Quantum errors induced by environmental noise are unavoidable and preclude the direct implementation of practical quantum computation. Fault-tolerant quantum computation offers one of the viable paths, necessitating the encoding and processing of information within logical qubits to curb such errors. Although substantial progress has been achieved recently in building silicon quantum computers, logical operations still haven’t been realized in silicon. Here we demonstrate a logical quantum processor using a phosphorus donor cluster in silicon. By implementing the [[4, 2, 2]] code, we realize the essential components for logical operations, which include fault-tolerant preparation of logical states and the characterization of a universal gate set comprising logical single-qubit and two-qubit gates. In particular, the logical T gate is achieved using the gate-by-measurement method, and magic states based on this gate are prepared. Furthermore, we execute the variational quantum eigensolver algorithm using two logical qubits and simulate the ground state of the electronic structure of the water molecule H2O. This work represents a key step towards scalable, fault-tolerant quantum computation in silicon spin qubits.
{"title":"Universal logical operations in a silicon quantum processor","authors":"Chunhui Zhang, Feng Xu, Shihang Zhang, Mingchao Duan, Dupeng Zhong, Xuesong Bai, Hao Wang, Chao Huang, Yi Deng, Miao Gao, Yu-Ning Zhang, Jiaze Liu, Chunhui Li, Yan Jiang, Baolong Zhao, Huan Shu, Kunrong Wu, Keji Shi, Qiming Ding, Zhen Tian, Guanyong Wang, Xiao Yuan, Tao Xin, Guangchong Hu, Song Liu, Tianluo Pan, Peihao Huang, Yu He, Dapeng Yu","doi":"10.1038/s41565-026-02140-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41565-026-02140-1","url":null,"abstract":"Quantum errors induced by environmental noise are unavoidable and preclude the direct implementation of practical quantum computation. Fault-tolerant quantum computation offers one of the viable paths, necessitating the encoding and processing of information within logical qubits to curb such errors. Although substantial progress has been achieved recently in building silicon quantum computers, logical operations still haven’t been realized in silicon. Here we demonstrate a logical quantum processor using a phosphorus donor cluster in silicon. By implementing the [[4, 2, 2]] code, we realize the essential components for logical operations, which include fault-tolerant preparation of logical states and the characterization of a universal gate set comprising logical single-qubit and two-qubit gates. In particular, the logical T gate is achieved using the gate-by-measurement method, and magic states based on this gate are prepared. Furthermore, we execute the variational quantum eigensolver algorithm using two logical qubits and simulate the ground state of the electronic structure of the water molecule H2O. This work represents a key step towards scalable, fault-tolerant quantum computation in silicon spin qubits.","PeriodicalId":18915,"journal":{"name":"Nature nanotechnology","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":38.3,"publicationDate":"2026-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147496804","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-23DOI: 10.1038/s41565-026-02134-z
Dongsheng Song, Fengshan Zheng, Lin Hao, Lei Jin, Yajiao Ke, Yizhou Liu, Mingliang Tian, Binghui Ge, Rafal E. Dunin-Borkowski, Haifeng Du
Magnetic circular dichroism utilizing electrons or X-rays serves as a powerful tool for the investigation of magnetism in ferromagnets, but antiferromagnets pose a severe challenge to the technique due to their vanishing net magnetization. Although transmission electron microscopy has demonstrated the atomic-scale characterization of antiferromagnetism using elastically scattered electrons, separating the weak magnetic signal from the dominant electrostatic background remains challenging, and applicability is largely limited to perfect crystals. Here we develop atomic-column-resolved electron magnetic circular dichroism to resolve antiferromagnetic order using a scanning transmission electron microscope. By exploiting chirality around individual magnetic atomic columns, we localize the magnetic circular dichroism signals around the transmitted electron beam with enhanced strength and signal-to-noise ratio, enabling atomic-column magnetic measurements. Applying this technique to antiferromagnets, we not only distinguish the characteristic G-type and C-type antiferromagnetic orderings in DyFeO3 and α-Fe2O3 but also identify a one-unit-cell-thick magnetic dead layer at the buried DyScO3–SmFeO3 interface. Our work establishes a readily accessible method for atomic-scale magnetic order mapping, with potential applications in fields such as interfacial magnetism, topological magnetism, antiferromagnetism and altermagnetism.
