Pub Date : 2025-11-14DOI: 10.1038/s41565-025-02077-x
Guoming Gao, Emily R. Sumrall, Nils G. Walter
Biomolecular condensates regulate cellular physiology by sequestering and processing RNAs and proteins, yet how these processes are locally tuned within condensates remains unclear. Moreover, in neurodegenerative diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, condensates undergo liquid-to-solid phase transitions, but capturing early intermediates in this process has been challenging. Here we present a surface multi-tethering approach to achieve intra-condensate single-molecule tracking of fluorescently labelled RNA and protein molecules within liquid-like condensates. Using RNA-binding protein fused-in-sarcoma as a model for condensates implicated in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, we discover that RNA and protein diffusion is confined within distinct nanometre-scale domains, or nanodomains, which exhibit unique connectivity and chemical environments. The properties of these nanodomains are tunable by guest molecules. As condensates age, nanodomains reposition, facilitating fused-in-sarcoma fibrilization at the condensate surface, a process further enhanced by anti-amyotrophic lateral sclerosis drugs. Our findings demonstrate that nanodomain formation governs condensate function by modulating the residence time and spatial organization of constituent biomolecules, providing previously unattainable insights into condensate ageing and mechanisms underlying disease. Single-molecule tracking reveals nanoscale domains within fused-in-sarcoma condensates. These nanodomains migrate to the condensate surface during ageing, seeding amyotrophic lateral sclerosis-linked fibrils, a process accelerated by small-molecule drugs.
{"title":"Nanoscale domains govern local diffusion and ageing within fused-in-sarcoma condensates","authors":"Guoming Gao, Emily R. Sumrall, Nils G. Walter","doi":"10.1038/s41565-025-02077-x","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41565-025-02077-x","url":null,"abstract":"Biomolecular condensates regulate cellular physiology by sequestering and processing RNAs and proteins, yet how these processes are locally tuned within condensates remains unclear. Moreover, in neurodegenerative diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, condensates undergo liquid-to-solid phase transitions, but capturing early intermediates in this process has been challenging. Here we present a surface multi-tethering approach to achieve intra-condensate single-molecule tracking of fluorescently labelled RNA and protein molecules within liquid-like condensates. Using RNA-binding protein fused-in-sarcoma as a model for condensates implicated in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, we discover that RNA and protein diffusion is confined within distinct nanometre-scale domains, or nanodomains, which exhibit unique connectivity and chemical environments. The properties of these nanodomains are tunable by guest molecules. As condensates age, nanodomains reposition, facilitating fused-in-sarcoma fibrilization at the condensate surface, a process further enhanced by anti-amyotrophic lateral sclerosis drugs. Our findings demonstrate that nanodomain formation governs condensate function by modulating the residence time and spatial organization of constituent biomolecules, providing previously unattainable insights into condensate ageing and mechanisms underlying disease. Single-molecule tracking reveals nanoscale domains within fused-in-sarcoma condensates. These nanodomains migrate to the condensate surface during ageing, seeding amyotrophic lateral sclerosis-linked fibrils, a process accelerated by small-molecule drugs.","PeriodicalId":18915,"journal":{"name":"Nature nanotechnology","volume":"21 2","pages":"249-258"},"PeriodicalIF":34.9,"publicationDate":"2025-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145510031","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-13DOI: 10.1038/s41565-025-02095-9
Metal–organic frameworks are transitioning from laboratory curiosity to industrially viable materials driven by extensive community efforts to enhance their functionality and stability, and by breakthroughs in large-scale manufacturing.
{"title":"Metal–organic frameworks for the future","authors":"","doi":"10.1038/s41565-025-02095-9","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41565-025-02095-9","url":null,"abstract":"Metal–organic frameworks are transitioning from laboratory curiosity to industrially viable materials driven by extensive community efforts to enhance their functionality and stability, and by breakthroughs in large-scale manufacturing.","PeriodicalId":18915,"journal":{"name":"Nature nanotechnology","volume":"20 11","pages":"1539-1539"},"PeriodicalIF":34.9,"publicationDate":"2025-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.comhttps://www.nature.com/articles/s41565-025-02095-9.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145513530","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-13DOI: 10.1038/s41565-025-02051-7
Yi Hou
An optimized gold nanolayer drives record efficiency in perovskite triple-junction solar cells, bringing laboratory performance closer to theoretical limits.
