Pub Date : 2021-08-20DOI: 10.2174/1876402913666210820111312
B. Krishna, S. S. Gill, Amod Kumar
This work reviews the design challenges of CMOS flash type analog-to-digital converter (ADC) for making high bit resolution, low area, low noise, low offset, and power-efficient architecture. Low-bit resolution flash ADC architecture, high-speed applications, and wide-area parallel comparators are identified on their suitability of the design for ADCs. These are effective in the area and bit resolution. The overview includes bit resolution, area, power dissipation, bandwidth and offset noise consideration for high-speed flash ADC design. A MUX-based two-step half flash architecture is considered for applications requiring 1 GHz 16-bit resolution low area and low power consumption. An advanced comparator, MUX, a high-speed digital-to-analog converter(DAC), and MUX-based encoder are also reviewed. The design of technology-efficient ADC architecture is highly challenging for the analog designer.
{"title":"Low Area and High Bit Resolution Flash Analog to Digital Converter for Wide Band Applications: A Review","authors":"B. Krishna, S. S. Gill, Amod Kumar","doi":"10.2174/1876402913666210820111312","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1876402913666210820111312","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000This work reviews the design challenges of CMOS flash type analog-to-digital converter (ADC) for making high bit resolution, low area, low noise, low offset, and power-efficient architecture. Low-bit resolution flash ADC architecture, high-speed applications, and wide-area parallel comparators are identified on their suitability of the design for ADCs. These are effective in the area and bit resolution. The overview includes bit resolution, area, power dissipation, bandwidth and offset noise consideration for high-speed flash ADC design. A MUX-based two-step half flash architecture is considered for applications requiring 1 GHz 16-bit resolution low area and low power consumption. An advanced comparator, MUX, a high-speed digital-to-analog converter(DAC), and MUX-based encoder are also reviewed. The design of technology-efficient ADC architecture is highly challenging for the analog designer.\u0000","PeriodicalId":18543,"journal":{"name":"Micro and Nanosystems","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46788939","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-26DOI: 10.2174/1876402913666210726165017
Md. Faruk Hossen, Md. Ali Asraf, M. Kudrat-E-Zahan, C. M. Zakaria
The research on jute fiber reinforced polymer composites is an emergent concern with the development of new materials due to its significant properties like economical, partially biodegradable and environment friendly. It is wondered that the hydrophilic nature of jute fiber negatively affects the interfacial interaction with hydrophobic polymeric materials in the composite which then affects the resultant mechanical, microstructural and physico-chemical absorption properties. In order to overcome this fact, researchers have been carried out some techniques for fiber surface chemical treatments. On the other hand, due to the low processing costs and design flexibility, thermoplastics deal many benefits over thermoset polymers, and polyethylene shows excellent processing behaviors such as: low density, low cost, considerable flex life, outstanding surface hardness, scratch resistance and good electrical insulator. Beside the traditional thermoplastic and thermosetting polymers, montmorillonite nanoclay are also receiving attention to manufacture fiber polymer nanocomposites for industrial and household applications as well. The review is considered to highlight the progress of jute fiber reinforced polymer nanocomposites. The study also focuses on the several features of juter polymer composites and nanocomposites as a function of fiber chemical treatments.