{"title":"Magnetic circular dichroism imaging of atomic-scale antiferromagnetic order at a buried interface","authors":"Dongsheng Song, Fengshan Zheng, Lin Hao, Lei Jin, Yajiao Ke, Yizhou Liu, Mingliang Tian, Binghui Ge, Rafal E. Dunin-Borkowski, Haifeng Du","doi":"10.1038/s41565-026-02134-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41565-026-02134-z","url":null,"abstract":"Magnetic circular dichroism utilizing electrons or X-rays serves as a powerful tool for the investigation of magnetism in ferromagnets, but antiferromagnets pose a severe challenge to the technique due to their vanishing net magnetization. Although transmission electron microscopy has demonstrated the atomic-scale characterization of antiferromagnetism using elastically scattered electrons, separating the weak magnetic signal from the dominant electrostatic background remains challenging, and applicability is largely limited to perfect crystals. Here we develop atomic-column-resolved electron magnetic circular dichroism to resolve antiferromagnetic order using a scanning transmission electron microscope. By exploiting chirality around individual magnetic atomic columns, we localize the magnetic circular dichroism signals around the transmitted electron beam with enhanced strength and signal-to-noise ratio, enabling atomic-column magnetic measurements. Applying this technique to antiferromagnets, we not only distinguish the characteristic G-type and C-type antiferromagnetic orderings in DyFeO3 and α-Fe2O3 but also identify a one-unit-cell-thick magnetic dead layer at the buried DyScO3–SmFeO3 interface. Our work establishes a readily accessible method for atomic-scale magnetic order mapping, with potential applications in fields such as interfacial magnetism, topological magnetism, antiferromagnetism and altermagnetism.","PeriodicalId":18915,"journal":{"name":"Nature nanotechnology","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":38.3,"publicationDate":"2026-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147496800","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-16DOI: 10.1038/s41565-026-02141-0
Yilin Meng, Wei Li, Kai Peng, Chaoyang Ti, Jianchen Dang, Xiaolong Wu, Xu Han, Wei Bao
The supersolid phase is a self-organized state of matter that simultaneously exhibits the crystalline order of a solid and the frictionless flow of a superfluid. Its formation requires the simultaneous breaking of phase and translational symmetries—a stringent condition that makes experimental observation challenging. Here we show that it is possible to achieve a room-temperature supersolid phase by integrating single-crystal halide perovskites with an exciton–polariton nanograting. This architecture supports a hybrid polaritonic bound-state-in-continuum state with a large bandgap (18.2 meV) and two side modes. As the pumping intensity increases, optical parametric oscillation drives the system from a bound-state-in-continuum polariton condensate into the two side modes, forming a self-organized supersolid phase characterized by a striped one-dimensional lattice spanning the condensate. Crucially, single-shot real-space imaging shows stochastic phase selection of the stripe pattern, evidenced by strong suppression of the density modulation on multishot averaging. The observation of supersolidity is further supported by long-range spatiotemporal coherence measured interferometrically and by a non-rigid supersolid lattice. The realization of supersolidity at room temperature in a polaritonic nanograting platform can be useful to control exotic quantum orders and for exploring spontaneous symmetry breaking, quantum coherence and collective excitations in driven quantum materials.