优化的金纳米层驱动钙钛矿三结太阳能电池的创纪录效率，使实验室性能更接近理论极限。
{"title":"Interface engineering in triple-junction perovskite solar cells","authors":"Yi Hou","doi":"10.1038/s41565-025-02051-7","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41565-025-02051-7","url":null,"abstract":"An optimized gold nanolayer drives record efficiency in perovskite triple-junction solar cells, bringing laboratory performance closer to theoretical limits.","PeriodicalId":18915,"journal":{"name":"Nature nanotechnology","volume":"21 1","pages":"13-14"},"PeriodicalIF":34.9,"publicationDate":"2025-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145498214","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-12DOI: 10.1038/s41565-025-02035-7
Diana M. Bowman
The lively debate on nanotechnology that started 20 years ago spurred a collaborative effort between the private and public sectors that developed as the field was growing, leading to the creation of a regulatory framework that underpins today’s successful implementation of nanotechnology. Emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence should take notice.
{"title":"The governance evolution of nanotechnology from controversy to consensus","authors":"Diana M. Bowman","doi":"10.1038/s41565-025-02035-7","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41565-025-02035-7","url":null,"abstract":"The lively debate on nanotechnology that started 20 years ago spurred a collaborative effort between the private and public sectors that developed as the field was growing, leading to the creation of a regulatory framework that underpins today’s successful implementation of nanotechnology. Emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence should take notice.","PeriodicalId":18915,"journal":{"name":"Nature nanotechnology","volume":"20 11","pages":"1540-1541"},"PeriodicalIF":34.9,"publicationDate":"2025-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145492535","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-11DOI: 10.1038/s41565-025-02052-6
Simon Finn Mayer, Marianna Fanouria Mitsioni, Paul Robin, Lukas van den Heuvel, Nathan Ronceray, Maria Jose Marcaida, Luciano A. Abriata, Lucien F. Krapp, Jana S. Anton, Sarah Soussou, Justin Jeanneret-Grosjean, Alessandro Fulciniti, Alexia Möller, Sarah Vacle, Lely Feletti, Henry Brinkerhoff, Andrew H. Laszlo, Jens H. Gundlach, Theo Emmerich, Matteo Dal Peraro, Aleksandra Radenovic
β-Barrel nanopores are involved in crucial biological processes, from ATP export in mitochondria to bacterial resistance, and represent a promising platform for emerging sequencing technologies. However, in contrast to ion channels, the understanding of the fundamental principles governing ion transport through these nanopores remains largely unexplored. Here we integrate experimental, numerical and theoretical approaches to elucidate ion transport mechanisms in β-barrel nanopores. We identify and characterize two distinct nonlinear phenomena: open-pore rectification and gating. Through extensive mutation analysis of aerolysin nanopores, we demonstrate that open-pore rectification is caused by ionic accumulation driven by the distribution of lumen charges. In addition, we provide converging evidence suggesting that gating is controlled by electric fields dissociating counterions from lumen charges, promoting local structural deformations. Our findings establish a rigorous framework for characterizing and understanding ion transport processes in protein-based nanopores, enabling the design of adaptable nanofluidic biotechnologies. We illustrate this by optimizing an aerolysin mutant for computing applications. By unifying data from engineered β-barrel nanopores and supported by modelling, it is demonstrated that the lumen charge in a β-barrel nanopore governs rectification and voltage-driven gating, with applications in computing using nanofluidic synapses.
