Pub Date : 2024-04-12DOI: 10.1557/s43577-024-00698-6
Xiaoming Mao, Nicholas Kotov
The world of biology created a wealth of complex materials intertwining order, disorder, and hierarchy. They are produced with minimal energy expenditures and display combinations of properties that surpass materials aimed to be perfectly ordered crystals or perfectly disordered glasses. De novo engineering of biomimetic materials with “impossible” combination of properties necessary for multiple technologies becomes possible considering complexity as a design parameter but this methodology lacks foundational principles. This article delineates the concept of complexity in the context of materials science. It examines the pathway to quantitative complexity–functionality relations and explores pragmatic approaches to scalable complex materials guided by discrete mathematics of nanoassemblies from imperfect components.
{"title":"Complexity, disorder, and functionality of nanoscale materials","authors":"Xiaoming Mao, Nicholas Kotov","doi":"10.1557/s43577-024-00698-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1557/s43577-024-00698-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The world of biology created a wealth of complex materials intertwining order, disorder, and hierarchy. They are produced with minimal energy expenditures and display combinations of properties that surpass materials aimed to be perfectly ordered crystals or perfectly disordered glasses. De novo engineering of biomimetic materials with “impossible” combination of properties necessary for multiple technologies becomes possible considering complexity as a design parameter but this methodology lacks foundational principles. This article delineates the concept of complexity in the context of materials science. It examines the pathway to quantitative complexity–functionality relations and explores pragmatic approaches to scalable complex materials guided by discrete mathematics of nanoassemblies from imperfect components.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Graphical abstract</h3>\u0000","PeriodicalId":18828,"journal":{"name":"Mrs Bulletin","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140599976","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-10DOI: 10.1557/s43577-024-00700-1
Qian Chen, Xin Zhang
Thanks to decades of tireless efforts, nanoparticle assemblies have reached an extremely high level of controllability, sophistication, and complexity, with new insights provided by integration with graph theory, cutting-edge characterization, and machine learning (ML)-based computation and modeling, as well as with ever-diversifying applications in energy, catalysis, biomedicine, optics, electronics, magnetics, organic biosynthesis, and quantum technology. Nanoparticle assemblies can be crystalline, known as superlattices or supracrystals. Their assembly entails a transition from disorder—dispersed nanoparticles—to order, which can be achieved through classical nucleation pathways or nonclassical pathways via prenucleation precursors or particle aggregation. The periodic lattices allow facile manipulations of electrons, phonons, photons, and even spins, leading to advanced device components and metamaterials. Meanwhile, aperiodic assemblies out of nanoparticles, such as gels, networks, and amorphous solids, also start to attract attention. Despite the loss of periodicity, symmetry-lowering or symmetry-breaking three-dimensional (3D) structures emerge with unique properties, such as chiroptical activity, topological mechanical strength, and quantum entanglement. Real-space imaging such as electron microscopy and x-ray-based tomography methods are utilized to characterize these complex structures, whereas mathematical tools such as graph theories are in need to describe such complex structures. This issue aims to provide a timely review of the efforts in this greatly broadened materials design space, including experiment, simulation, theory, and applications. Nine top experts (and their teams) from four countries deliver six articles summarizing fundamental mechanistic understandings of nanoparticle assemblies, highlighted with the developments of state-of-the-art in situ characterization tools and ML-assisted reverse engineering, and newly emergent applications of nanoarchitectures.
Graphical abstract
经过数十年的不懈努力，纳米粒子组装体的可控性、精密性和复杂性已经达到了极高的水平，与图论、尖端表征和基于机器学习（ML）的计算和建模的结合提供了新的见解，在能源、催化、生物医学、光学、电子学、磁学、有机生物合成和量子技术方面的应用也日益多样化。纳米粒子集合体可以是晶体，被称为超晶格或超晶体。它们的组装需要从无序--分散的纳米粒子到有序的过渡，这可以通过经典的成核途径或通过预成核前体或粒子聚集的非经典途径实现。周期性晶格可以方便地操纵电子、声子、光子甚至自旋，从而产生先进的设备元件和超材料。与此同时，由纳米粒子组成的非周期性组合体，如凝胶、网络和非晶态固体，也开始引起人们的关注。尽管失去了周期性，但对称性降低或对称性打破的三维（3D）结构却具有独特的性质，如气光活动、拓扑机械强度和量子纠缠。电子显微镜和基于 X 射线的断层扫描等真实空间成像方法可用于描述这些复杂结构，而图论等数学工具则需要用于描述这些复杂结构。本期杂志旨在及时回顾在这一大大拓宽的材料设计领域所做的努力，包括实验、模拟、理论和应用。来自四个国家的九位顶级专家（及其团队）发表了六篇文章，总结了对纳米粒子组装的基本机理认识，重点介绍了最先进的原位表征工具和 ML 辅助逆向工程的发展，以及纳米结构的新近应用。
