Pub Date : 2026-02-02DOI: 10.1038/s41565-025-02103-y
King Cho Wong, Ruoming Peng, Eric Anderson, Jackson Ross, Bowen Yang, Meixin Cheng, Sreehari Jayaram, Malik Lenger, Xuankai Zhou, Yan Tung Kong, Takashi Taniguchi, Kenji Watanabe, Michael A McGuire, Rainer Stöhr, Adam W Tsen, Elton J G Santos, Xiaodong Xu, Jörg Wrachtrup
Stacking two-dimensional layered materials offers a platform to engineer electronic and magnetic states. In general, the resulting states-such as moiré magnetism-have a periodicity at the length scale of the moiré unit cell. Here we study magnetic order in twisted double-bilayer chromium triiodide by means of scanning nitrogen-vacancy microscopy. We observe long-range magnetic textures extending beyond the single moiré unit cell, which we dub a super-moiré magnetic state. At small twist angles, the size of the spontaneous magnetic texture increases with twist angle, opposite to the underlying moiré wavelength. The spin-texture size reaches a maximum of about 300 nm in 1.1° twisted devices, an order of magnitude larger than the underlying moiré wavelength, and vanishes at twist angles above 2°. The obtained magnetic field maps suggest the formation of antiferromagnetic Néel-type skyrmions spanning multiple moiré cells. The twist-angle-dependent study, combined with large-scale atomistic Monte Carlo simulations, suggests that the magnetic competition between the Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction, magnetic anisotropy and exchange interactions-which all depend on the relative rotation of the layers-produces the topological textures that emerge in the super-moiré spin order.
{"title":"Super-moiré spin textures in twisted two-dimensional antiferromagnets.","authors":"King Cho Wong, Ruoming Peng, Eric Anderson, Jackson Ross, Bowen Yang, Meixin Cheng, Sreehari Jayaram, Malik Lenger, Xuankai Zhou, Yan Tung Kong, Takashi Taniguchi, Kenji Watanabe, Michael A McGuire, Rainer Stöhr, Adam W Tsen, Elton J G Santos, Xiaodong Xu, Jörg Wrachtrup","doi":"10.1038/s41565-025-02103-y","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41565-025-02103-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Stacking two-dimensional layered materials offers a platform to engineer electronic and magnetic states. In general, the resulting states-such as moiré magnetism-have a periodicity at the length scale of the moiré unit cell. Here we study magnetic order in twisted double-bilayer chromium triiodide by means of scanning nitrogen-vacancy microscopy. We observe long-range magnetic textures extending beyond the single moiré unit cell, which we dub a super-moiré magnetic state. At small twist angles, the size of the spontaneous magnetic texture increases with twist angle, opposite to the underlying moiré wavelength. The spin-texture size reaches a maximum of about 300 nm in 1.1° twisted devices, an order of magnitude larger than the underlying moiré wavelength, and vanishes at twist angles above 2°. The obtained magnetic field maps suggest the formation of antiferromagnetic Néel-type skyrmions spanning multiple moiré cells. The twist-angle-dependent study, combined with large-scale atomistic Monte Carlo simulations, suggests that the magnetic competition between the Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction, magnetic anisotropy and exchange interactions-which all depend on the relative rotation of the layers-produces the topological textures that emerge in the super-moiré spin order.</p>","PeriodicalId":18915,"journal":{"name":"Nature nanotechnology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":34.9,"publicationDate":"2026-02-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146106316","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-02DOI: 10.1038/s41565-025-02075-z
Mahsa Jalali, Tamer AbdElFatah, Carolina del Real Mata, Imman I. Hosseini, Sripadh Guptha Yedire, Geoffrey A. McKay, Rachel Corsini, Roozbeh Siavash Moakhar, Hamed Shieh, Grace Reszetnik, Seyed Vahid Hamidi, Cedric P. Yansouni, Dao Nguyen, Sara Mahshid
Antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) technologies that rapidly identify pathogenic bacteria and their resistance phenotypes are critical in addressing the antimicrobial resistance crisis, enabling timely and precise antibiotic treatment decisions. We present a modular automated platform based on nanoplasmonic colorimetry in microfluidics for parallel bacterial identification and phenotypic profiling of AST (QolorPhAST), achieving an eightfold enhancement in detection rapidity. QolorPhAST reduces drug susceptibility profiling times in direct specimens from days to minutes, bypassing overnight cultures and pathogen isolation typically required in standard clinical AST workflows. The approach was validated with a broad range of microbial pathogens, spanning 10 bacterial species and 34 strains across various antibiotic concentrations to identify pathogens and antibiotic minimal inhibitory concentrations in a multiplexed fashion. In a proof-of-concept clinical study, QolorPhAST was tested with a cohort of blinded patient samples suspected of urinary tract infections, achieving 100% accuracy in species identification, an average categorical agreement of 91.81% and an average essential agreement of 86.4%, with a turnaround time of 36 min from specimen introduction to result. The study suggests that QolorPhAST, with its ease of use and cost-effectiveness, can be a transformative solution to address the antimicrobial resistance burden. A modular, point-of-care device combining hemispheric plasmonic nanoarrays and automated microfluidics enables nucleic acid amplification and metabolic cell viability assay for rapid bacterial identification and antibiotic susceptibility testing.