{"title":"Review on the development of jute polyethylene nanocomposites as a function of fiber chemical treatments","authors":"Md. Faruk Hossen, Md. Ali Asraf, M. Kudrat-E-Zahan, C. M. Zakaria","doi":"10.2174/1876402913666210726165017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1876402913666210726165017","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000The research on jute fiber reinforced polymer composites is an emergent concern with the development of new materials due to its significant properties like economical, partially biodegradable and environment friendly. It is wondered that the hydrophilic nature of jute fiber negatively affects the interfacial interaction with hydrophobic polymeric materials in the composite which then affects the resultant mechanical, microstructural and physico-chemical absorption properties. In order to overcome this fact, researchers have been carried out some techniques for fiber surface chemical treatments. On the other hand, due to the low processing costs and design flexibility, thermoplastics deal many benefits over thermoset polymers, and polyethylene shows excellent processing behaviors such as: low density, low cost, considerable flex life, outstanding surface hardness, scratch resistance and good electrical insulator. Beside the traditional thermoplastic and thermosetting polymers, montmorillonite nanoclay are also receiving attention to manufacture fiber polymer nanocomposites for industrial and household applications as well. The review is considered to highlight the progress of jute fiber reinforced polymer nanocomposites. The study also focuses on the several features of juter polymer composites and nanocomposites as a function of fiber chemical treatments. \u0000","PeriodicalId":18543,"journal":{"name":"Micro and Nanosystems","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42268737","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Cryptography means 'hidden secrets'. The primary purpose of cryptography is to protect network and data over a wireless communication channel. The cryptographic approach secures the data of a network from any internal or external attacks. There are several kinds of cryptographic techniques that are Data Encryption Standard (DES), RSA (Rivest- Shamir- Adleman), Advanced Encryption Standard (AES), Blowfish, Twofish etc. Out of these algorithms, AES shows wide acceptance for its superiority in providing confidentiality to secret information. Another cause for extensive acceptance is, AES is simple, convenient to implement, low charge and higher security. Several changes have been proposed to modify in recent times by cryptographers and researchers all around the world. This research paper offers a new key-dependent s-box generation algorithm for AES. A list of irreducible polynomials of degree 8 is used to generate the s-box depending on the secret key to provide more invulnerable ciphertext in comparison to standard AES. This design of this proposed model is easy and convenient to implement than different dynamic s-box technology algorithm. The metrics chosen for overall performance evaluation are Frequency Distribution, Chi-square Test, Avalanche Effect, and Strict Avalanche Criterion. The proposed algorithm satisfies the desired property of these metrics and provides better security in contrast to standard AES.
{"title":"New Key-Dependent S-Box Generation Algorithm on AES","authors":"Proteeti Das, Najmul Hoque Munshi, Subhasis Maitra","doi":"10.2174/1876402913666210726163822","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1876402913666210726163822","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000Cryptography means 'hidden secrets'. The primary purpose of cryptography is to protect network and data over a wireless communication channel. The cryptographic approach secures the data of a network from any internal or external attacks. \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000There are several kinds of cryptographic techniques that are Data Encryption Standard (DES), RSA (Rivest- Shamir- Adleman), Advanced Encryption Standard (AES), Blowfish, Twofish etc. Out of these algorithms, AES shows wide acceptance for its superiority in providing confidentiality to secret information. Another cause for extensive acceptance is, AES is simple, convenient to implement, low charge and higher security. Several changes have been proposed to modify in recent times by cryptographers and researchers all around the world. \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000This research paper offers a new key-dependent s-box generation algorithm for AES.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000A list of irreducible polynomials of degree 8 is used to generate the s-box depending on the secret key to provide more invulnerable ciphertext in comparison to standard AES. This design of this proposed model is easy and convenient to implement than different dynamic s-box technology algorithm. \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000The metrics chosen for overall performance evaluation are Frequency Distribution, Chi-square Test, Avalanche Effect, and Strict Avalanche Criterion.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000The proposed algorithm satisfies the desired property of these metrics and provides better security in contrast to standard AES.\u0000","PeriodicalId":18543,"journal":{"name":"Micro and Nanosystems","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46213352","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-26DOI: 10.2174/1876402913666210726170207
N. Tripathi, Mohammad Mudakir Fazili, Rahil Jahangir
A novel design for non-reversible as well as reversible parity generator and detector in Quantum-dot Cellular Automata (QCA) technology is presented in this research article. Parity generator and detector circuits are reliable error-checking components of a nano-communication system. The main focus of this research is to design an ultra-low-power fault-tolerant reversible gate implementation of the parity logic function in QCA. An efficient QCA design layout with minimal area, less latency and the least energy dissipation is desired. The proposed designs are developed using Quantum-dot Cellular Automata (QCA) technology. The circuits are optimized using majority gate reduction and clock zone reduction techniques. Also, the cell-cell interaction technique is employed to further optimize the QCA circuit. To increase the fault tolerance and for ultra-low power operation, reversible QCA circuits are designed using cascaded Feynman gates. The efficiency of the parity generator and detector is calculated to be more than 25% compared to existing QCA layouts. It is demonstrated in this paper that the proposed circuits perform exceptionally well on every design parameter. The design parameters under consideration are cell count, cell area, complexity, crossover count, latency and energy dissipation. Using reversible logic, a fault-tolerant and defect-sensitive circuit is developed for parity generation and detection.
