Pub Date : 2025-12-12DOI: 10.1038/s41565-025-02105-w
The path towards high technology readiness levels in nanotechnology research and development goes through the sustainability route.
在纳米技术研究和发展中，通往高技术准备水平的道路是通过可持续性路线的。
{"title":"Linking nanotechnology and sustainability","authors":"","doi":"10.1038/s41565-025-02105-w","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41565-025-02105-w","url":null,"abstract":"The path towards high technology readiness levels in nanotechnology research and development goes through the sustainability route.","PeriodicalId":18915,"journal":{"name":"Nature nanotechnology","volume":"20 12","pages":"1713-1713"},"PeriodicalIF":34.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.comhttps://www.nature.com/articles/s41565-025-02105-w.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145742756","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-12DOI: 10.1038/s41565-025-02097-7
Zeyu Zhang, Juan Du
Picosecond quantum transients have been traced to nanotwinning superlattices in bulk FAPbI3 films, using a combination of ultrafast spectroscopy and microscopy.
皮秒量子瞬态已被追踪到体FAPbI3薄膜中的纳米孪晶超晶格，使用超快光谱和显微镜相结合。
{"title":"Visualizing the origin of picosecond quantum transients","authors":"Zeyu Zhang, Juan Du","doi":"10.1038/s41565-025-02097-7","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41565-025-02097-7","url":null,"abstract":"Picosecond quantum transients have been traced to nanotwinning superlattices in bulk FAPbI3 films, using a combination of ultrafast spectroscopy and microscopy.","PeriodicalId":18915,"journal":{"name":"Nature nanotechnology","volume":"20 12","pages":"1721-1722"},"PeriodicalIF":34.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145732827","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-12DOI: 10.1038/s41565-025-02096-8
Mark Peplow
Advances in materials science, microelectronics and semiconductor manufacturing are helping these devices to benefit patients.
材料科学、微电子和半导体制造的进步正在帮助这些设备造福患者。
{"title":"Brain–computer interfaces race to the clinic","authors":"Mark Peplow","doi":"10.1038/s41565-025-02096-8","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41565-025-02096-8","url":null,"abstract":"Advances in materials science, microelectronics and semiconductor manufacturing are helping these devices to benefit patients.","PeriodicalId":18915,"journal":{"name":"Nature nanotechnology","volume":"20 12","pages":"1714-1716"},"PeriodicalIF":34.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145732828","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-12DOI: 10.1038/s41565-025-02076-y
Steffen Weinmann, Lucie Quincke, Lisa Winkler, Jesse J. Hinricher, Fran Kurnia, Kun Joong Kim, Jennifer L. M. Rupp
The rapid rise of functional ceramics across various sectors, including electronics, energy storage and automotive, is projected to drive annual growth rates of up to 35% until 2030. With this significant growth, the substantial energy required for mining and ceramic manufacturing leads to notable greenhouse gas emissions. In this Review, we discuss measures to enhance the sustainability of functional ceramic materials, including low-energy and low-CO2 production methods. We evaluate their potential impact and technology readiness for functional ceramics with different nanoscale architectures and varying levels of structural and chemical complexity across diverse fields. We examine end-of-life recycling strategies and assess the role of critical raw materials in both established and rapidly growing markets, concluding with a discussion of supporting policy measures. Through this work, we propose a tangible action plan to lower CO2-equivalent emissions in producing future functional ceramics, whether through synthesis techniques, manufacturing tools, densification processes, or chemical and reaction protocols. This provides a blueprint for designing and manufacturing the next generation of more sustainable functional ceramic materials. This Review establishes a roadmap to improve the sustainability of functional ceramics through a holistic approach that combines low-energy and low-CO2 production methods, recycling strategies and supportive policy frameworks.
