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Plant-inspired soft actuators powered by water 以水为动力的植物启发式软促动器
IF 5 3区 材料科学 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-02-22 DOI: 10.1557/s43577-024-00663-3
Beomjune Shin, Sohyun Jung, Munkyeong Choi, Keunhwan Park, Ho-Young Kim

Unlike animals, plants lack motion-generating systems such as a central nervous system or muscles, but they have successfully developed mechanisms to sense and respond to environmental changes, ensuring their survival. Most of their movements rely on the movement of water into and out of their cells or tissues, which are intrinsically soft and porous. Understanding and harnessing these natural processes can lead to the development of environmentally friendly and biocompatible soft actuator systems. This article explains the strategies employed by plants to generate movement through water transportation, categorizing them into osmosis-driven and hygroscopic swelling-driven mechanisms. Additionally, we discuss the latest trends in soft actuators that replicate plant water-utilizing movements, suggest directions for further development, and provide a review of practical applications.

Graphical abstract

与动物不同,植物缺乏中枢神经系统或肌肉等运动生成系统,但它们成功地发展出了感知和应对环境变化的机制,从而确保了自身的生存。它们的大部分运动都依赖于水分进出细胞或组织,而细胞或组织本质上是柔软多孔的。了解并利用这些自然过程,可以开发出环境友好、生物兼容的软致动器系统。本文解释了植物通过水运输产生运动的策略,将其分为渗透驱动机制和吸湿膨胀驱动机制。此外,我们还讨论了复制植物水分利用运动的软致动器的最新趋势,提出了进一步发展的方向,并对实际应用进行了综述。
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引用次数: 0
50 years of materials research 材料研究 50 年
IF 5 3区 材料科学 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-02-21 DOI: 10.1557/s43577-024-00679-9
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引用次数: 0
Materials for electronically controllable microactuators 用于电子可控微型致动器的材料
IF 5 3区 材料科学 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-02-21 DOI: 10.1557/s43577-024-00665-1
Michael F. Reynolds, Marc Z. Miskin

Abstract

Electronically controllable actuators have shrunk to remarkably small dimensions, thanks to recent advances in materials science. Currently, multiple classes of actuators can operate at the micron scale, be patterned using lithographic techniques, and be driven by complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS)-compatible voltages, enabling new technologies, including digitally controlled micro-cilia, cell-sized origami structures, and autonomous microrobots controlled by onboard semiconductor electronics. This field is poised to grow, as many of these actuator technologies are the firsts of their kind and much of the underlying design space remains unexplored. To help map the current state of the art and set goals for the future, here, we overview existing work and examine how key figures of merit for actuation at the microscale, including force output, response time, power consumption, efficiency, and durability are fundamentally intertwined. In doing so, we find performance limits and tradeoffs for different classes of microactuators based on the coupling mechanism between electrical energy, chemical energy, and mechanical work. These limits both point to future goals for actuator development and signal promising applications for these actuators in sophisticated electronically integrated microrobotic systems.

Graphical Abstract

摘要由于材料科学的最新进展,电子可控致动器已缩小到非常小的尺寸。目前,多种类型的致动器可在微米尺度上工作,使用光刻技术进行图案化,并由互补金属氧化物半导体(CMOS)兼容电压驱动,从而实现了新技术,包括数字控制的微纤毛、细胞大小的折纸结构,以及由机载半导体电子器件控制的自主微型机器人。这一领域正蓄势待发,因为其中许多致动器技术都是首创,而且大部分底层设计空间仍未开发。为了帮助了解当前的技术水平并为未来设定目标,我们在此概述了现有的工作,并研究了微尺度致动器的关键性能指标,包括力输出、响应时间、功耗、效率和耐用性是如何从根本上相互交织在一起的。在此过程中,我们根据电能、化学能和机械功之间的耦合机制,发现了不同类别微型致动器的性能极限和权衡。这些限制既指明了致动器开发的未来目标,也预示着这些致动器在复杂的电子集成微型机器人系统中的应用前景。
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引用次数: 0
Solution-driven bioinspired design: Themes of latch-mediated spring-actuated systems 解决方案驱动的生物启发设计:闩式弹簧驱动系统的主题
IF 5 3区 材料科学 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-02-21 DOI: 10.1557/s43577-024-00664-2
Teagan Mathur, Luis Viornery, Ophelia Bolmin, Sarah Bergbreiter, Aimy Wissa

Our ability to measure and image biology at small scales has been transformative for developing a new generation of insect-scale robots. Because of their presence in almost all environments known to humans, insects have inspired many small-scale flying, swimming, crawling, and jumping robots. This inspiration has affected all aspects of the robots’ design, ranging from gait specification, materials properties, and mechanism design to sensing, actuation, control, and collective behavior schemes. This article highlights how insects have inspired a new class of small and ultrafast robots and mechanisms. These new robots can circumvent motors’ force-velocity tradeoffs and achieve high-acceleration jumping, launching, and striking through latch-mediated spring-actuated (LaMSA) movement strategies. In the article, we apply a solution-driven bioinspired design framework to highlight the process for developing LaMSA-inspired robots and systems, starting with understanding the key biological themes, abstracting them to solution-neutral principles, and implementing such principles into engineered systems. Throughout the article, we emphasize the roles of modeling, fabrication, materials, and integration in developing bioinspired LaMSA systems and identify critical future enablers such as integrative design approaches.