{"title":"Lumen charge governs gated ion transport in β-barrel nanopores","authors":"Simon Finn Mayer, Marianna Fanouria Mitsioni, Paul Robin, Lukas van den Heuvel, Nathan Ronceray, Maria Jose Marcaida, Luciano A. Abriata, Lucien F. Krapp, Jana S. Anton, Sarah Soussou, Justin Jeanneret-Grosjean, Alessandro Fulciniti, Alexia Möller, Sarah Vacle, Lely Feletti, Henry Brinkerhoff, Andrew H. Laszlo, Jens H. Gundlach, Theo Emmerich, Matteo Dal Peraro, Aleksandra Radenovic","doi":"10.1038/s41565-025-02052-6","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41565-025-02052-6","url":null,"abstract":"β-Barrel nanopores are involved in crucial biological processes, from ATP export in mitochondria to bacterial resistance, and represent a promising platform for emerging sequencing technologies. However, in contrast to ion channels, the understanding of the fundamental principles governing ion transport through these nanopores remains largely unexplored. Here we integrate experimental, numerical and theoretical approaches to elucidate ion transport mechanisms in β-barrel nanopores. We identify and characterize two distinct nonlinear phenomena: open-pore rectification and gating. Through extensive mutation analysis of aerolysin nanopores, we demonstrate that open-pore rectification is caused by ionic accumulation driven by the distribution of lumen charges. In addition, we provide converging evidence suggesting that gating is controlled by electric fields dissociating counterions from lumen charges, promoting local structural deformations. Our findings establish a rigorous framework for characterizing and understanding ion transport processes in protein-based nanopores, enabling the design of adaptable nanofluidic biotechnologies. We illustrate this by optimizing an aerolysin mutant for computing applications. By unifying data from engineered β-barrel nanopores and supported by modelling, it is demonstrated that the lumen charge in a β-barrel nanopore governs rectification and voltage-driven gating, with applications in computing using nanofluidic synapses.","PeriodicalId":18915,"journal":{"name":"Nature nanotechnology","volume":"21 1","pages":"116-124"},"PeriodicalIF":34.9,"publicationDate":"2025-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.comhttps://www.nature.com/articles/s41565-025-02052-6.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145485046","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-07DOI: 10.1038/s41565-025-02044-6
Arnab Rudra, Akash Gupta, Kaelan Reed, Amy Deik, Jiyeon Min, Hasan Mansour A Mansour, Quang Trung Chinh Nguyen, Austin Danko, Yizong Hu, Allegra Berger, Michaela Prado, Amira Beck, Clary B. Clish, Jeffery B. Klauda, Robert Langer, Daniel G. Anderson
The next generation of mRNA vaccines must address several limitations, including enhancing vaccine potency and reducing toxicity. Here we develop a class of degradable, cyclic amino ionizable lipids via sequential combinatorial chemistry and rational design. Lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) formulated with the top-performing ionizable lipid, AMG1541, elicited similar protective neutralization antibody titres against an H3 influenza antigen when compared with the FDA-approved ionizable lipid SM-102 at a 100-fold lower dose, with enhanced clearance in vivo. AMG1541 mRNA LNPs substantially reduced expression in the liver following intramuscular injection, mitigating the associated toxicity. We also observed improved mRNA delivery to antigen-presenting cells at the injection site and the draining lymph node, leading to stronger germinal centre reactions. Structure–activity relationship studies suggest that cyclic headgroups and β-amino alcohols facilitate interactions with the mRNA backbone and enhance endosomal escape. The formulations developed here significantly enhance the potency of mRNA vaccines, and our structural insights may guide the development of next-generation vaccine delivery systems. This work presents a degradable ionizable lipid, AMG1541, for mRNA vaccines that significantly enhances potency and enables similar protective immunity at doses 100-fold lower than current standards, while also reducing toxicity and improving clearance in vivo.