{"title":"Design & Analysis of Novel Non-Reversible & Reversible Parity Generator & Detector in Quantum Cellular Automata using Feynman Gate","authors":"N. Tripathi, Mohammad Mudakir Fazili, Rahil Jahangir","doi":"10.2174/1876402913666210726170207","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1876402913666210726170207","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000A novel design for non-reversible as well as reversible parity generator and detector in Quantum-dot Cellular Automata (QCA) technology is presented in this research article. Parity generator and detector circuits are reliable error-checking components of a nano-communication system.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000The main focus of this research is to design an ultra-low-power fault-tolerant reversible gate implementation of the parity logic function in QCA. An efficient QCA design layout with minimal area, less latency and the least energy dissipation is desired.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000The proposed designs are developed using Quantum-dot Cellular Automata (QCA) technology. The circuits are optimized using majority gate reduction and clock zone reduction techniques. Also, the cell-cell interaction technique is employed to further optimize the QCA circuit. To increase the fault tolerance and for ultra-low power operation, reversible QCA circuits are designed using cascaded Feynman gates.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000The efficiency of the parity generator and detector is calculated to be more than 25% compared to existing QCA layouts. It is demonstrated in this paper that the proposed circuits perform exceptionally well on every design parameter. The design parameters under consideration are cell count, cell area, complexity, crossover count, latency and energy dissipation. Using reversible logic, a fault-tolerant and defect-sensitive circuit is developed for parity generation and detection.\u0000","PeriodicalId":18543,"journal":{"name":"Micro and Nanosystems","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47215300","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-09DOI: 10.2174/1876402913666210609143836
S. Parida
This presented review article is constructed to be an extensive source for polymer nanocomposite researchers covering the relation of structure with property, manufacturing techniques, and potential applications when a small number of nanosized particles are added to a host polymer matrix. The exceptional structural, mechanical, and electrical properties of polymer nanocomposites after the addition of inorganic solid nanoparticles are elucidated by the large surface area of doped nanoparticles that interact with host polymer matrices. Due to the generation of ideas, the conventional methods of preparation of polymer nanocomposites are made more interesting. Hence, this brief review presents a sketch of different synthesis techniques, characterization, applications, and safety concerns for polymer nanocomposites.
{"title":"Recent Advances in Polymer-Based Nanocomposites: A Brief Review","authors":"S. Parida","doi":"10.2174/1876402913666210609143836","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1876402913666210609143836","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000This presented review article is constructed to be an extensive source for polymer nanocomposite researchers covering the relation of structure with property, manufacturing techniques, and potential applications when a small number of nanosized particles are added to a host polymer matrix. The exceptional structural, mechanical, and electrical properties of polymer nanocomposites after the addition of inorganic solid nanoparticles are elucidated by the large surface area of doped nanoparticles that interact with host polymer matrices. Due to the generation of ideas, the conventional methods of preparation of polymer nanocomposites are made more interesting. Hence, this brief review presents a sketch of different synthesis techniques, characterization, applications, and safety concerns for polymer nanocomposites.\u0000","PeriodicalId":18543,"journal":{"name":"Micro and Nanosystems","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49603973","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The fiber-loop ring-down spectroscopy technique has the benefits of optical fiber sensors and also has many unique advantages. Combined with various sensor structures, the FLRD system can achieve different physical, chemical, and biological sensors. To find a way to solve the problems of light fluctuation and low sensitivity, a high sensitivity and reliability torsion relative angle measurement system is necessary. The torsion relative angle measurement is achieved by using the fiber loop ring-down intra-cavity amplification. The sensitivity, correlation coefficient, and repeatability are analyzed with the experiment. The sensitivity and correlation coefficient of the proposed system are 4.05 μs/° and 0.9996, respectively. The repeated experiments show that the standard deviation is 9.592×10-4. The proposed measurement method provides a way to solve the problems of light fluctuation and low sensitivity and has promising applications in the optically active solutions, fiber radial stress birefringence, and polarization state measurement of fiber lasers.