{"title":"Sustainable functional ceramics","authors":"Steffen Weinmann, Lucie Quincke, Lisa Winkler, Jesse J. Hinricher, Fran Kurnia, Kun Joong Kim, Jennifer L. M. Rupp","doi":"10.1038/s41565-025-02076-y","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41565-025-02076-y","url":null,"abstract":"The rapid rise of functional ceramics across various sectors, including electronics, energy storage and automotive, is projected to drive annual growth rates of up to 35% until 2030. With this significant growth, the substantial energy required for mining and ceramic manufacturing leads to notable greenhouse gas emissions. In this Review, we discuss measures to enhance the sustainability of functional ceramic materials, including low-energy and low-CO2 production methods. We evaluate their potential impact and technology readiness for functional ceramics with different nanoscale architectures and varying levels of structural and chemical complexity across diverse fields. We examine end-of-life recycling strategies and assess the role of critical raw materials in both established and rapidly growing markets, concluding with a discussion of supporting policy measures. Through this work, we propose a tangible action plan to lower CO2-equivalent emissions in producing future functional ceramics, whether through synthesis techniques, manufacturing tools, densification processes, or chemical and reaction protocols. This provides a blueprint for designing and manufacturing the next generation of more sustainable functional ceramic materials. This Review establishes a roadmap to improve the sustainability of functional ceramics through a holistic approach that combines low-energy and low-CO2 production methods, recycling strategies and supportive policy frameworks.","PeriodicalId":18915,"journal":{"name":"Nature nanotechnology","volume":"20 12","pages":"1729-1745"},"PeriodicalIF":34.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145742767","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-10DOI: 10.1038/s41565-025-02058-0
Aurore Dupin, Ohad Vonshak, Valerie Nir, Maya Levanon, Noa Avidan, Yiftach Divon, Steve Peleg, Seth Thompson, Vincent Noireaux, Shirley S. Daube, Roy H. Bar-Ziv
Cell-free synthetic biology approaches offer biosafe, low-cost and versatile genetic tools to advance therapeutic research and development. Measuring the antibody response to a range of target and off-target proteins is essential for deep immuno-profiling of therapeutic antibodies and individual patient immune responses. Here we extend a previously developed microfluidic-free biochip platform to quantitatively reconstitute interactions of cell-free synthesized antigens with antibodies in miniaturized, photolithographically patterned compartments from localized gene brushes. This creates a continuous density gradient of antigens displayed on the surface, generating multiple antibody binding curves, one in each single nanolitre-volume compartment for affinity determination. We used SARS-CoV-2 antigens to profile the specificity and affinity of monoclonal antibodies to more than 30 viral epitopes, which were synthesized simultaneously on a single chip. We also profiled polyclonal antibodies in a total of 1 μl of human serum, revealing patient-specific epitope profiles that are difficult to detect by conventional approaches. By spatially separating gene brushes in the compartment, we extended the gradient approach to reconstitute the interaction of on-chip cell-free expressed human ACE2 receptor with the viral receptor-binding domain in a specific manner. This on-chip genetically programmed approach enables rapid and quantitative interrogation of complex protein–protein interactions, without protein purification steps, for human immuno-profiling and preparedness for emerging pathogens. A microfluidic-free platform of miniaturized compartments displays on-chip-synthesized antigen gradients for quantitative epitope mapping of monoclonal antibodies and profiling of human sera and of human receptor–viral antigen interactions.
