I. Inculet, G. Castle, E. Weckman, K. A. Shelstad, M. L. Wick
The gas compositions and the dust loadings of two cement plants were investigated. The samples were taken at the inlet and the outlet of the electrostatic precipitators and then analyzed on a gas chromatograph. The measured gas concentrations were used as a basis for flammability tests in order to verify or correct existing safe operation limits for the precipitators. Two sets of flammability tests were conducted using a modified version of the 20 litre chamber designed by the US Bureau of Mines. In the first set, the lean limits of different clean gas mixtures assumed to be present under upset operating conditions were determined. In the second set, the amount of cement dust necessary to render an explosive clean gas mixture inert was examined. The results of the flammability tests show that the measured exhaust gas composition is well in the safe range. Under upset conditions, however, the gas composition could be explosive, and in most cases the amount of dust present in the precipitator exhaust gas would not be sufficient to prevent an ignition of the gas.<>
{"title":"Ignition studies of selected explosive mixtures of gases and dusts emitted from cement kilns","authors":"I. Inculet, G. Castle, E. Weckman, K. A. Shelstad, M. L. Wick","doi":"10.1109/28.195892","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/28.195892","url":null,"abstract":"The gas compositions and the dust loadings of two cement plants were investigated. The samples were taken at the inlet and the outlet of the electrostatic precipitators and then analyzed on a gas chromatograph. The measured gas concentrations were used as a basis for flammability tests in order to verify or correct existing safe operation limits for the precipitators. Two sets of flammability tests were conducted using a modified version of the 20 litre chamber designed by the US Bureau of Mines. In the first set, the lean limits of different clean gas mixtures assumed to be present under upset operating conditions were determined. In the second set, the amount of cement dust necessary to render an explosive clean gas mixture inert was examined. The results of the flammability tests show that the measured exhaust gas composition is well in the safe range. Under upset conditions, however, the gas composition could be explosive, and in most cases the amount of dust present in the precipitator exhaust gas would not be sufficient to prevent an ignition of the gas.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":185839,"journal":{"name":"Conference Record of the 1990 IEEE Industry Applications Society Annual Meeting","volume":"91 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124361424","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
When classical techniques are used for designing fixed-structure speed controllers for AC drives, the design is normally done around a nominal value of the controlled plant. Generally, a sensitivity analysis is subsequently done to ensure that the design specifications are met when the plant parameters change. An alternative is proposed where the parameter variations are included at the outset of the design task. The Nichols chart lends itself rather well to this application since it represents both magnitude and phase information on a single diagram. By using this alternative, it may be possible to reduce the overall time needed to complete the design. The particular technique, quantitative feedback theory (QFT), is used in conjunction with the Nichols chart. The basics of QFT are presented, and it is shown how it can be used for the design of fixed-structure controllers for parameter-sensitive plants. A design is presented and verified experimentally.<>
{"title":"Speed controller design for a vector-controlled permanent magnet synchronous motor drive with parameter variations","authors":"J. Balda, P. Pillay","doi":"10.1109/IAS.1990.152181","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IAS.1990.152181","url":null,"abstract":"When classical techniques are used for designing fixed-structure speed controllers for AC drives, the design is normally done around a nominal value of the controlled plant. Generally, a sensitivity analysis is subsequently done to ensure that the design specifications are met when the plant parameters change. An alternative is proposed where the parameter variations are included at the outset of the design task. The Nichols chart lends itself rather well to this application since it represents both magnitude and phase information on a single diagram. By using this alternative, it may be possible to reduce the overall time needed to complete the design. The particular technique, quantitative feedback theory (QFT), is used in conjunction with the Nichols chart. The basics of QFT are presented, and it is shown how it can be used for the design of fixed-structure controllers for parameter-sensitive plants. A design is presented and verified experimentally.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":185839,"journal":{"name":"Conference Record of the 1990 IEEE Industry Applications Society Annual Meeting","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123783538","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A closed loop control technique based on monitoring phase current risetime for switched reluctance (SR) motors without direct rotor-position sensors has been studied and implemented successfully. In this technique the variation in incremental phase inductance in a SR motor is used to detect rotor position. A control circuit for current-waveform-based rotor position detection has been implemented using hard-wire digital circuits. Torque-speed and system-efficiency characteristics resulting from the application of the method to a 4 kW, four-phase SR motor with an IGBT drive are presented.<>
{"title":"Switched reluctance motor drive without direct rotor position sensing","authors":"S. K. Panda, G. Amaratunga","doi":"10.1109/IAS.1990.152235","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IAS.1990.152235","url":null,"abstract":"A closed loop control technique based on monitoring phase current risetime for switched reluctance (SR) motors without direct rotor-position sensors has been studied and implemented successfully. In this technique the variation in incremental phase inductance in a SR motor is used to detect rotor position. A control circuit for current-waveform-based rotor position detection has been implemented using hard-wire digital circuits. Torque-speed and system-efficiency characteristics resulting from the application of the method to a 4 kW, four-phase SR motor with an IGBT drive are presented.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":185839,"journal":{"name":"Conference Record of the 1990 IEEE Industry Applications Society Annual Meeting","volume":"127 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123408439","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The current applications of programmable controllers in the discrete manufacturing and process industries are reviewed. Anticipated trends in programmable controller and industrial automation, including factory automation networks, programming software, automation equipment, and artificial intelligence and diagnostics, are discussed. The commercial computer influence on manufacturing is briefly described.<>