Graphical abstract

我们对小尺度生物进行测量和成像的能力,对开发新一代昆虫尺度机器人具有变革性意义。由于昆虫存在于人类已知的几乎所有环境中,它们为许多小型飞行、游泳、爬行和跳跃机器人提供了灵感。这种灵感影响了机器人设计的方方面面,从步态规范、材料特性、机构设计到传感、驱动、控制和集体行为方案。本文重点介绍了昆虫如何启发了一类新型小型超快机器人和机构。这些新型机器人可以通过闩锁弹簧驱动(LaMSA)运动策略,避开电机的力-速度折衷,实现高加速度跳跃、发射和打击。在这篇文章中,我们应用了解决方案驱动的生物启发设计框架,强调了开发 LaMSA 启发机器人和系统的过程,首先是理解关键的生物主题,将其抽象为解决方案中立原则,并将这些原则应用到工程系统中。在整篇文章中,我们强调了建模、制造、材料和集成在开发生物启发 LaMSA 系统中的作用,并指出了未来的关键推动因素,如集成设计方法。
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引用次数: 0
Van der Waals integration: Enables quantum explorations and innovative devices 范德华集成:实现量子探索和创新设备
IF 5 3区 材料科学 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-02-15 DOI: 10.1557/s43577-024-00668-y
Qi Qian

The fabrication of heterostructures and superlattices, which governs charge transport in materials, traditionally relies on high-temperature epitaxial processes. However, van der Waals (vdW) integration, a bond-free approach, has emerged as a versatile and gentle alternative. It allows for the integration of dissimilar materials beyond the thermodynamic limits, preserving material integrity and optimizing device performance. This approach has been instrumental in creating high-performance contacts for delicate lead halide perovskites, enabling quantum transport studies at low temperatures. Additionally, vdW integration has led to the development of vdW superlattices, and the chiral molecular intercalation superlattice offers a platform for exploring exotic chiral-induced spin selectivity effect and unconventional superconductivity. Together, vdW integration offers precise control over material composition and electronic structure, paving the way for innovative devices and the exploration of emergent quantum phenomena, all at the atomic scale. This groundbreaking strategy holds immense potential for advancing fundamental physical investigations and technological possibilities.

Graphical abstract

异质结构和超晶格的制造制约着材料中的电荷传输,传统上依赖于高温外延工艺。然而,范德瓦耳斯(vdW)集成是一种无键方法,已成为一种多用途、温和的替代方法。它可以将不同的材料集成到热力学极限之外,保持材料完整性并优化设备性能。这种方法有助于为微妙的卤化铅包晶石创造高性能接触,从而实现低温下的量子传输研究。此外,vdW 集成还促进了 vdW 超晶格的发展,而手性分子插层超晶格则为探索奇异的手性诱导自旋选择性效应和非常规超导性提供了一个平台。vdW 集成共同提供了对材料组成和电子结构的精确控制,为在原子尺度上开发创新设备和探索新兴量子现象铺平了道路。这种开创性的战略在推进基础物理研究和技术可能性方面具有巨大的潜力。
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引用次数: 0
Materials challenges for powering miniature bioinspired robots 为微型生物启发机器人提供动力的材料挑战
IF 5 3区 材料科学 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-02-15 DOI: 10.1557/s43577-023-00650-0
Sameh Tawfick, James Pikul

To power miniature mobile robots, the body structure must integrate actuators, sensing, wiring, an energy source, power converters, and computing. The system-level performance relies on the interplay among these complementary elements and the fabrication technologies that enable them. While new materials, fabrication, and bioinspired designs are enabling advancements toward insect-scale untethered and autonomous robots, challenges remain in achieving high power efficiency fast actuation and heterogeneous integration. This article overviews the state of the art, opportunities, and challenges covered in this issue of MRS Bulletin.