{"title":"Degradable cyclic amino alcohol ionizable lipids as vectors for potent influenza mRNA vaccines","authors":"Arnab Rudra, Akash Gupta, Kaelan Reed, Amy Deik, Jiyeon Min, Hasan Mansour A Mansour, Quang Trung Chinh Nguyen, Austin Danko, Yizong Hu, Allegra Berger, Michaela Prado, Amira Beck, Clary B. Clish, Jeffery B. Klauda, Robert Langer, Daniel G. Anderson","doi":"10.1038/s41565-025-02044-6","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41565-025-02044-6","url":null,"abstract":"The next generation of mRNA vaccines must address several limitations, including enhancing vaccine potency and reducing toxicity. Here we develop a class of degradable, cyclic amino ionizable lipids via sequential combinatorial chemistry and rational design. Lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) formulated with the top-performing ionizable lipid, AMG1541, elicited similar protective neutralization antibody titres against an H3 influenza antigen when compared with the FDA-approved ionizable lipid SM-102 at a 100-fold lower dose, with enhanced clearance in vivo. AMG1541 mRNA LNPs substantially reduced expression in the liver following intramuscular injection, mitigating the associated toxicity. We also observed improved mRNA delivery to antigen-presenting cells at the injection site and the draining lymph node, leading to stronger germinal centre reactions. Structure–activity relationship studies suggest that cyclic headgroups and β-amino alcohols facilitate interactions with the mRNA backbone and enhance endosomal escape. The formulations developed here significantly enhance the potency of mRNA vaccines, and our structural insights may guide the development of next-generation vaccine delivery systems. This work presents a degradable ionizable lipid, AMG1541, for mRNA vaccines that significantly enhances potency and enables similar protective immunity at doses 100-fold lower than current standards, while also reducing toxicity and improving clearance in vivo.","PeriodicalId":18915,"journal":{"name":"Nature nanotechnology","volume":"20 12","pages":"1831-1842"},"PeriodicalIF":34.9,"publicationDate":"2025-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145455532","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
On-chip integration of independent channels of indistinguishable single photons is a prerequisite for scalable optical quantum information processing. This requires separate solid-state single-photon emitters to exhibit identical lifetime-limited transitions. This challenging task is usually further exacerbated by spectral diffusion due to complex charge noise near material surfaces made by nanofabrication processes. Here we develop a molecular quantum photonic chip and demonstrate on-chip Hong–Ou–Mandel quantum interference of indistinguishable single photons from independent molecules. The molecules are embedded in a single-crystalline organic nanosheet and integrated with single-mode waveguides without nanofabrication, thereby ensuring stable, lifetime-limited transitions. With the aid of Stark tuning, we show how 100 waveguide-coupled molecules can be tuned to the same frequency and achieve on-chip Hong–Ou–Mandel interference visibilities exceeding 0.97 for 2 molecules separately coupled to 2 waveguides. For two molecules with a controlled frequency difference, we unveil over 100-µs-long quantum beating in the interference, showing both excellent single-photon purity (particle nature) and long coherence (wave nature) of the emission. Our results showcase a possible strategy towards constructing scalable optical universal quantum processors and a promising platform for studying waveguide quantum electrodynamics with identical single emitters wired via photonic circuits. Hong–Ou–Mandel experiments on a quantum photonic chip demonstrate on-chip quantum interference of indistinguishable single photons with visibilities exceeding 0.97 for two molecules separately coupled to two waveguides.