{"title":"Cell-free immuno-profiling on a genetically programmed biochip","authors":"Aurore Dupin, Ohad Vonshak, Valerie Nir, Maya Levanon, Noa Avidan, Yiftach Divon, Steve Peleg, Seth Thompson, Vincent Noireaux, Shirley S. Daube, Roy H. Bar-Ziv","doi":"10.1038/s41565-025-02058-0","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41565-025-02058-0","url":null,"abstract":"Cell-free synthetic biology approaches offer biosafe, low-cost and versatile genetic tools to advance therapeutic research and development. Measuring the antibody response to a range of target and off-target proteins is essential for deep immuno-profiling of therapeutic antibodies and individual patient immune responses. Here we extend a previously developed microfluidic-free biochip platform to quantitatively reconstitute interactions of cell-free synthesized antigens with antibodies in miniaturized, photolithographically patterned compartments from localized gene brushes. This creates a continuous density gradient of antigens displayed on the surface, generating multiple antibody binding curves, one in each single nanolitre-volume compartment for affinity determination. We used SARS-CoV-2 antigens to profile the specificity and affinity of monoclonal antibodies to more than 30 viral epitopes, which were synthesized simultaneously on a single chip. We also profiled polyclonal antibodies in a total of 1 μl of human serum, revealing patient-specific epitope profiles that are difficult to detect by conventional approaches. By spatially separating gene brushes in the compartment, we extended the gradient approach to reconstitute the interaction of on-chip cell-free expressed human ACE2 receptor with the viral receptor-binding domain in a specific manner. This on-chip genetically programmed approach enables rapid and quantitative interrogation of complex protein–protein interactions, without protein purification steps, for human immuno-profiling and preparedness for emerging pathogens. A microfluidic-free platform of miniaturized compartments displays on-chip-synthesized antigen gradients for quantitative epitope mapping of monoclonal antibodies and profiling of human sera and of human receptor–viral antigen interactions.","PeriodicalId":18915,"journal":{"name":"Nature nanotechnology","volume":"21 1","pages":"106-115"},"PeriodicalIF":34.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145711590","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-10DOI: 10.1038/s41565-025-02031-x
Hyunjin Jung, Daeyeon Lee, Kyoungryong Kim, Heewon Choi, Soojung An, Youngwan Lee, Sungjun Lee, Jiyong Yoon, Duhwan Seong, Yewon Kim, Jaepyo Jang, Subin Jin, Sumin Kim, Jeungeun Kum, Hyeok Kim, Sang Min Won, Hyungmin Kim, Seung-Pyo Lee, Hyung-Seop Han, Mikyung Shin, BongSoo Kim, Donghee Son
Conformal integration of electronics with soft, irregular organ topologies remains challenging, as tissue-like platforms with bulky dimensions ranging from a few millimetres to several hundred micrometres result in incomplete signal acquisition and chronic tissue compression. Although ultrathin nanoscale devices have recently been developed to address these challenges, they involve complex and delicate handling processes that limit their practical use and compromise their intrinsic performance. Here we present the development of a transformable and imperceptible hydrogel–elastomer adhesive bilayer based on ionic–electronic conductive nanomembranes (THIN) with a thickness of 350 nm. This approach leverages the amphiphilic properties and the combination of a hydrophilic tissue-adhesive hydrogel and a hydrophobic semiconducting elastomer. Dynamic bonding interactions at a heterogeneous interface, formed through a spin-coating process using orthogonal solvents, facilitate full compatibility with microfabrication. THIN exhibits an instantaneous rigid-to-soft phase transformation, transitioning from a hardness of 1.35 to 0.035 GPa and a stiffness of 0.16 to 9.08 × 10−5 GPa μm4, enabling facile handling when dried. On hydration, THIN achieves complete conformal contact with diverse surfaces, including those with low bending radii, along with rapid spontaneous adhesiveness. To demonstrate the unique electrical and mechanical characteristics, THIN was integrated into the active channel of an organic electrochemical transistor with a high µC* (µ, charge-carrier mobility; C*, volumetric capacitance). The resulting THIN-OECT exhibited an exceptional strain-insensitive ion–electron conduction performance, facilitating imperceptible tissue interfacing and precise biosignal monitoring through transformable phase changes. The rigid-to-soft transformation and imperceptible, morphology-adaptable nature of a hydrogel–elastomer adhesive bilayer based on ionic–electronic conductive nanomembranes enable the real-time stable monitoring of electrophysiological signals in vivo.