{"title":"Ultra-rapid nanoplasmonic colorimetry in microfluidics for antimicrobial susceptibility testing directly from specimens","authors":"Mahsa Jalali, Tamer AbdElFatah, Carolina del Real Mata, Imman I. Hosseini, Sripadh Guptha Yedire, Geoffrey A. McKay, Rachel Corsini, Roozbeh Siavash Moakhar, Hamed Shieh, Grace Reszetnik, Seyed Vahid Hamidi, Cedric P. Yansouni, Dao Nguyen, Sara Mahshid","doi":"10.1038/s41565-025-02075-z","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41565-025-02075-z","url":null,"abstract":"Antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) technologies that rapidly identify pathogenic bacteria and their resistance phenotypes are critical in addressing the antimicrobial resistance crisis, enabling timely and precise antibiotic treatment decisions. We present a modular automated platform based on nanoplasmonic colorimetry in microfluidics for parallel bacterial identification and phenotypic profiling of AST (QolorPhAST), achieving an eightfold enhancement in detection rapidity. QolorPhAST reduces drug susceptibility profiling times in direct specimens from days to minutes, bypassing overnight cultures and pathogen isolation typically required in standard clinical AST workflows. The approach was validated with a broad range of microbial pathogens, spanning 10 bacterial species and 34 strains across various antibiotic concentrations to identify pathogens and antibiotic minimal inhibitory concentrations in a multiplexed fashion. In a proof-of-concept clinical study, QolorPhAST was tested with a cohort of blinded patient samples suspected of urinary tract infections, achieving 100% accuracy in species identification, an average categorical agreement of 91.81% and an average essential agreement of 86.4%, with a turnaround time of 36 min from specimen introduction to result. The study suggests that QolorPhAST, with its ease of use and cost-effectiveness, can be a transformative solution to address the antimicrobial resistance burden. A modular, point-of-care device combining hemispheric plasmonic nanoarrays and automated microfluidics enables nucleic acid amplification and metabolic cell viability assay for rapid bacterial identification and antibiotic susceptibility testing.","PeriodicalId":18915,"journal":{"name":"Nature nanotechnology","volume":"21 2","pages":"288-299"},"PeriodicalIF":34.9,"publicationDate":"2026-02-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146106313","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Superconducting diodes promise low-dissipation rectification for superconducting electronics and low-temperature applications. Generating a quantized d.c. voltage from radio-frequency (rf) irradiation without external bias could enable self-powered cryogenic devices but are challenging to realize. Here we use the kagome superconductor CsV3Sb5 to demonstrate quantized rf rectification at zero magnetic field. We fabricate transport devices from mechanically exfoliated single-crystal nanobeams with a thickness of 100-200 nm and a width of 1 μm contacted by gold electrodes. These devices exhibit Josephson effects, probably originating from intrinsic weak links within the material, and show Josephson diode effects even at zero external magnetic field. Under rf irradiation without a current bias, a d.c. voltage emerges and scales linearly with the microwave frequency f as V d.c. = hf / 2 e , where h is Planck's constant and e is the electron charge. At constant frequency, the voltage increases in quantized steps with increasing rf power, consistent with the emergence of Shapiro steps. Our work establishes CsV3Sb5 as a potential platform for cryogenic-temperature wireless power sources and self-powered voltage standards.