片上集成不可区分的单光子独立通道是可扩展光量子信息处理的先决条件。这需要独立的固态单光子发射器表现出相同的有限寿命跃迁。由于纳米制造过程中材料表面附近复杂电荷噪声的光谱扩散，这一具有挑战性的任务通常会进一步加剧。本文开发了一种分子量子光子芯片，并在芯片上演示了独立分子中不可区分的单光子的Hong-Ou-Mandel量子干涉。这些分子被嵌入到单晶有机纳米片中，并与单模波导集成在一起，而无需纳米加工，从而确保稳定的、有寿命限制的过渡。在Stark调谐的帮助下，我们展示了如何将100个波导耦合分子调谐到相同的频率，并实现两个分子分别耦合到两个波导的片上hong - u - mandel干涉可见度超过0.97。对于频率差可控的两个分子，我们在干涉中揭示了超过100µs长的量子跳动，显示出优异的单光子纯度（粒子性质）和发射的长相干性（波性质）。我们的研究结果展示了构建可扩展的光学通用量子处理器的可能策略，以及通过光子电路连接的相同单发射器研究波导量子电动力学的有前途的平台。在量子光子芯片上的Hong-Ou-Mandel实验证明了两个分子分别耦合到两个波导上的不可区分单光子的片上量子干涉，其可见度超过0.97。
{"title":"On-chip quantum interference of indistinguishable single photons from integrated independent molecules","authors":"Tailin Huang, Miaomiao Xu, Wei Jin, Weixi Liu, Yixuan Chi, Jianwei Tang, Penglong Ren, Shangming Wei, Zhengxuan Bai, Yaocheng Shi, Xue-Wen Chen","doi":"10.1038/s41565-025-02043-7","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41565-025-02043-7","url":null,"abstract":"On-chip integration of independent channels of indistinguishable single photons is a prerequisite for scalable optical quantum information processing. This requires separate solid-state single-photon emitters to exhibit identical lifetime-limited transitions. This challenging task is usually further exacerbated by spectral diffusion due to complex charge noise near material surfaces made by nanofabrication processes. Here we develop a molecular quantum photonic chip and demonstrate on-chip Hong–Ou–Mandel quantum interference of indistinguishable single photons from independent molecules. The molecules are embedded in a single-crystalline organic nanosheet and integrated with single-mode waveguides without nanofabrication, thereby ensuring stable, lifetime-limited transitions. With the aid of Stark tuning, we show how 100 waveguide-coupled molecules can be tuned to the same frequency and achieve on-chip Hong–Ou–Mandel interference visibilities exceeding 0.97 for 2 molecules separately coupled to 2 waveguides. For two molecules with a controlled frequency difference, we unveil over 100-µs-long quantum beating in the interference, showing both excellent single-photon purity (particle nature) and long coherence (wave nature) of the emission. Our results showcase a possible strategy towards constructing scalable optical universal quantum processors and a promising platform for studying waveguide quantum electrodynamics with identical single emitters wired via photonic circuits. Hong–Ou–Mandel experiments on a quantum photonic chip demonstrate on-chip quantum interference of indistinguishable single photons with visibilities exceeding 0.97 for two molecules separately coupled to two waveguides.","PeriodicalId":18915,"journal":{"name":"Nature nanotechnology","volume":"20 12","pages":"1748-1756"},"PeriodicalIF":34.9,"publicationDate":"2025-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145441010","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-05DOI: 10.1038/s41565-025-02041-9
Yuanxin Deng, Ling Liu, Hong-Xi Luo, He Tian, Da-Hui Qu, Ben L. Feringa, Qi Zhang
Current chemical approaches for recycling synthetic plastics rely on either catalytic reactions to break covalent bonds or introducing weaker bonds in the plastic structure. In the former approach, depolymerization remains an energetically demanding step due to the thermodynamic stability of the plastic, whereas in the latter approach, the recyclability of plastic usually compromises mechanical properties. Here we present a supramolecular chemistry principle that results in a catalyst-free and solvent-free polymer-to-monomer transformation of a series of kinetically stable poly(disulfide)s. The coupling of two dynamic chemical equilibria—H-bond self-assembed stacking of the sidechains and dynamic covalent polymerization of the backbone—reversibly regulates the monomer–polymer equilibrium through simple solvation/desolvation cycles. Following this principle, we synthesize thermodynamically metastable, yet kinetically stable, poly(disulfide)s with high crystallinity and tunable mechanical properties. Upon mild thermal activation at 120 °C, the plastic can be readily recycled into crystalline monomers with quantitative yields and monomer purity >90%. The monomers can then be used to regenerate origin-quality polymers. Our findings offer a supramolecular route for designing closed-loop recyclable synthetic polymers. Using supramolecular chemistry principles, thermodynamically metastable, yet kinetically stable, poly(disulfide)s with tunable mechanical properties can be recycled into crystalline monomers with quantitative yields and monomer purity >90%.