{"title":"Hybrid perovskite–nanograting photonic architecture enables supersolidity at room temperature","authors":"Yilin Meng, Wei Li, Kai Peng, Chaoyang Ti, Jianchen Dang, Xiaolong Wu, Xu Han, Wei Bao","doi":"10.1038/s41565-026-02141-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41565-026-02141-0","url":null,"abstract":"The supersolid phase is a self-organized state of matter that simultaneously exhibits the crystalline order of a solid and the frictionless flow of a superfluid. Its formation requires the simultaneous breaking of phase and translational symmetries—a stringent condition that makes experimental observation challenging. Here we show that it is possible to achieve a room-temperature supersolid phase by integrating single-crystal halide perovskites with an exciton–polariton nanograting. This architecture supports a hybrid polaritonic bound-state-in-continuum state with a large bandgap (18.2 meV) and two side modes. As the pumping intensity increases, optical parametric oscillation drives the system from a bound-state-in-continuum polariton condensate into the two side modes, forming a self-organized supersolid phase characterized by a striped one-dimensional lattice spanning the condensate. Crucially, single-shot real-space imaging shows stochastic phase selection of the stripe pattern, evidenced by strong suppression of the density modulation on multishot averaging. The observation of supersolidity is further supported by long-range spatiotemporal coherence measured interferometrically and by a non-rigid supersolid lattice. The realization of supersolidity at room temperature in a polaritonic nanograting platform can be useful to control exotic quantum orders and for exploring spontaneous symmetry breaking, quantum coherence and collective excitations in driven quantum materials.","PeriodicalId":18915,"journal":{"name":"Nature nanotechnology","volume":"36 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":38.3,"publicationDate":"2026-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147464907","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-09DOI: 10.1038/s41565-026-02130-3
Shuyue Ye, Shuang Chen, Vijay Basava, Katy Torres, Yangyang Zhao, Gang Huang, Mingyi Chen, Jinming Gao
Success in systemic immunotherapy against metastatic cancer hinges on the ability to achieve tumour-specific immune activation over normal tissues. Single-gate stimuli-responsive systems are not adequate at differentiating tumour versus normal tissue signals. Here we report an AND-gated nanoparticle that requires acidic pH and hypoxia signals to activate the stimulator of interferon genes (STING) pathway in systemic therapy of metastatic cancers. The dual stimuli-responsive nanoparticle consists of a small-molecule STING agonist conjugated to a pH-sensitive polymer through a hypoxia-sensitive linker. Biochemical analyses confirmed the (pH-hypoxia) AND logic truth table in STING activation. The nanoparticle agonist significantly reduced metastatic burdens in multiple immune-cold tumour models while exhibiting minimal systemic toxicity. Mechanistic investigation revealed that STING activation in tumour-resident type I dendritic cells drives CD8+ T cell priming and infiltration, which synergizes with immune checkpoint inhibitors. This AND logic nanoplatform offers a safe and efficacious therapeutic for STING-mediated immunotherapy against metastatic cancers.
{"title":"AND logic nanoparticle for precision immunotherapy of metastatic cancers.","authors":"Shuyue Ye, Shuang Chen, Vijay Basava, Katy Torres, Yangyang Zhao, Gang Huang, Mingyi Chen, Jinming Gao","doi":"10.1038/s41565-026-02130-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41565-026-02130-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Success in systemic immunotherapy against metastatic cancer hinges on the ability to achieve tumour-specific immune activation over normal tissues. Single-gate stimuli-responsive systems are not adequate at differentiating tumour versus normal tissue signals. Here we report an AND-gated nanoparticle that requires acidic pH and hypoxia signals to activate the stimulator of interferon genes (STING) pathway in systemic therapy of metastatic cancers. The dual stimuli-responsive nanoparticle consists of a small-molecule STING agonist conjugated to a pH-sensitive polymer through a hypoxia-sensitive linker. Biochemical analyses confirmed the (pH-hypoxia) AND logic truth table in STING activation. The nanoparticle agonist significantly reduced metastatic burdens in multiple immune-cold tumour models while exhibiting minimal systemic toxicity. Mechanistic investigation revealed that STING activation in tumour-resident type I dendritic cells drives CD8<sup>+</sup> T cell priming and infiltration, which synergizes with immune checkpoint inhibitors. This AND logic nanoplatform offers a safe and efficacious therapeutic for STING-mediated immunotherapy against metastatic cancers.</p>","PeriodicalId":18915,"journal":{"name":"Nature nanotechnology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":34.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147390193","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Computation in biological neural circuits arises from the interplay of nonlinear temporal responses and spatially distributed dynamic network interactions. Replicating this richness in hardware has remained challenging, as most neuromorphic devices emulate only isolated neuron- or synapse-like functions. Here we introduce an integrated neuromorphic computing platform in which both nonlinear spatiotemporal processing and programmable memory are realized within a single perovskite nickelate material system. By engineering symmetric and asymmetric hydrogenated NdNiO3 junction devices on the same wafer, we combine ultrafast, proton-mediated transient dynamics with stable multilevel resistance states. Networks of symmetric NdNiO3 junctions exhibit emergent spatial interactions mediated by proton redistribution, while each node simultaneously provides short-term temporal memory, enabling nanosecond-scale operation with an energy cost of ~0.2 nJ per input. When interfaced with asymmetric output units serving as reconfigurable long-term weights, these networks allow both feature transformation and linear classification in the same material system. Leveraging these emergent interactions, the platform enables real-time pattern recognition and achieves high accuracy in spoken digit classification and early seizure detection, outperforming temporal-only or uncoupled architectures. These results position protonic nickelates as a compact, energy-efficient, CMOS-compatible platform that integrates processing and memory for scalable intelligent hardware.