{"title":"Outlook on the 1990s from a supplier point of view [programmable controllers]","authors":"A. Boake","doi":"10.1109/IAS.1990.152383","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IAS.1990.152383","url":null,"abstract":"The current applications of programmable controllers in the discrete manufacturing and process industries are reviewed. Anticipated trends in programmable controller and industrial automation, including factory automation networks, programming software, automation equipment, and artificial intelligence and diagnostics, are discussed. The commercial computer influence on manufacturing is briefly described.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":185839,"journal":{"name":"Conference Record of the 1990 IEEE Industry Applications Society Annual Meeting","volume":"11 5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130469043","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The output impedance of an uninterruptible power supply (UPS), which determines the voltage distortion caused by switchmode power supplies, rectifiers, and other nonlinear loads, is reviewed. Step-wave inverters that use shunt filter traps to attenuate the voltage harmonics and thereby present a low impedance to the harmonic load currents of the same order are discussed. Another approach to reducing the output impedance of pulse-width modulation (PWM) inverters, using the negative-feedback technique of the amplifier, is also discussed. Conclusions concerning the use of filters and feedback in the design of PWMs for UPSs are summarized.<>
{"title":"Output impedance of PWM UPS inverter-feedback vs. filters","authors":"A. Kusko, D. Galler, N. Medora","doi":"10.1109/IAS.1990.152313","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IAS.1990.152313","url":null,"abstract":"The output impedance of an uninterruptible power supply (UPS), which determines the voltage distortion caused by switchmode power supplies, rectifiers, and other nonlinear loads, is reviewed. Step-wave inverters that use shunt filter traps to attenuate the voltage harmonics and thereby present a low impedance to the harmonic load currents of the same order are discussed. Another approach to reducing the output impedance of pulse-width modulation (PWM) inverters, using the negative-feedback technique of the amplifier, is also discussed. Conclusions concerning the use of filters and feedback in the design of PWMs for UPSs are summarized.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":185839,"journal":{"name":"Conference Record of the 1990 IEEE Industry Applications Society Annual Meeting","volume":"130 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134191275","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The design and development of a microprocessor-based tunneling machine controller is presented. A single-board 8085 multiprocessor is used to implement the control system. The design concept, software implementation, and hardware construction are discussed. An example is given in the application of the prototype controller for the control of an electronic analog to a tunneling machine.<>
{"title":"A microprocessor-based tunnelling machine controller","authors":"G.U. Ugwu","doi":"10.1109/IAS.1990.152442","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IAS.1990.152442","url":null,"abstract":"The design and development of a microprocessor-based tunneling machine controller is presented. A single-board 8085 multiprocessor is used to implement the control system. The design concept, software implementation, and hardware construction are discussed. An example is given in the application of the prototype controller for the control of an electronic analog to a tunneling machine.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":185839,"journal":{"name":"Conference Record of the 1990 IEEE Industry Applications Society Annual Meeting","volume":"54 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134208555","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
For the purposes of determining their luminous performance, fenestration systems can be considered as luminaires of varying candlepower distribution. In this way, daylighting and electric lighting analyses can be performed simultaneously, in a consistent way. An approach to determine the transmitted distribution through fenestration systems due to radiation from the Sun, sky and ground for their bidirectional transmittance is described. The approach is demonstrated using the experimentally determined bidirectional transmittance of a diffusive sample, to determine candlepower distributions under the uniform overcast, and clear sky luminance distributions.<>
{"title":"Fenestration systems as luminaires of varying candlepower distribution","authors":"K. Papamichael","doi":"10.1109/IAS.1990.152463","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IAS.1990.152463","url":null,"abstract":"For the purposes of determining their luminous performance, fenestration systems can be considered as luminaires of varying candlepower distribution. In this way, daylighting and electric lighting analyses can be performed simultaneously, in a consistent way. An approach to determine the transmitted distribution through fenestration systems due to radiation from the Sun, sky and ground for their bidirectional transmittance is described. The approach is demonstrated using the experimentally determined bidirectional transmittance of a diffusive sample, to determine candlepower distributions under the uniform overcast, and clear sky luminance distributions.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":185839,"journal":{"name":"Conference Record of the 1990 IEEE Industry Applications Society Annual Meeting","volume":"45 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134062173","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A simulation based on system equations that demonstrates the advantages of nonlinear system partition, universal state-space equation solution, and modular system building is presented. The simulation package is built with a modular procedure in which each module is described using a state-space method and arranged in accordance with the physical power/signal process of the system. A detailed study of a single-phase AC/DC pulse converter (SPPC) feeding an inverter-induction motor drive system used in traction is carried out using the simulation. The necessity of the second-harmonic filter (SHF), which is commonly used in practical circuits, is investigated. A comprehensive and comparative analysis and a simulation study of the system, with and without the filter, are shown.<>