超导二极管为超导电子和低温应用提供了低耗散整流的前景。从射频（rf）照射产生无外部偏置的量子化直流电压可以实现自供电的低温设备，但实现起来具有挑战性。在这里，我们使用kagome超导体CsV3Sb5来演示零磁场下的量化射频整流。我们利用机械剥离的单晶纳米梁制造传输器件，其厚度为100-200 nm，宽度为1 μm，并与金电极接触。这些器件表现出约瑟夫森效应，可能源于材料内部的固有薄弱环节，并且即使在零外磁场下也表现出约瑟夫森二极管效应。在无电流偏置的射频照射下，直流电压出现，并与微波频率f成线性关系，为V dc = hf / 2e，其中h为普朗克常数，e为电子电荷。在恒定频率下，电压随射频功率的增加呈量化阶跃增加，与夏皮罗阶跃的出现一致。我们的工作确立了CsV3Sb5作为低温无线电源和自供电电压标准的潜在平台。
{"title":"Quantized radio-frequency rectification in a kagome superconductor Josephson diode.","authors":"Han-Xin Lou,Jing-Jing Chen,Xing-Guo Ye,Zhen-Bing Tan,An-Qi Wang,Qing Yin,Xin Liao,Jing-Zhi Fang,Xing-Yu Liu,Yi-Lin He,Zhen-Tao Zhang,Chuan Li,Zhong-Ming Wei,Xiu-Mei Ma,Da-Peng Yu,Zhi-Min Liao","doi":"10.1038/s41565-025-02120-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41565-025-02120-x","url":null,"abstract":"Superconducting diodes promise low-dissipation rectification for superconducting electronics and low-temperature applications. Generating a quantized d.c. voltage from radio-frequency (rf) irradiation without external bias could enable self-powered cryogenic devices but are challenging to realize. Here we use the kagome superconductor CsV3Sb5 to demonstrate quantized rf rectification at zero magnetic field. We fabricate transport devices from mechanically exfoliated single-crystal nanobeams with a thickness of 100-200 nm and a width of 1 μm contacted by gold electrodes. These devices exhibit Josephson effects, probably originating from intrinsic weak links within the material, and show Josephson diode effects even at zero external magnetic field. Under rf irradiation without a current bias, a d.c. voltage emerges and scales linearly with the microwave frequency f as V d.c. = hf / 2 e , where h is Planck's constant and e is the electron charge. At constant frequency, the voltage increases in quantized steps with increasing rf power, consistent with the emergence of Shapiro steps. Our work establishes CsV3Sb5 as a potential platform for cryogenic-temperature wireless power sources and self-powered voltage standards.","PeriodicalId":18915,"journal":{"name":"Nature nanotechnology","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":38.3,"publicationDate":"2026-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146089055","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-29DOI: 10.1038/s41565-025-02113-w
Pei Yu, Zhiwei Jin, Lulu Meng, Zhiqiang Shi, Meng Li, Jun Luo, Xiong Zhu, Lei Yang, Yong Yin, Chao Zhang, Lingyi Kong
Surgical resection remains the primary treatment for most solid tumours, yet metastatic tumour cells remaining after surgery substantially contribute to cancer-related mortality and recurrence. Here we identify syntaxin 11 as a key regulator that enhances the expression of MHC I and co-stimulatory molecules CD80/CD86 on tumour cell membranes, enabling cancer cells to acquire dendritic-cell-like features. By overexpressing syntaxin 11 in autologous tumour cells obtained from surgical resections, we generated MHC Ihigh/CD80high/CD86high dendritic-cell-like cells. Utilizing the cell membranes of these modified cells, we engineered artificial dendritic-cell-like cell-derived vesicles as a personalized autologous nanovaccine for the immunotherapy of postoperative metastatic cancer. This nanovaccine substantially improves antigen delivery to lymphoid organs and enhances antigen presentation efficiency through tumour self-presentation, thereby disrupting traditional vaccine development paradigms. Our work provides a promising avenue for developing effective metastatic cancer immunotherapies and offers hope for personalized postoperative immunotherapy.