{"title":"Nanoparticle self-assemblies with modern complexity","authors":"Qian Chen, Xin Zhang","doi":"10.1557/s43577-024-00700-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1557/s43577-024-00700-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Thanks to decades of tireless efforts, nanoparticle assemblies have reached an extremely high level of controllability, sophistication, and complexity, with new insights provided by integration with graph theory, cutting-edge characterization, and machine learning (ML)-based computation and modeling, as well as with ever-diversifying applications in energy, catalysis, biomedicine, optics, electronics, magnetics, organic biosynthesis, and quantum technology. Nanoparticle assemblies can be crystalline, known as superlattices or supracrystals. Their assembly entails a transition from disorder—dispersed nanoparticles—to order, which can be achieved through classical nucleation pathways or nonclassical pathways via prenucleation precursors or particle aggregation. The periodic lattices allow facile manipulations of electrons, phonons, photons, and even spins, leading to advanced device components and metamaterials. Meanwhile, aperiodic assemblies out of nanoparticles, such as gels, networks, and amorphous solids, also start to attract attention. Despite the loss of periodicity, symmetry-lowering or symmetry-breaking three-dimensional (3D) structures emerge with unique properties, such as chiroptical activity, topological mechanical strength, and quantum entanglement. Real-space imaging such as electron microscopy and x-ray-based tomography methods are utilized to characterize these complex structures, whereas mathematical tools such as graph theories are in need to describe such complex structures. This issue aims to provide a timely review of the efforts in this greatly broadened materials design space, including experiment, simulation, theory, and applications. Nine top experts (and their teams) from four countries deliver six articles summarizing fundamental mechanistic understandings of nanoparticle assemblies, highlighted with the developments of state-of-the-art <i>in situ</i> characterization tools and ML-assisted reverse engineering, and newly emergent applications of nanoarchitectures.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Graphical abstract</h3>","PeriodicalId":18828,"journal":{"name":"Mrs Bulletin","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140599929","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-10DOI: 10.1557/s43577-024-00702-z
Joodeok Kim, Sungsu Kang, Fanrui Cheng, Yi Wang, Xingchen Ye, Jungwon Park
Over the last several decades, colloidal nanoparticles have evolved into a prominent class of building blocks for materials design. Important advances include the synthesis of uniform nanoparticles with tailored compositions and properties, and the precision construction of intricate, higher-level structures from nanoparticles via self-assembly. Grasping the modern complexity of nanoparticles and their superstructures requires fundamental understandings of the processes of nanoparticle growth and self-assembly. In situ liquid phase transmission electron microscopy (TEM) has significantly advanced our understanding of these dynamic processes by allowing direct observation of how individual atoms and nanoparticles interact in real time, in their native phases. In this article, we highlight diverse nucleation and growth pathways of nanoparticles in solution that could be elucidated by the in situ liquid phase TEM. Furthermore, we showcase in situ liquid phase TEM studies of nanoparticle self-assembly pathways, highlighting the complex interplay among nanoparticles, ligands, and solvents. The mechanistic insights gained from in situ liquid phase TEM investigation could inform the design and synthesis of novel nanomaterials for various applications such as catalysis, energy conversion, and optoelectronic devices.
Graphical abstract
在过去的几十年里，胶体纳米粒子已发展成为材料设计中的一类重要构件。重要的进展包括合成具有定制成分和特性的均匀纳米粒子，以及通过自组装从纳米粒子精确构建复杂的高级结构。要掌握纳米粒子及其超结构的现代复杂性，就必须从根本上了解纳米粒子的生长和自组装过程。原位液相透射电子显微镜（TEM）通过直接观察单个原子和纳米粒子在其原生相中如何实时相互作用，极大地推动了我们对这些动态过程的理解。在本文中，我们重点介绍了原位液相 TEM 可以阐明的溶液中纳米粒子的各种成核和生长途径。此外，我们还展示了纳米粒子自组装途径的原位液相 TEM 研究，突出了纳米粒子、配体和溶剂之间复杂的相互作用。从原位液相 TEM 研究中获得的机理见解可为设计和合成新型纳米材料提供参考，这些材料可用于催化、能量转换和光电器件等多种应用领域。
{"title":"Recent advances in liquid phase transmission electron microscopy of nanoparticle growth and self-assembly","authors":"Joodeok Kim, Sungsu Kang, Fanrui Cheng, Yi Wang, Xingchen Ye, Jungwon Park","doi":"10.1557/s43577-024-00702-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1557/s43577-024-00702-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Over the last several decades, colloidal nanoparticles have evolved into a prominent class of building blocks for materials design. Important advances include the synthesis of uniform nanoparticles with tailored compositions and properties, and the precision construction of intricate, higher-level structures from nanoparticles via self-assembly. Grasping the modern complexity of nanoparticles and their superstructures requires fundamental understandings of the processes of nanoparticle growth and self-assembly. <i>In situ</i> liquid phase transmission electron microscopy (TEM) has significantly advanced our understanding of these dynamic processes by allowing direct observation of how individual atoms and nanoparticles interact in real time, in their native phases. In this article, we highlight diverse nucleation and growth pathways of nanoparticles in solution that could be elucidated by the <i>in situ</i> liquid phase TEM. Furthermore, we showcase <i>in situ</i> liquid phase TEM studies of nanoparticle self-assembly pathways, highlighting the complex interplay among nanoparticles, ligands, and solvents. The mechanistic insights gained from <i>in situ</i> liquid phase TEM investigation could inform the design and synthesis of novel nanomaterials for various applications such as catalysis, energy conversion, and optoelectronic devices.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Graphical abstract</h3>\u0000","PeriodicalId":18828,"journal":{"name":"Mrs Bulletin","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140599841","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-05DOI: 10.1557/s43577-024-00708-7