{"title":"Hydrogel–elastomer-based conductive nanomembranes for soft bioelectronics","authors":"Hyunjin Jung, Daeyeon Lee, Kyoungryong Kim, Heewon Choi, Soojung An, Youngwan Lee, Sungjun Lee, Jiyong Yoon, Duhwan Seong, Yewon Kim, Jaepyo Jang, Subin Jin, Sumin Kim, Jeungeun Kum, Hyeok Kim, Sang Min Won, Hyungmin Kim, Seung-Pyo Lee, Hyung-Seop Han, Mikyung Shin, BongSoo Kim, Donghee Son","doi":"10.1038/s41565-025-02031-x","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41565-025-02031-x","url":null,"abstract":"Conformal integration of electronics with soft, irregular organ topologies remains challenging, as tissue-like platforms with bulky dimensions ranging from a few millimetres to several hundred micrometres result in incomplete signal acquisition and chronic tissue compression. Although ultrathin nanoscale devices have recently been developed to address these challenges, they involve complex and delicate handling processes that limit their practical use and compromise their intrinsic performance. Here we present the development of a transformable and imperceptible hydrogel–elastomer adhesive bilayer based on ionic–electronic conductive nanomembranes (THIN) with a thickness of 350 nm. This approach leverages the amphiphilic properties and the combination of a hydrophilic tissue-adhesive hydrogel and a hydrophobic semiconducting elastomer. Dynamic bonding interactions at a heterogeneous interface, formed through a spin-coating process using orthogonal solvents, facilitate full compatibility with microfabrication. THIN exhibits an instantaneous rigid-to-soft phase transformation, transitioning from a hardness of 1.35 to 0.035 GPa and a stiffness of 0.16 to 9.08 × 10−5 GPa μm4, enabling facile handling when dried. On hydration, THIN achieves complete conformal contact with diverse surfaces, including those with low bending radii, along with rapid spontaneous adhesiveness. To demonstrate the unique electrical and mechanical characteristics, THIN was integrated into the active channel of an organic electrochemical transistor with a high µC* (µ, charge-carrier mobility; C*, volumetric capacitance). The resulting THIN-OECT exhibited an exceptional strain-insensitive ion–electron conduction performance, facilitating imperceptible tissue interfacing and precise biosignal monitoring through transformable phase changes. The rigid-to-soft transformation and imperceptible, morphology-adaptable nature of a hydrogel–elastomer adhesive bilayer based on ionic–electronic conductive nanomembranes enable the real-time stable monitoring of electrophysiological signals in vivo.","PeriodicalId":18915,"journal":{"name":"Nature nanotechnology","volume":"20 12","pages":"1822-1830"},"PeriodicalIF":34.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145711589","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-09DOI: 10.1038/s41565-025-02066-0
Hanbin Song, Xueyue Zhang, Lukasz Komza, Niccolo Fiaschi, Yihuang Xiong, Yiyang Zhi, Scott Dhuey, Adam Schwartzberg, Thomas Schenkel, Geoffroy Hautier, Zi-Huai Zhang, Alp Sipahigil
Colour centres provide an optical interface to quantum registers based on electron and nuclear spin qubits in solids. The T centre in silicon is an emerging spin–photon interface that combines telecom O-band optical transitions and an electron spin in a scalable photonics platform. Here we integrate T centres into single-mode photonic waveguides in a silicon-on-insulator platform. We demonstrate the initialization, coherent control and state read-out of a three-qubit register based on the electron spin of a T centre coupled to a hydrogen and a silicon nuclear spin. The spin register exhibits spin echo coherence times of 0.41(2) ms for the electron spin, 112(12) ms for the hydrogen nuclear spin and 67(7) ms for the silicon nuclear spin. We use nuclear–nuclear two-qubit gates to generate entanglement between the two nuclear spins with a fidelity of F = 0.77(3) and a coherence time of $${T}_{2}^{* }=2.60(8)$$ ms. Our results show that a T centre in silicon photonics can realize a multi-qubit register with an optical interface for quantum communication. A T colour centre in silicon, hyperfine-coupled to two nuclear spins, enables entanglement between the two nuclear spins with a fidelity of 0.77.