Graphical abstract

要为微型移动机器人提供动力,机身结构必须集成执行器、传感、布线、能源、电源转换器和计算。系统级性能取决于这些互补元素之间的相互作用以及实现这些元素的制造技术。虽然新材料、新制造技术和生物启发设计正在推动昆虫级无系自主机器人的发展,但在实现高能效快速驱动和异构集成方面仍存在挑战。本文概述了本期《MRS Bulletin》所涉及的技术现状、机遇和挑战。
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引用次数: 0
Challenges in advancing our understanding of atomic-like quantum systems: Theory and experiment 增进我们对类原子量子系统的了解所面临的挑战:理论与实验
IF 5 3区 材料科学 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-02-14 DOI: 10.1557/s43577-023-00659-5
Adam Gali, André Schleife, Andreas J. Heinrich, Arne Laucht, Bruno Schuler, Chitraleema Chakraborty, Christopher P. Anderson, Corentin Déprez, Jeffrey McCallum, Lee C. Bassett, Mark Friesen, Michael E. Flatté, Peter Maurer, Susan N. Coppersmith, Tian Zhong, Vijaya Begum-Hudde, Yuan Ping

Abstract

Quantum information processing and quantum sensing is a central topic for researchers who are part of the Materials Research Society and the Quantum Staging Group is providing leadership and guidance in this context. We convened a workshop before the 2022 MRS Spring Meeting and covered four topics to explore challenges that need to be addressed to further promote and accelerate the development of materials with applications in quantum technologies. This article captures the discussions at this workshop and refers to the pertinent literature.

Graphical abstract

摘要量子信息处理和量子传感是材料研究学会研究人员的核心课题,量子分期小组在这方面发挥着领导和指导作用。我们在 2022 年 MRS 春季会议之前召开了一次研讨会,讨论了四个主题,探讨了为进一步促进和加快量子技术应用材料的发展而需要应对的挑战。本文记录了此次研讨会的讨论情况,并参考了相关文献。
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引用次数: 0
Organic encapsulants for bioresorbable medical electronics 用于生物可吸收医疗电子设备的有机封装材料
IF 5 3区 材料科学 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-02-14 DOI: 10.1557/s43577-023-00652-y
Junhak Lee, Sunho Park, Yeonsik Choi

Bioresorbable medical electronics represents an emerging class of implantable sensors and/or stimulators that can be absorbed harmlessly in the human body, eliminating the patients’ permanent loads and the needs for risky secondary removal surgeries. This article specifically highlights recent advances in organic encapsulans that govern the lifetime, mechanical and electrical stability of the bioresorbable electronic implants. The core content focuses on the physics and chemistry of bioresorbable polymers, spanning degradation mechanism, mechanical stretchablilty, water permeability, and interfacial adhesiveness, along with tissue adhesion. Following discussions highlight the use cases of these polymers as organic encapsulations in bioresorbable electronic implants with therapeutic purposes, including nerve regeneration, pain block, and temporary cardiac pacing. A concluding section summarizes research opportunities of organic materials for advanced bioresorbable electronic systems.

Graphical Abstract

生物可吸收医用电子器件是一类新兴的植入式传感器和/或刺激器,可在人体内被无害吸收,消除了病人的永久负荷,也无需进行有风险的二次移除手术。这篇文章特别强调了有机封装材料的最新进展,这些封装材料决定了生物可吸收电子植入物的寿命、机械和电气稳定性。核心内容侧重于生物可吸收聚合物的物理和化学性质、降解机制、机械伸展性、透水性、界面粘附性以及组织粘附性。接下来的讨论重点介绍了这些聚合物作为有机封装材料在生物可吸收电子植入物中的应用案例,这些植入物具有治疗目的,包括神经再生、疼痛阻断和临时心脏起搏。最后一节总结了有机材料在先进生物可吸收电子系统中的研究机会。
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引用次数: 0
Strategies to overcome electron-beam issues in liquid phase TEM: Study of chemical processes 克服液相 TEM 中电子束问题的策略:化学过程研究
IF 5 3区 材料科学 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-02-09 DOI: 10.1557/s43577-024-00661-5
Wenjing Zheng, Daewon Lee, Haimei Zheng

Liquid phase (or liquid cell) transmission electron microscopy (TEM) has become a powerful platform for in situ investigation of various chemical processes at the nanometer or atomic level. The electron beam for imaging can also induce perturbation to the chemical processes. Thus, it has been a concern that the observed phenomena in a liquid cell could deviate from the real-world processes. Strategies have been developed to overcome the electron-beam-induced issues. This article provides an overview of the electron-beam effects, and discusses various strategies in liquid cell TEM study of nucleation, growth, and self-assembly of nanoscale materials, where an electron beam is often used to initiate the reactions, and highly electron-beam-sensitive electrochemical reactions.

Graphical abstract

液相(或液胞)透射电子显微镜(TEM)已成为在纳米或原子级别现场研究各种化学过程的强大平台。用于成像的电子束也会对化学过程产生扰动。因此,人们担心在液胞中观察到的现象可能会偏离真实世界的过程。为了克服电子束引起的问题,人们已经开发了一些策略。本文概述了电子束效应,并讨论了在液胞 TEM 中研究纳米级材料的成核、生长和自组装(通常使用电子束引发反应)以及对电子束高度敏感的电化学反应的各种策略。
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引用次数: 0
Science as art logo 科学即艺术徽标
IF 5 3区 材料科学 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-02-06 DOI: 10.1557/s43577-024-00666-0
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引用次数: 0
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