{"title":"A Torsion Relative Angle Measurement Method Based on Fiber-Loop Ring-Down with Intra-Cavity Amplification","authors":"Tao Ma, Yongsheng Tian, Shaohui Liu, Jiahe Ma, Heng Liu, Fang Wang, Ziqiang Zhou","doi":"10.2174/1876402913666210608162229","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1876402913666210608162229","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000The fiber-loop ring-down spectroscopy technique has the benefits of optical fiber sensors and also has many unique advantages. Combined with various sensor structures, the FLRD system can achieve different physical, chemical, and biological sensors.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000To find a way to solve the problems of light fluctuation and low sensitivity, a high sensitivity and reliability torsion relative angle measurement system is necessary. \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000The torsion relative angle measurement is achieved by using the fiber loop ring-down intra-cavity amplification. The sensitivity, correlation coefficient, and repeatability are analyzed with the experiment.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 The sensitivity and correlation coefficient of the proposed system are 4.05 μs/° and 0.9996, respectively. The repeated experiments show that the standard deviation is 9.592×10-4.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000The proposed measurement method provides a way to solve the problems of light fluctuation and low sensitivity and has promising applications in the optically active solutions, fiber radial stress birefringence, and polarization state measurement of fiber lasers.\u0000","PeriodicalId":18543,"journal":{"name":"Micro and Nanosystems","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44890185","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-31DOI: 10.2174/1876402913666210531110225
Sunil Kumar, B. Jangir, R. Rao
Psoriasis, a chronic autoimmune disease, involves the integration of biological and molecular events by hyperproliferation of the epidermal keratinocytes and generation of inflammation markers. Due to severe complications of synthetic corticosteroids, there is a strong need for potential and safe alternative . Babchi oil (natural essential oil; BO) may prove as a promising natural agent for psoriasis. The aim of the present work was to investigate the safety and efficacy of cyclodextrin nanosponge-based babchi oil (BONS) hydrogel on skin annexes. Babchi oil nanosponge hydrogel (BONS-HG) was fabricated and evaluated. Cell viability studies have been carried out on THP1 cell lines to evaluate cytocompatibility. Irritation potential and in vivo visualization of cutaneous uptake of BONS-HG were carried out using Hen’s Egg Chorioallantoic Membrane Test (HET-CAM) and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), respectively. The nano hydrogel was tested in vivo using imiquimod-induced psoriasis mouse model. The in vitro irritation potential of BONS-HG indicated no sign of erythema or irritation, suggesting the safety of prepared hydrogel as topical formulation. CLSM studies advocated targeting of BO to epidermis and dermis. Along with histopathological assessment, evaluation of oxidative stress markers revealed the significant antipsoriatic activity (p< 0.001) of the prepared BONS-HG. The present study amalgamated the advantages of natural essential oil with this approach for skin targeting and provided an effective and safe topical alternative for psoriasis.