{"title":"Biomimetic vesicles engineered from modified tumour cells act as personalized vaccines for post-surgical cancer immunotherapy.","authors":"Pei Yu, Zhiwei Jin, Lulu Meng, Zhiqiang Shi, Meng Li, Jun Luo, Xiong Zhu, Lei Yang, Yong Yin, Chao Zhang, Lingyi Kong","doi":"10.1038/s41565-025-02113-w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41565-025-02113-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Surgical resection remains the primary treatment for most solid tumours, yet metastatic tumour cells remaining after surgery substantially contribute to cancer-related mortality and recurrence. Here we identify syntaxin 11 as a key regulator that enhances the expression of MHC I and co-stimulatory molecules CD80/CD86 on tumour cell membranes, enabling cancer cells to acquire dendritic-cell-like features. By overexpressing syntaxin 11 in autologous tumour cells obtained from surgical resections, we generated MHC I<sup>high</sup>/CD80<sup>high</sup>/CD86<sup>high</sup> dendritic-cell-like cells. Utilizing the cell membranes of these modified cells, we engineered artificial dendritic-cell-like cell-derived vesicles as a personalized autologous nanovaccine for the immunotherapy of postoperative metastatic cancer. This nanovaccine substantially improves antigen delivery to lymphoid organs and enhances antigen presentation efficiency through tumour self-presentation, thereby disrupting traditional vaccine development paradigms. Our work provides a promising avenue for developing effective metastatic cancer immunotherapies and offers hope for personalized postoperative immunotherapy.</p>","PeriodicalId":18915,"journal":{"name":"Nature nanotechnology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":34.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146086219","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-28DOI: 10.1038/s41565-025-02085-x
Jean-Jacques Greffet, Aurelian Loirette-Pelous
The emission of electromagnetic waves from solids encompasses a wide range of processes, including incandescence, fluorescence, electroluminescence, scintillation, cathodoluminescence and light emission from inelastic tunnelling. Different models can be used to describe them; for example, thermal emission from hot bodies is computed using statistical physics, photon emission from an excited electron is treated with quantum mechanics and emission from a current in an antenna is quantitatively described by Maxwell’s equations. However, most emitting systems involve statistical ensembles of excited electrons interacting with complex electromagnetic environments, so a blend of the three approaches is needed. The purpose of this Review is to provide a unified framework that combines recent theoretical works that have been developed to quantitatively account for light emission processes in solids. We begin with an overview of the electrodynamics approach used to model incandescence. This framework is then extended to describe light emission from optically or electrically pumped semiconductors. Finally, we generalize the procedure to strongly non-equilibrium systems and illustrate its application through several examples. This Review extends fluctuational electrodynamics, introduced originally to deal with radiation due to thermal fluctuations, to provide a unified quantitative theoretical framework that accounts for light emission processes in solids.
{"title":"A unified model for light emission from solids","authors":"Jean-Jacques Greffet, Aurelian Loirette-Pelous","doi":"10.1038/s41565-025-02085-x","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41565-025-02085-x","url":null,"abstract":"The emission of electromagnetic waves from solids encompasses a wide range of processes, including incandescence, fluorescence, electroluminescence, scintillation, cathodoluminescence and light emission from inelastic tunnelling. Different models can be used to describe them; for example, thermal emission from hot bodies is computed using statistical physics, photon emission from an excited electron is treated with quantum mechanics and emission from a current in an antenna is quantitatively described by Maxwell’s equations. However, most emitting systems involve statistical ensembles of excited electrons interacting with complex electromagnetic environments, so a blend of the three approaches is needed. The purpose of this Review is to provide a unified framework that combines recent theoretical works that have been developed to quantitatively account for light emission processes in solids. We begin with an overview of the electrodynamics approach used to model incandescence. This framework is then extended to describe light emission from optically or electrically pumped semiconductors. Finally, we generalize the procedure to strongly non-equilibrium systems and illustrate its application through several examples. This Review extends fluctuational electrodynamics, introduced originally to deal with radiation due to thermal fluctuations, to provide a unified quantitative theoretical framework that accounts for light emission processes in solids.","PeriodicalId":18915,"journal":{"name":"Nature nanotechnology","volume":"21 2","pages":"184-197"},"PeriodicalIF":34.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146070113","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-28DOI: 10.1038/s41565-025-02121-w
Nirmal Roy, Pengua Ying, Simon Salleh Atri, Yoav Sharaby, Noam Raab, Youngki Yeo, Kenji Watanabe, Takashi Taniguchi, Michael Urbakh, Oded Hod, Moshe Ben Shalom