{"title":"Supramolecular chemical recycling of dynamic polymers","authors":"Yuanxin Deng, Ling Liu, Hong-Xi Luo, He Tian, Da-Hui Qu, Ben L. Feringa, Qi Zhang","doi":"10.1038/s41565-025-02041-9","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41565-025-02041-9","url":null,"abstract":"Current chemical approaches for recycling synthetic plastics rely on either catalytic reactions to break covalent bonds or introducing weaker bonds in the plastic structure. In the former approach, depolymerization remains an energetically demanding step due to the thermodynamic stability of the plastic, whereas in the latter approach, the recyclability of plastic usually compromises mechanical properties. Here we present a supramolecular chemistry principle that results in a catalyst-free and solvent-free polymer-to-monomer transformation of a series of kinetically stable poly(disulfide)s. The coupling of two dynamic chemical equilibria—H-bond self-assembed stacking of the sidechains and dynamic covalent polymerization of the backbone—reversibly regulates the monomer–polymer equilibrium through simple solvation/desolvation cycles. Following this principle, we synthesize thermodynamically metastable, yet kinetically stable, poly(disulfide)s with high crystallinity and tunable mechanical properties. Upon mild thermal activation at 120 °C, the plastic can be readily recycled into crystalline monomers with quantitative yields and monomer purity >90%. The monomers can then be used to regenerate origin-quality polymers. Our findings offer a supramolecular route for designing closed-loop recyclable synthetic polymers. Using supramolecular chemistry principles, thermodynamically metastable, yet kinetically stable, poly(disulfide)s with tunable mechanical properties can be recycled into crystalline monomers with quantitative yields and monomer purity >90%.","PeriodicalId":18915,"journal":{"name":"Nature nanotechnology","volume":"20 12","pages":"1805-1812"},"PeriodicalIF":34.9,"publicationDate":"2025-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145441011","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-03DOI: 10.1038/s41565-025-02029-5
Haoran Zhang, Yinhe Wang, Yu Zhang, Fan Wu, Rui Huang, Sicong Wang, Xiaokang Liu, Yihua Ran, Zhiwen Zhang, Jun Cai, Huang Zhou, Tao Yao, Jun Jiang, Zhi Liu, Yu Mao, Wenhui Zhong, Lin Hu, Lei Zheng, Yuen Wu
As they are liquids at room temperature, gallium-based metal substrates allow catalytic metal atoms to move freely without lattice constraints, thereby facilitating the development of catalysts with reconfigurable structures. Here we design an iron-embedded liquid metal catalyst that enables reversible switching of the aggregation and electron spin of iron atoms by controlling an external magnetic field. This facilitates a reversible conversion of the primary liquid products, methyl hydroperoxide (CH3OOH) and acetic acid (CH3COOH), under ambient conditions. The catalyst achieves promising production rates (CH3OOH, 1,679.6 $${rm{m}}{rm{m}}{rm{o}}{rm{l}},{{rm{g}}}_{{rm{F}}{rm{e}}}^{-1},{{rm{h}}}^{-1}$$ ; CH3COOH, 790.5 $${rm{m}}{rm{m}}{rm{o}}{rm{l}},{{rm{g}}}_{{rm{F}}{rm{e}}}^{-1},{{rm{h}}}^{-1}$$ ) and high selectivities (CH3OOH, 99.9%; CH3COOH, 91.7%). In the absence of the magnetic field, iron atoms are atomically dispersed, leading to the C1 pathway without C–C bond coupling. When a magnetic field is applied, iron atoms cluster, favouring CH3COOH production in the C2 pathway. The product distribution can be finely and reversibly tuned with magnetic field intensity adjustments ranging from 0 to 500 G. Our findings highlight the potential for using an external magnetic field to precisely control catalytic pathways. A gallium-based, iron-embedded liquid metal catalyst enables reversible, magnetic-field-controlled switching between atomically dispersed and clustered iron states, achieving tunable production of CH₃OOH and CH₃COOH under ambient conditions.
