is carried out in MATLAB® software. \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000Both the first and second photonic bandgaps are simultaneously computed with variation of refractive index differences of the constituent materials as well as with the fill factors. Results are extremely significant about the formation of narrowband and wideband filters on certain material combinations and structural designs. \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000Better tenability is observed for metamaterial structure compared to conventional positive index materials, and fill factor has a great role in shaping the Brillouin zone and corresponding bandgap width. \u0000\u0000","PeriodicalId":18543,"journal":{"name":"Micro and Nanosystems","volume":" ","pages":"1-1"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42040636","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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