{"title":"Entanglement of a nuclear spin qubit register in silicon photonics","authors":"Hanbin Song, Xueyue Zhang, Lukasz Komza, Niccolo Fiaschi, Yihuang Xiong, Yiyang Zhi, Scott Dhuey, Adam Schwartzberg, Thomas Schenkel, Geoffroy Hautier, Zi-Huai Zhang, Alp Sipahigil","doi":"10.1038/s41565-025-02066-0","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41565-025-02066-0","url":null,"abstract":"Colour centres provide an optical interface to quantum registers based on electron and nuclear spin qubits in solids. The T centre in silicon is an emerging spin–photon interface that combines telecom O-band optical transitions and an electron spin in a scalable photonics platform. Here we integrate T centres into single-mode photonic waveguides in a silicon-on-insulator platform. We demonstrate the initialization, coherent control and state read-out of a three-qubit register based on the electron spin of a T centre coupled to a hydrogen and a silicon nuclear spin. The spin register exhibits spin echo coherence times of 0.41(2) ms for the electron spin, 112(12) ms for the hydrogen nuclear spin and 67(7) ms for the silicon nuclear spin. We use nuclear–nuclear two-qubit gates to generate entanglement between the two nuclear spins with a fidelity of F = 0.77(3) and a coherence time of $${T}_{2}^{* }=2.60(8)$$ ms. Our results show that a T centre in silicon photonics can realize a multi-qubit register with an optical interface for quantum communication. A T colour centre in silicon, hyperfine-coupled to two nuclear spins, enables entanglement between the two nuclear spins with a fidelity of 0.77.","PeriodicalId":18915,"journal":{"name":"Nature nanotechnology","volume":"21 1","pages":"53-57"},"PeriodicalIF":34.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145705152","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-08DOI: 10.1038/s41565-025-02069-x
Jia Wang, Zedong Zhang, Yan Zhang, Dongxian Li, Zechao Zhuang, Wei Liao, Tong Han, Lin Dong, Shule Wang, Dingsheng Wang, Jianchun Jiang
Converting plastic waste into valuable products mitigates plastic pollution and lowers the carbon footprint of naphtha-derived aromatics. However, the difficulties of precisely controlling complex multiphase systems and the catalyst inefficiencies hinder process viability. Here we report a vapour-phase hydrogenolysis strategy catalysed by Ru single atoms on Co3O4 (RuSA/Co3O4), decoupling depolymerization from hydrogenolysis to overcome the toluene yield–selectivity trade-off. In a pressurized dual-stage fixed-bed reactor, polystyrene undergoes hydropyrolysis at 475 °C, followed by vapour-phase hydrogenolysis at 275 °C (0.4 MPa H2, 2.4 s), yielding toluene with 99% selectivity, 83.5 wt% yield and 1,320 mmol gcat.−1 h−1 rate. The RuSA/Co3O4 catalyst demonstrates excellent stability, maintaining >99% conversion and selectivity during 100 h continuous operation (turnover number 24,747), and effectively processes diverse real-world polystyrene wastes. Life-cycle assessment shows a 53% carbon footprint reduction over fossil-based methods, while techno-economic analysis estimates a competitive minimum selling price of US$0.61 kg−1, below the US$1 kg−1 industry benchmark. A tandem catalytic strategy is developed to convert polystyrene waste into a spectrum of aromatic intermediates and subsequently into a single dominant product, toluene. This tandem design enhances product selectivity to 99% and minimizes downstream separation costs.