Graphitic polytypes—commensurate stacking variants of graphene layers—exhibit pronounced stacking-dependent properties, including intrinsic polarization, orbital magnetism and unconventional superconductivity. Previous attempts to switch between these polytypes required micrometre-scale domains and micronewton loading forces, severely limiting practical multi-ferroic functionality. Here we demonstrate fully reversible transformations of Bernal tetralayers to rhombohedral crystals down to 30-nanometre-scale dimensions, using <1 nanonewton lateral shear forces and an energy of <1 femtojoule per switching event. We achieve this by inserting an intentionally misaligned spacer, patterned by nanometre-scale cavities, between a pair of aligned bilayers. Within each cavity, the active bilayers sag to form stable single-domain polytypes, whereas outside the cavities, the layers slide freely over superlubric, incommensurate interfaces with ultralow friction. Conducting-probe force-microscopy experiments, supported by force-field calculations, reveal edge-nucleated boundary solitons that slide spontaneously to switch the commensurate domains, indicating ultralow pinning and long-range strain relaxations extending tens of nanometres beyond the islands. By engineering cavity geometries, we program elastic coupling between neighbouring islands and tune switching thresholds and trajectories. This reconfigurable slidetronic control establishes a robust route to multi-ferroic response and elastically coupled switching among distinct stacking states.
{"title":"Switching graphitic polytypes in elastically coupled cavities","authors":"Nirmal Roy, Pengua Ying, Simon Salleh Atri, Yoav Sharaby, Noam Raab, Youngki Yeo, Kenji Watanabe, Takashi Taniguchi, Michael Urbakh, Oded Hod, Moshe Ben Shalom","doi":"10.1038/s41565-025-02121-w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41565-025-02121-w","url":null,"abstract":"Graphitic polytypes—commensurate stacking variants of graphene layers—exhibit pronounced stacking-dependent properties, including intrinsic polarization, orbital magnetism and unconventional superconductivity. Previous attempts to switch between these polytypes required micrometre-scale domains and micronewton loading forces, severely limiting practical multi-ferroic functionality. Here we demonstrate fully reversible transformations of Bernal tetralayers to rhombohedral crystals down to 30-nanometre-scale dimensions, using <1 nanonewton lateral shear forces and an energy of <1 femtojoule per switching event. We achieve this by inserting an intentionally misaligned spacer, patterned by nanometre-scale cavities, between a pair of aligned bilayers. Within each cavity, the active bilayers sag to form stable single-domain polytypes, whereas outside the cavities, the layers slide freely over superlubric, incommensurate interfaces with ultralow friction. Conducting-probe force-microscopy experiments, supported by force-field calculations, reveal edge-nucleated boundary solitons that slide spontaneously to switch the commensurate domains, indicating ultralow pinning and long-range strain relaxations extending tens of nanometres beyond the islands. By engineering cavity geometries, we program elastic coupling between neighbouring islands and tune switching thresholds and trajectories. This reconfigurable slidetronic control establishes a robust route to multi-ferroic response and elastically coupled switching among distinct stacking states.","PeriodicalId":18915,"journal":{"name":"Nature nanotechnology","volume":"44 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":38.3,"publicationDate":"2026-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146057186","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-21DOI: 10.1038/s41565-025-02054-4
Daniel Timmer, Moritz Gittinger, Thomas Quenzel, Alisson R. Cadore, Barbara L. T. Rosa, Wenshan Li, Giancarlo Soavi, Daniel C. Lünemann, Sven Stephan, Lara Greten, Marten Richter, Andreas Knorr, Antonietta De Sio, Martin Silies, Giulio Cerullo, Andrea C. Ferrari, Christoph Lienau
Exciton polaritons based on atomically thin semiconductors are essential building blocks of quantum optoelectronic devices. Their properties are governed by an ultrafast and oscillatory energy transfer between their excitonic and photonic constituents, resulting in the formation of polaritonic quasiparticles with pronounced nonlinearities induced by the excitonic component. In metallic, plasmonic nanoresonators, dissipation phenomena limit the polariton lifetime to a few tens of femtoseconds, so short that the role of these polaritons for the nonlinear response of such hybrids is yet unexplored. Here we use ultrafast two-dimensional electronic spectroscopy (2DES) to uncover coherent polariton dynamics in a hybrid monolayer (1L) WS2/plasmonic nanostructure. With respect to an uncoupled WS2 flake, we observe an over 20-fold, polarization-dependent enhancement of the optical nonlinearity and a rapid evolution of the 2DES spectra within ~70 fs. We relate these dynamics to a transition from coherent polaritons to incoherent excitations, unravel the microscopic origin of the optical nonlinearities and show the potential of coherent polaritons for ultrafast all-optical switching. Strongly enhanced optical nonlinearities and an ultrafast transition from coherent to incoherent polariton excitations are demonstrated by coupling an atomically thin WS2 layer to a plasmonic nanostructure using ultrafast multidimensional spectroscopy.