{"title":"Protonic nickelate device networks for spatiotemporal neuromorphic computing.","authors":"Yue Zhou, Shaan Shah, Tamal Dey, Yucheng Zhou, Ashwani Kumar, Sashank Sriram, Siyou Guo, Siddharth Kumar, Ranjan Kumar Patel, Eva Y Andrei, Ertugrul Cubukcu, Shriram Ramanathan, Duygu Kuzum","doi":"10.1038/s41565-026-02133-0","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41565-026-02133-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Computation in biological neural circuits arises from the interplay of nonlinear temporal responses and spatially distributed dynamic network interactions. Replicating this richness in hardware has remained challenging, as most neuromorphic devices emulate only isolated neuron- or synapse-like functions. Here we introduce an integrated neuromorphic computing platform in which both nonlinear spatiotemporal processing and programmable memory are realized within a single perovskite nickelate material system. By engineering symmetric and asymmetric hydrogenated NdNiO<sub>3</sub> junction devices on the same wafer, we combine ultrafast, proton-mediated transient dynamics with stable multilevel resistance states. Networks of symmetric NdNiO<sub>3</sub> junctions exhibit emergent spatial interactions mediated by proton redistribution, while each node simultaneously provides short-term temporal memory, enabling nanosecond-scale operation with an energy cost of ~0.2 nJ per input. When interfaced with asymmetric output units serving as reconfigurable long-term weights, these networks allow both feature transformation and linear classification in the same material system. Leveraging these emergent interactions, the platform enables real-time pattern recognition and achieves high accuracy in spoken digit classification and early seizure detection, outperforming temporal-only or uncoupled architectures. These results position protonic nickelates as a compact, energy-efficient, CMOS-compatible platform that integrates processing and memory for scalable intelligent hardware.</p>","PeriodicalId":18915,"journal":{"name":"Nature nanotechnology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":34.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147390187","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The orbital angular momentum of electrons offers a promising, yet underexplored, degree of freedom for ultrafast, energy-efficient information processing. As the foundation of orbitronics, understanding how orbital polarizations propagate and convert into charge currents is essential but remains elusive due to the challenge in disentangling orbital and spin dynamics in thin films. While some theoretical studies predict that orbital transport is constrained to sub-atomic-layer scales in materials, recent experiments have reported exceptionally long orbital diffusion lengths. To address this contradiction, we combine terahertz emission spectroscopy with a wedge-sample platform to systematically investigate spin and orbital transport in heavy metals with subnanometre resolution. Our measurements access the previously unexplored thin-film regimes (<3 nm), uncovering anomalous behaviours that challenge the prevailing interpretations of long-range orbital transport. We consistently find the orbital diffusion lengths (λL) to be substantially shorter than the spin diffusion lengths (λS) in heavy metals, with λL in W approaching 0.36 nm. Interface-sensitive control experiments further rule out interfacial orbital-to-charge conversion as the dominant mechanism, supporting the bulk inverse orbital Hall effect as the primary conversion process.