{"title":"Breaking the yield–selectivity trade-off in polystyrene waste valorization via tandem depolymerization and hydrogenolysis","authors":"Jia Wang, Zedong Zhang, Yan Zhang, Dongxian Li, Zechao Zhuang, Wei Liao, Tong Han, Lin Dong, Shule Wang, Dingsheng Wang, Jianchun Jiang","doi":"10.1038/s41565-025-02069-x","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41565-025-02069-x","url":null,"abstract":"Converting plastic waste into valuable products mitigates plastic pollution and lowers the carbon footprint of naphtha-derived aromatics. However, the difficulties of precisely controlling complex multiphase systems and the catalyst inefficiencies hinder process viability. Here we report a vapour-phase hydrogenolysis strategy catalysed by Ru single atoms on Co3O4 (RuSA/Co3O4), decoupling depolymerization from hydrogenolysis to overcome the toluene yield–selectivity trade-off. In a pressurized dual-stage fixed-bed reactor, polystyrene undergoes hydropyrolysis at 475 °C, followed by vapour-phase hydrogenolysis at 275 °C (0.4 MPa H2, 2.4 s), yielding toluene with 99% selectivity, 83.5 wt% yield and 1,320 mmol gcat.−1 h−1 rate. The RuSA/Co3O4 catalyst demonstrates excellent stability, maintaining >99% conversion and selectivity during 100 h continuous operation (turnover number 24,747), and effectively processes diverse real-world polystyrene wastes. Life-cycle assessment shows a 53% carbon footprint reduction over fossil-based methods, while techno-economic analysis estimates a competitive minimum selling price of US$0.61 kg−1, below the US$1 kg−1 industry benchmark. A tandem catalytic strategy is developed to convert polystyrene waste into a spectrum of aromatic intermediates and subsequently into a single dominant product, toluene. This tandem design enhances product selectivity to 99% and minimizes downstream separation costs.","PeriodicalId":18915,"journal":{"name":"Nature nanotechnology","volume":"21 1","pages":"87-94"},"PeriodicalIF":34.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145704432","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Semimetals can establish a low-resistance contact to semiconductors by suppressing metal-induced gap states. Although semimetals like bismuth have enabled an ultralow contact resistance for n-type two-dimensional semiconductors by mitigating metal-induced gap states, achieving a similar performance for p-type two-dimensional counterparts remains a notable hurdle. Here we introduce an ultrathin selenium interfacial layer with the highest work function among elements, effectively reducing the Schottky barrier height at the interface. Critically, the selenium layer interacts with the gold electrode, inducing band hybridization that transforms the contact interface from a semiconductor to a semimetal. This semimetallic characteristic, with its low density of states near the Fermi level, suppresses the formation of detrimental metal-induced gap states within the semiconductor. Applying this band-hybridized semimetallic contact to p-type WSe2 transistors results in a reduction in contact resistance to 540 Ω μm. Furthermore, the devices achieve a saturated ON-state current density of up to 430 μA μm-1 with an 80-nm channel length. This methodology is highly transferable and can be readily applied to other p-type semiconductors, including black phosphorus and carbon nanotubes, offering a scalable and reliable pathway for establishing low-resistance electrical contacts to nanoscale p-type semiconductor devices.
{"title":"Band-hybridized selenium contact for p-type semiconductors.","authors":"Cong Wang,Jianmiao Guo,Dexing Liu,Ziyuan Lin,Shuai Guo,Songhua Cai,Jianmin Yan,Baizhe He,Zhiyong Zhang,Min Zhang,Yang Chai","doi":"10.1038/s41565-025-02084-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41565-025-02084-y","url":null,"abstract":"Semimetals can establish a low-resistance contact to semiconductors by suppressing metal-induced gap states. Although semimetals like bismuth have enabled an ultralow contact resistance for n-type two-dimensional semiconductors by mitigating metal-induced gap states, achieving a similar performance for p-type two-dimensional counterparts remains a notable hurdle. Here we introduce an ultrathin selenium interfacial layer with the highest work function among elements, effectively reducing the Schottky barrier height at the interface. Critically, the selenium layer interacts with the gold electrode, inducing band hybridization that transforms the contact interface from a semiconductor to a semimetal. This semimetallic characteristic, with its low density of states near the Fermi level, suppresses the formation of detrimental metal-induced gap states within the