{"title":"Computer simulation of a three-phase induction motor traction system fed by single-phase AC/DC pulse converters with current control scheme","authors":"B. Yang, H. Zelaya, J. Taufiq","doi":"10.1109/IAS.1990.152332","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IAS.1990.152332","url":null,"abstract":"A simulation based on system equations that demonstrates the advantages of nonlinear system partition, universal state-space equation solution, and modular system building is presented. The simulation package is built with a modular procedure in which each module is described using a state-space method and arranged in accordance with the physical power/signal process of the system. A detailed study of a single-phase AC/DC pulse converter (SPPC) feeding an inverter-induction motor drive system used in traction is carried out using the simulation. The necessity of the second-harmonic filter (SHF), which is commonly used in practical circuits, is investigated. A comprehensive and comparative analysis and a simulation study of the system, with and without the filter, are shown.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":185839,"journal":{"name":"Conference Record of the 1990 IEEE Industry Applications Society Annual Meeting","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133713322","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
New brushless and exciterless, single-phase and three-phase synchronous generators are presented, and the analysis of the characteristics and the test results are reported. In the three-phase generator, the stator armature winding is connected electrically with the secondary winding of a transformer. In the single-phase generator, the stator is provided with the armature winding and the exciting power-supplied winding, and the armature winding is electrically connected with the excitation power-supplied winding through a capacitor. In these generators, AC excitation current flows in the armature winding simultaneously with the load current. The ratio between the number of poles made by the load current and that by the AC excitation current is 2 or 1/2. Thus, the generator can be made brushless and exciterless. The rotor of the single-phase generator is provided with a balanced two-phase field winding. The rotor of the three-phase generator is provided with a bridge-type field winding. Circuit configurations for such brushless and exciterless synchronous generators are presented. Steady-state performances of the three-phase generators are analyzed. Experiments for these generators performed on a 2.0 kW unit are reported.<>
{"title":"Characteristics of brushless and exciterless, self-excited synchronous generators","authors":"F. Shibata, N. Naoe","doi":"10.1109/IAS.1990.152201","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IAS.1990.152201","url":null,"abstract":"New brushless and exciterless, single-phase and three-phase synchronous generators are presented, and the analysis of the characteristics and the test results are reported. In the three-phase generator, the stator armature winding is connected electrically with the secondary winding of a transformer. In the single-phase generator, the stator is provided with the armature winding and the exciting power-supplied winding, and the armature winding is electrically connected with the excitation power-supplied winding through a capacitor. In these generators, AC excitation current flows in the armature winding simultaneously with the load current. The ratio between the number of poles made by the load current and that by the AC excitation current is 2 or 1/2. Thus, the generator can be made brushless and exciterless. The rotor of the single-phase generator is provided with a balanced two-phase field winding. The rotor of the three-phase generator is provided with a bridge-type field winding. Circuit configurations for such brushless and exciterless synchronous generators are presented. Steady-state performances of the three-phase generators are analyzed. Experiments for these generators performed on a 2.0 kW unit are reported.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":185839,"journal":{"name":"Conference Record of the 1990 IEEE Industry Applications Society Annual Meeting","volume":"219 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133584955","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The design and construction of an industrial 25 kHz, 600 kVA power unit with pancake coils are discussed. Criteria for specifying the rated power of the transformer and a comparison with grain-oriented Si-steel transformers are presented. It is shown that the main advantages of using amorphous alloys in this frequency range, in comparison with grain oriented Si-steel cores, are lower first and total costs of the unit for the same output power, higher efficiency values, and reduction of the weight of the transformer.<>
{"title":"Amorphous core transformers for induction heating converters at 25 kHz","authors":"S. Lupi, M. F. Nunes","doi":"10.1109/IAS.1990.152466","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IAS.1990.152466","url":null,"abstract":"The design and construction of an industrial 25 kHz, 600 kVA power unit with pancake coils are discussed. Criteria for specifying the rated power of the transformer and a comparison with grain-oriented Si-steel transformers are presented. It is shown that the main advantages of using amorphous alloys in this frequency range, in comparison with grain oriented Si-steel cores, are lower first and total costs of the unit for the same output power, higher efficiency values, and reduction of the weight of the transformer.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":185839,"journal":{"name":"Conference Record of the 1990 IEEE Industry Applications Society Annual Meeting","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132988597","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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