{"title":"Ultrafast transition from coherent to incoherent polariton nonlinearities in a hybrid 1L-WS2/plasmon structure","authors":"Daniel Timmer, Moritz Gittinger, Thomas Quenzel, Alisson R. Cadore, Barbara L. T. Rosa, Wenshan Li, Giancarlo Soavi, Daniel C. Lünemann, Sven Stephan, Lara Greten, Marten Richter, Andreas Knorr, Antonietta De Sio, Martin Silies, Giulio Cerullo, Andrea C. Ferrari, Christoph Lienau","doi":"10.1038/s41565-025-02054-4","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41565-025-02054-4","url":null,"abstract":"Exciton polaritons based on atomically thin semiconductors are essential building blocks of quantum optoelectronic devices. Their properties are governed by an ultrafast and oscillatory energy transfer between their excitonic and photonic constituents, resulting in the formation of polaritonic quasiparticles with pronounced nonlinearities induced by the excitonic component. In metallic, plasmonic nanoresonators, dissipation phenomena limit the polariton lifetime to a few tens of femtoseconds, so short that the role of these polaritons for the nonlinear response of such hybrids is yet unexplored. Here we use ultrafast two-dimensional electronic spectroscopy (2DES) to uncover coherent polariton dynamics in a hybrid monolayer (1L) WS2/plasmonic nanostructure. With respect to an uncoupled WS2 flake, we observe an over 20-fold, polarization-dependent enhancement of the optical nonlinearity and a rapid evolution of the 2DES spectra within ~70 fs. We relate these dynamics to a transition from coherent polaritons to incoherent excitations, unravel the microscopic origin of the optical nonlinearities and show the potential of coherent polaritons for ultrafast all-optical switching. Strongly enhanced optical nonlinearities and an ultrafast transition from coherent to incoherent polariton excitations are demonstrated by coupling an atomically thin WS2 layer to a plasmonic nanostructure using ultrafast multidimensional spectroscopy.","PeriodicalId":18915,"journal":{"name":"Nature nanotechnology","volume":"21 2","pages":"216-222"},"PeriodicalIF":34.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.comhttps://www.nature.com/articles/s41565-025-02054-4.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146005985","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The emergent properties of materials are governed by the symmetries of their underlying atomic, spin and charge order. Therefore, intrinsic material properties usually constrain the exploration of symmetry-breaking effects. Focused ion beam (FIB) fabrication now enables the structuring of bulk crystals into ultraprecise transport devices, allowing the study of geometrical symmetry breaking on mesoscopic length scales. Here we extend FIB nanostructuring into three-dimensional, curvilinear geometries. Using single crystals of the high-mobility, centrosymmetric magnetic Weyl semimetal Co3Sn2S2, we sculpt helices with lengths of 3–14 μm, diameters of 1–4 μm and pitches ranging from 500 nm to 2 μm. Lock-in measurements on the helical devices at temperatures between 10 K and 190 K show that the combination of imposed inversion symmetry-breaking geometry and ferromagnetism yields non-reciprocal electron transport—or diode effect—at zero applied magnetic field, exceeding classical self-field expectations by orders of magnitude at low temperatures. We attribute this behaviour to the quasi-ballistic motion of carriers as the mean free path approaches the length scale of the chiral device geometry. Finally, we show that current pulses can switch the magnetization of the device. These results highlight the potential of FIB nanosculpting to engineer symmetry and functionality beyond conventional device geometries.