由于镓基金属衬底在室温下是液体，因此它们允许催化金属原子在没有晶格限制的情况下自由移动，从而促进了具有可重构结构的催化剂的发展。本文设计了一种嵌入铁的液态金属催化剂，通过控制外部磁场实现铁原子聚集和电子自旋的可逆切换。这有利于初级液体产物甲基过氧化氢（CH3OOH）和乙酸（CH3COOH）在环境条件下的可逆转化。该催化剂具有良好的产率（CH3OOH, 1,679.6 $${rm{m}}{rm{m}}{rm{o}}{rm{l}},{{rm{g}}}_{{rm{F}}{rm{e}}}^{-1},{{rm{h}}}^{-1}$$; CH3COOH, 790.5 $${rm{m}}{rm{m}}{rm{o}}{rm{l}},{{rm{g}}}_{{rm{F}}{rm{e}}}^{-1},{{rm{h}}}^{-1}$$）和高选择性（CH3OOH, 99.9）%; CH3COOH, 91.7%). In the absence of the magnetic field, iron atoms are atomically dispersed, leading to the C1 pathway without C–C bond coupling. When a magnetic field is applied, iron atoms cluster, favouring CH3COOH production in the C2 pathway. The product distribution can be finely and reversibly tuned with magnetic field intensity adjustments ranging from 0 to 500 G. Our findings highlight the potential for using an external magnetic field to precisely control catalytic pathways. A gallium-based, iron-embedded liquid metal catalyst enables reversible, magnetic-field-controlled switching between atomically dispersed and clustered iron states, achieving tunable production of CH₃OOH and CH₃COOH under ambient conditions.
{"title":"Magnetically tunable selectivity in methane oxidation enabled by Fe-embedded liquid metal catalysts","authors":"Haoran Zhang, Yinhe Wang, Yu Zhang, Fan Wu, Rui Huang, Sicong Wang, Xiaokang Liu, Yihua Ran, Zhiwen Zhang, Jun Cai, Huang Zhou, Tao Yao, Jun Jiang, Zhi Liu, Yu Mao, Wenhui Zhong, Lin Hu, Lei Zheng, Yuen Wu","doi":"10.1038/s41565-025-02029-5","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41565-025-02029-5","url":null,"abstract":"As they are liquids at room temperature, gallium-based metal substrates allow catalytic metal atoms to move freely without lattice constraints, thereby facilitating the development of catalysts with reconfigurable structures. Here we design an iron-embedded liquid metal catalyst that enables reversible switching of the aggregation and electron spin of iron atoms by controlling an external magnetic field. This facilitates a reversible conversion of the primary liquid products, methyl hydroperoxide (CH3OOH) and acetic acid (CH3COOH), under ambient conditions. The catalyst achieves promising production rates (CH3OOH, 1,679.6 $${rm{m}}{rm{m}}{rm{o}}{rm{l}},{{rm{g}}}_{{rm{F}}{rm{e}}}^{-1},{{rm{h}}}^{-1}$$ ; CH3COOH, 790.5 $${rm{m}}{rm{m}}{rm{o}}{rm{l}},{{rm{g}}}_{{rm{F}}{rm{e}}}^{-1},{{rm{h}}}^{-1}$$ ) and high selectivities (CH3OOH, 99.9%; CH3COOH, 91.7%). In the absence of the magnetic field, iron atoms are atomically dispersed, leading to the C1 pathway without C–C bond coupling. When a magnetic field is applied, iron atoms cluster, favouring CH3COOH production in the C2 pathway. The product distribution can be finely and reversibly tuned with magnetic field intensity adjustments ranging from 0 to 500 G. Our findings highlight the potential for using an external magnetic field to precisely control catalytic pathways. A gallium-based, iron-embedded liquid metal catalyst enables reversible, magnetic-field-controlled switching between atomically dispersed and clustered iron states, achieving tunable production of CH₃OOH and CH₃COOH under ambient conditions.","PeriodicalId":18915,"journal":{"name":"Nature nanotechnology","volume":"20 12","pages":"1779-1786"},"PeriodicalIF":34.9,"publicationDate":"2025-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.comhttps://www.nature.com/articles/s41565-025-02029-5.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145427626","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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