semiconductor. Applying this band-hybridized semimetallic contact to p-type WSe2 transistors results in a reduction in contact resistance to 540 Ω μm. Furthermore, the devices achieve a saturated ON-state current density of up to 430 μA μm-1 with an 80-nm channel length. This methodology is highly transferable and can be readily applied to other p-type semiconductors, including black phosphorus and carbon nanotubes, offering a scalable and reliable pathway for establishing low-resistance electrical contacts to nanoscale p-type semiconductor devices.","PeriodicalId":18915,"journal":{"name":"Nature nanotechnology","volume":"39 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":38.3,"publicationDate":"2025-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145704349","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Reducing individual inflammatory factors does not always translate into clinical efficacy in rheumatoid arthritis (RA), an autoimmune disease characterized by joint inflammation. Proinflammatory M1 macrophages are a key driver of the hyperinflammatory joint microenvironment, which also promotes the progression of RA. Here we show that folate-receptor-targeted photosynthetic nanothylakoid (FA-PEG-NTK)-based phototherapy reprogrammes macrophages from M1 to anti-inflammatory M2, and successfully remodels the inflammatory RA microenvironment. The nanothylakoids were sourced from plant-derived thylakoids and developed by surface modification with distearoyl phosphoethanolamine–polyethylene glycol (PEG) via hydrophobic interactions to preserve their photocatalytic enzymes. We show that upon light irradiation in a mouse macrophage model of inflammation, the FA-PEG-NTK system generates oxygen and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, alleviating hypoxia and reducing reactive oxygen species. This rebalances the oxidative stress in M1 macrophages, thereby remodelling the inflammatory microenvironment in RA. We also show that in a collagen-induced arthritis rat model, FA-PEG-NTK-mediated phototherapy notably alleviated synovial hyperplasia and enhanced bone and cartilage regeneration, outperforming the clinical treatment methotrexate, with no apparent side effects. A plant-derived photosynthetic nanoplatform uses light to reprogramme immune cells, reduce inflammation and repair joints in rheumatoid arthritis, offering a safe and bioinspired therapy
{"title":"Bioengineered photosynthetic nanothylakoids reshape the inflammatory microenvironment for rheumatoid arthritis therapy","authors":"Ziyue Li, Yipei Yang, Yesi Shi, Dehong Hu, Duyang Gao, Yan Zhang, Hao Yu, Zichao Luo, Qimanguli Saiding, Na Kong, Hongyan Qian, Yuan Liu, Hairong Zheng, Yingjia Li, Wei Tao, Zonghai Sheng","doi":"10.1038/s41565-025-02063-3","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41565-025-02063-3","url":null,"abstract":"Reducing individual inflammatory factors does not always translate into clinical efficacy in rheumatoid arthritis (RA), an autoimmune disease characterized by joint inflammation. Proinflammatory M1 macrophages are a key driver of the hyperinflammatory joint microenvironment, which also promotes the progression of RA. Here we show that folate-receptor-targeted photosynthetic nanothylakoid (FA-PEG-NTK)-based phototherapy reprogrammes macrophages from M1 to anti-inflammatory M2, and successfully remodels the inflammatory RA microenvironment. The nanothylakoids were sourced from plant-derived thylakoids and developed by surface modification with distearoyl phosphoethanolamine–polyethylene glycol (PEG) via hydrophobic interactions to preserve their photocatalytic enzymes. We show that upon light irradiation in a mouse macrophage model of inflammation, the FA-PEG-NTK system generates oxygen and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, alleviating hypoxia and reducing reactive oxygen species. This rebalances the oxidative stress in M1 macrophages, thereby remodelling the inflammatory microenvironment in RA. We also show that in a collagen-induced arthritis rat model, FA-PEG-NTK-mediated phototherapy notably alleviated synovial hyperplasia and enhanced bone and cartilage regeneration, outperforming the clinical treatment methotrexate, with no apparent side effects. A plant-derived photosynthetic nanoplatform uses light to reprogramme immune cells, reduce inflammation and repair joints in rheumatoid arthritis, offering a safe and bioinspired therapy","PeriodicalId":18915,"journal":{"name":"Nature nanotechnology","volume":"21 1","pages":"125-139"},"PeriodicalIF":34.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145680730","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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