{"title":"Cyclodextrin Nanosponge Based Babchi Oil Hydrogel Ameliorates Imiquimod-Induced Psoriasis in Swiss Mice: An impact on Safety and Efficacy","authors":"Sunil Kumar, B. Jangir, R. Rao","doi":"10.2174/1876402913666210531110225","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1876402913666210531110225","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000Psoriasis, a chronic autoimmune disease, involves the integration of biological and molecular events by hyperproliferation of the epidermal keratinocytes and generation of inflammation markers. Due to severe complications of synthetic corticosteroids, there is a strong need for potential and safe alternative . Babchi oil (natural essential oil; BO) may prove as a promising natural agent for psoriasis. \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000The aim of the present work was to investigate the safety and efficacy of cyclodextrin nanosponge-based babchi oil (BONS) hydrogel on skin annexes. \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 Babchi oil nanosponge hydrogel (BONS-HG) was fabricated and evaluated. Cell viability studies have been carried out on THP1 cell lines to evaluate cytocompatibility. Irritation potential and in vivo visualization of cutaneous uptake of BONS-HG were carried out using Hen’s Egg Chorioallantoic Membrane Test (HET-CAM) and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), respectively. The nano hydrogel was tested in vivo using imiquimod-induced psoriasis mouse model. \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000The in vitro irritation potential of BONS-HG indicated no sign of erythema or irritation, suggesting the safety of prepared hydrogel as topical formulation. CLSM studies advocated targeting of BO to epidermis and dermis. Along with histopathological assessment, evaluation of oxidative stress markers revealed the significant antipsoriatic activity (p< 0.001) of the prepared BONS-HG.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000The present study amalgamated the advantages of natural essential oil with this approach for skin targeting and provided an effective and safe topical alternative for psoriasis.\u0000","PeriodicalId":18543,"journal":{"name":"Micro and Nanosystems","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48176811","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-25DOI: 10.2174/1876402913666210525100816
M. Bakr, T. Nabil, Ali Eldomuaty, T. Mansour, Hossam Hammad, M. Dawood
The aim of this work was preparation of the model Magneto Rheological (MR) fluids to be used under the effect of an applied magnetic field operated under very low power requirement for the purpose of vibration reduction in automotive damper. Magneto-Rheological fluids are non-Newtonian fluids, which consist of magnetic particles scattered in a base liquid – a matter that can change their characteristics when applying the magnetic field. From the previous researches, Magneto-Rheological fluids have different properties according to the preparation accuracy, ingredients, particle size and shape, type of carrier fluids and stabilizer. Also, the response of Magneto-Rheological fluids to the magnetic flux varied. : A specimen of MR fluid is prepared using four different dynamic viscosities base fluids: Silicone oil JETTA (50mpa.s, 100mpa.s, 150mpa.s and 200mpa.s) are mixed with high purity spherical shape particles of Carbonyl Iron (CI). ABRO liquid white lithium grease is added to the specimen, and its effect is determined. The presence of additives has no effect on the magnetic behavior; but rather increases dynamic viscosity, especially in the presence of the external magnetic field, which is considered as a stabilizing factor. Adding the white lithium grease as a stabilizer delays the sedimentation of the prepared sample by 1023%. The lowest sample in sedimentation rate has the highest viscosity, which satisfies 2.7% in 24 hours, but it shows a negative effect on the magneto-rheological properties, which leads to unstable viscosity readings due to MR fluid agglutination. Working temperature is a critical parameter that can affect the behavior of MR fluid; the viscosity of MR fluid under the effect of magnetic field is inversely proportional to the working temperature. Sample DELTA is the most promising for the application in automotive dampers which are used to decrease vehicle vibration.
{"title":"Performance of silicon oil-based Magneto-Rheological fluids used for MR dampers: an experimental approach","authors":"M. Bakr, T. Nabil, Ali Eldomuaty, T. Mansour, Hossam Hammad, M. Dawood","doi":"10.2174/1876402913666210525100816","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1876402913666210525100816","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000The aim of this work was preparation of the model Magneto Rheological (MR) fluids to be used under the effect of an applied magnetic field operated under very low power requirement for the purpose of vibration reduction in automotive damper.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000Magneto-Rheological fluids are non-Newtonian fluids, which consist of magnetic particles scattered in a base liquid – a matter that can change their characteristics when applying the magnetic field. From the previous researches, Magneto-Rheological fluids have different properties according to the preparation accuracy, ingredients, particle size and shape, type of carrier fluids and stabilizer. Also, the response of Magneto-Rheological fluids to the magnetic flux varied.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000: A specimen of MR fluid is prepared using four different dynamic viscosities base fluids: Silicone oil JETTA (50mpa.s, 100mpa.s, 150mpa.s and 200mpa.s) are mixed with high purity spherical shape particles of Carbonyl Iron (CI). ABRO liquid white lithium grease is added to the specimen, and its effect is determined.