{"title":"Evidences of subnanometre orbital diffusion length in heavy metals using terahertz emission spectroscopy","authors":"Tongyang Guan, Jiahao Liu, Wentao Qin, Yongwei Cui, Shunjia Wang, Yizheng Wu, Zhensheng Tao","doi":"10.1038/s41565-026-02125-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41565-026-02125-0","url":null,"abstract":"The orbital angular momentum of electrons offers a promising, yet underexplored, degree of freedom for ultrafast, energy-efficient information processing. As the foundation of orbitronics, understanding how orbital polarizations propagate and convert into charge currents is essential but remains elusive due to the challenge in disentangling orbital and spin dynamics in thin films. While some theoretical studies predict that orbital transport is constrained to sub-atomic-layer scales in materials, recent experiments have reported exceptionally long orbital diffusion lengths. To address this contradiction, we combine terahertz emission spectroscopy with a wedge-sample platform to systematically investigate spin and orbital transport in heavy metals with subnanometre resolution. Our measurements access the previously unexplored thin-film regimes (<3 nm), uncovering anomalous behaviours that challenge the prevailing interpretations of long-range orbital transport. We consistently find the orbital diffusion lengths (λL) to be substantially shorter than the spin diffusion lengths (λS) in heavy metals, with λL in W approaching 0.36 nm. Interface-sensitive control experiments further rule out interfacial orbital-to-charge conversion as the dominant mechanism, supporting the bulk inverse orbital Hall effect as the primary conversion process.","PeriodicalId":18915,"journal":{"name":"Nature nanotechnology","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":38.3,"publicationDate":"2026-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147351053","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The application of messenger RNA (mRNA) beyond infectious diseases is challenged by inefficient protein production. Whereas the engineering of secondary mRNA structures has been shown to increase mRNA half-life, it remains unclear whether tertiary mRNA structures influence therapeutic efficacy. Here we develop a metal-ion-assisted RNA folding (MARF) strategy and show that, when delivered with lipid nanoparticles (LNPs), specific metals promote mRNA folding architectures that result in the amplification of protein expression by up to 7.3-fold compared with control mRNA. This effect is due to altered mechanical interactions between the mRNA LNPs and the surrounding biosystem, resulting in enhanced intracellular processing and prolonged retention of delivered mRNA in targeted cells. Administered intravenously, MARF LNPs achieved effective and durable genome editing of the clinically relevant Pcsk9 gene through treatment with a single dose. Overall, this work provides a new MARF technology for more effective mRNA therapy and highlights the potential of mechanical cues in designing nanoparticles for improved mRNA delivery.
{"title":"Rational design of rigid mRNA folding architecture to enhance intracellular processing and protein production.","authors":"Bowei Yang,Benhao Li,Youliang Zhu,Mengyao Zhao,Yuanqi Cheng,Xiaodan Zhao,Deryn Teoh En-Jie,Yifan Wang,Miao Zhang,Xianglong Tang,Shuang Jin,Yibin Sun,Xuanbo Zhang,Bin Xue,Jie Yan,Guanglu Wu,Zhewang Lin,Min Luo,Haojie Yu,Longjiang Zhang,Xiaoyuan Chen,Qianqian Ni","doi":"10.1038/s41565-025-02114-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41565-025-02114-9","url":null,"abstract":"The application of messenger RNA (mRNA) beyond infectious diseases is challenged by inefficient protein production. Whereas the engineering of secondary mRNA structures has been shown to increase mRNA half-life, it remains unclear whether tertiary mRNA structures influence therapeutic efficacy. Here we develop a metal-ion-assisted RNA folding (MARF) strategy and show that, when delivered with lipid nanoparticles (LNPs), specific metals promote mRNA folding architectures that result in the amplification of protein expression by up to 7.3-fold compared with control mRNA. This effect is due to altered mechanical interactions between the mRNA LNPs and the surrounding biosystem, resulting in enhanced intracellular processing and prolonged retention of delivered mRNA in targeted cells. Administered intravenously, MARF LNPs achieved effective and durable genome editing of the clinically relevant Pcsk9 gene through treatment with a single dose. Overall, this work provides a new MARF technology for more effective mRNA therapy and highlights the potential of mechanical cues in designing nanoparticles for improved mRNA delivery.","PeriodicalId":18915,"journal":{"name":"Nature nanotechnology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":38.3,"publicationDate":"2026-03-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147329415","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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