{"title":"Science as Art","authors":"","doi":"10.1557/s43577-024-00708-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1557/s43577-024-00708-7","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":18828,"journal":{"name":"Mrs Bulletin","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140599931","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-04DOI: 10.1557/s43577-024-00705-w
Rahul Rao
{"title":"Lead-free, low-permittivity electrostrictor could be an alternative to lead-based materials","authors":"Rahul Rao","doi":"10.1557/s43577-024-00705-w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1557/s43577-024-00705-w","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":18828,"journal":{"name":"Mrs Bulletin","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140599879","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-04DOI: 10.1557/s43577-024-00695-9
Leonardo Giannini, Nima Razavi, Antonio Alvaro, Nicola Paltrinieri
The detrimental effects induced by hydrogen on different materials—including steels—are a well-known and studied phenomenon. In the last century, several research papers focusing on hydrogen damages were published, including investigations concerning the hydrogen impact on the crack growth rate in steels subjected to cyclic loading. However, the past studies focused on material behavior and the role of external factors (e.g., pressure, temperature, stress field, microstructure, inhibitors, etc.), while the consequences of these findings on safety procedures and guidelines remain unspoken. The present work aims at investigating how the manifestation of the hydrogen degradation effect on equipment subjected to fatigue loadings may reflect on conventional safety practices. More accurately, a review of the parameters governing pipeline fatigue life is undertaken to analyze how such variables may lead to undesirable events and ultimately promoting a loss of containment scenario. In this sense, this work appeals for an evolution of the existing inspection methodologies for components that may experience fatigue failures (i.e., piping and pipeline systems), since the time-dependency of the detrimental effects induced by hydrogen should be considered in the operations of accident prevention and risk mitigation. Hence, the development of a preventive inspection and maintenance strategy specifically conceived for hydrogen technologies is essential to avoid the loss prevention of hydrogen systems. This will not only contribute to a quicker and larger scale spread of a hydrogen infrastructure, but it will also foster the energy-transition challenge that our society is facing today.
{"title":"Embrittlement, degradation, and loss prevention of hydrogen pipelines","authors":"Leonardo Giannini, Nima Razavi, Antonio Alvaro, Nicola Paltrinieri","doi":"10.1557/s43577-024-00695-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1557/s43577-024-00695-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The detrimental effects induced by hydrogen on different materials—including steels—are a well-known and studied phenomenon. In the last century, several research papers focusing on hydrogen damages were published, including investigations concerning the hydrogen impact on the crack growth rate in steels subjected to cyclic loading. However, the past studies focused on material behavior and the role of external factors (e.g., pressure, temperature, stress field, microstructure, inhibitors, etc.), while the consequences of these findings on safety procedures and guidelines remain unspoken. The present work aims at investigating how the manifestation of the hydrogen degradation effect on equipment subjected to fatigue loadings may reflect on conventional safety practices. More accurately, a review of the parameters governing pipeline fatigue life is undertaken to analyze how such variables may lead to undesirable events and ultimately promoting a loss of containment scenario. In this sense, this work appeals for an evolution of the existing inspection methodologies for components that may experience fatigue failures (i.e., piping and pipeline systems), since the time-dependency of the detrimental effects induced by hydrogen should be considered in the operations of accident prevention and risk mitigation. Hence, the development of a preventive inspection and maintenance strategy specifically conceived for hydrogen technologies is essential to avoid the loss prevention of hydrogen systems. This will not only contribute to a quicker and larger scale spread of a hydrogen infrastructure, but it will also foster the energy-transition challenge that our society is facing today.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Graphical abstract</h3>\u0000","PeriodicalId":18828,"journal":{"name":"Mrs Bulletin","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140599873","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-02DOI: 10.1557/s43577-024-00713-w
Henry Q. Afful
{"title":"Enhancing a sense of belonging in our communities","authors":"Henry Q. Afful","doi":"10.1557/s43577-024-00713-w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1557/s43577-024-00713-w","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":18828,"journal":{"name":"Mrs Bulletin","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140754732","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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