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000The presence of additives has no effect on the magnetic behavior; but rather increases dynamic viscosity, especially in the presence of the external magnetic field, which is considered as a stabilizing factor.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000Adding the white lithium grease as a stabilizer delays the sedimentation of the prepared sample by 1023%. The lowest sample in sedimentation rate has the highest viscosity, which satisfies 2.7% in 24 hours, but it shows a negative effect on the magneto-rheological properties, which leads to unstable viscosity readings due to MR fluid agglutination. Working temperature is a critical parameter that can affect the behavior of MR fluid; the viscosity of MR fluid under the effect of magnetic field is inversely proportional to the working temperature.\u0000Sample DELTA is the most promising for the application in automotive dampers which are used to decrease vehicle vibration.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000","PeriodicalId":18543,"journal":{"name":"Micro and Nanosystems","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41625515","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-08DOI: 10.2174/1876402913666210508235706
Munshi Najmul Hoque, Das Proteeti, Maitra Subhasis
{"title":"Chi-Squared Test Analysis on Hybrid Crypto System","authors":"Munshi Najmul Hoque, Das Proteeti, Maitra Subhasis","doi":"10.2174/1876402913666210508235706","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1876402913666210508235706","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":18543,"journal":{"name":"Micro and Nanosystems","volume":"13 1","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41386006","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-12DOI: 10.2174/1876402913666210412160329
S. Yadav, Zulfequar Ahmed Khan, B. Mishra, S. Bahadur, Ajay Kumar, B. Yadav
The objective of the present article is to provide an insight into the toxicity aspect of Nanoparticles on health and ecosystem along with risk assessment and monitoring. After a detailed screening of various research reports from the peer-reviewed journals, books, and research news, the article was prepared. Due to nanotechnology's various significant advantages over conventional technologies, it has been explored for diverse research and commercial needs such as cosmetics, medical, pharmaceuticals, biotechnology, electronics, catalysts, robotics, and so on. However, nanotechnology has several challenging elements for the health, environmental, societal and economic aspects, and unpredictable consequences can happen due to its unknown detailed nature, which needs to be identified. Therefore, in this review, an attempt has been made to cover the two most important aspects of the toxicity of nanoparticles i.e. influence on health and the ecosystem. The health hazards to various organs, especially lungs, gastrointestinal tract and dermis and aquatic organisms, have been elaborated. Further, the ecotoxicological aspect describing fate, mechanism of ecotoxicity, ecotoxicological challenges and solutions to ecotoxicologist are discussed. Risk assessments, related to the approaches that can be used for the optimization of nanotechnology, are also mentioned. Its high time when nanotechnology field needs reconsideration and uncompromising attention at a public and private level about its use, handling, storage, proper treatment and disposal. Also, risk analysis and establishment of regulatory guidelines for optimization and safe practice of nanotechnology for human and nature welfare are recommended.
{"title":"The Toxic Side of Nanotechnology: An Insight into Hazards to Health and the Ecosystem","authors":"S. Yadav, Zulfequar Ahmed Khan, B. Mishra, S. Bahadur, Ajay Kumar, B. Yadav","doi":"10.2174/1876402913666210412160329","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1876402913666210412160329","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000The objective of the present article is to provide an insight into the toxicity aspect of Nanoparticles on health and ecosystem along with risk assessment and monitoring. After a detailed screening of various research reports from the peer-reviewed journals, books, and research news, the article was prepared. Due to nanotechnology's various significant advantages over conventional technologies, it has been explored for diverse research and commercial needs such as cosmetics, medical, pharmaceuticals, biotechnology, electronics, catalysts, robotics, and so on. However, nanotechnology has several challenging elements for the health, environmental, societal and economic aspects, and unpredictable consequences can happen due to its unknown detailed nature, which needs to be identified. \u0000Therefore, in this review, an attempt has been made to cover the two most important aspects of the toxicity of nanoparticles i.e. influence on health and the ecosystem.\u0000The health hazards to various organs, especially lungs, gastrointestinal tract and dermis and aquatic organisms, have been elaborated. Further, the ecotoxicological aspect describing fate, mechanism of ecotoxicity, ecotoxicological challenges and solutions to ecotoxicologist are discussed. Risk assessments, related to the approaches that can be used for the optimization of nanotechnology, are also mentioned.\u0000Its high time when nanotechnology field needs reconsideration and uncompromising attention at a public and private level about its use, handling, storage, proper treatment and disposal. Also, risk analysis and establishment of regulatory guidelines for optimization and safe practice of nanotechnology for human and nature welfare are recommended. \u0000\u0000","PeriodicalId":18543,"journal":{"name":"Micro and Nanosystems","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47951411","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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