{"title":"Nanosculpted 3D helices of a magnetic Weyl semimetal with switchable non-reciprocal electron transport","authors":"Max T. Birch, Yukako Fujishiro, Ilya Belopolski, Masataka Mogi, Yi-Ling Chiew, Zhuolin Li, Xiuzhen Yu, Naoto Nagaosa, Minoru Kawamura, Yoshinori Tokura","doi":"10.1038/s41565-025-02104-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41565-025-02104-x","url":null,"abstract":"The emergent properties of materials are governed by the symmetries of their underlying atomic, spin and charge order. Therefore, intrinsic material properties usually constrain the exploration of symmetry-breaking effects. Focused ion beam (FIB) fabrication now enables the structuring of bulk crystals into ultraprecise transport devices, allowing the study of geometrical symmetry breaking on mesoscopic length scales. Here we extend FIB nanostructuring into three-dimensional, curvilinear geometries. Using single crystals of the high-mobility, centrosymmetric magnetic Weyl semimetal Co3Sn2S2, we sculpt helices with lengths of 3–14 μm, diameters of 1–4 μm and pitches ranging from 500 nm to 2 μm. Lock-in measurements on the helical devices at temperatures between 10 K and 190 K show that the combination of imposed inversion symmetry-breaking geometry and ferromagnetism yields non-reciprocal electron transport—or diode effect—at zero applied magnetic field, exceeding classical self-field expectations by orders of magnitude at low temperatures. We attribute this behaviour to the quasi-ballistic motion of carriers as the mean free path approaches the length scale of the chiral device geometry. Finally, we show that current pulses can switch the magnetization of the device. These results highlight the potential of FIB nanosculpting to engineer symmetry and functionality beyond conventional device geometries.","PeriodicalId":18915,"journal":{"name":"Nature nanotechnology","volume":"94 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":38.3,"publicationDate":"2026-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146005994","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-21DOI: 10.1038/s41565-025-02107-8
Liming Zhao, Kyle L. O’Donnell, Megha Dubey, Yuting Wang, Nathan R. Martinez, Yunxiao Zhang, Holly M. Steininger, Chao Ma, Vamsee Mallajosyula, Lorene L. Y. Lee, Rovin N. Lachmansingh, Suzan Stavitsky, Eri Takematsu, Malachia Y. Hoover, Honglin Chen, Jing Guo, Annette Wu, Yifan Ma, Xiaotian Wang, Ansel P. Nalin, Seong Dong Jeong, Wan-Jin Lu, Patricia K. Nguyen, Chad S. Clancy, Michal C. Tal, Jun Xiao, Michael T. Longaker, Andrew S. Lee, Betty Y. S. Kim, Thomas H. Ambrosi, Irving L. Weissman, Mark M. Davis, Kim J. Hasenkrug, Yueh-hsiu Chien, Wen Jiang, Andrea Marzi, Charles K. F. Chan
Despite advances in vaccine and antiviral drug development, the prevention of respiratory viral infection and transmission remains a substantial challenge worldwide. One obvious limitation of these approaches is that they do not provide robust protection at the initial site of infection, which is the respiratory mucosa. Currently, strategies to enhance mucosal immunity against respiratory pathogens remain lacking. Here we engineered mucus-tethering bispecific nanobodies designed to provide the simultaneous neutralization of viruses by binding to their surface proteins and the entrapment of viruses within the mucus by securing them to mucin. Compared with conventional non-mucus-tethering nanobodies, these mucus-tethering bispecific nanobodies demonstrated increased retention in the respiratory tract, provided enhanced protection against influenza viral infection in mice and reduced SARS-CoV-2 transmission in hamsters. Together, our findings represent a promising strategy for enhancing mucosal defences against respiratory viruses by blocking viral entry and limiting onward transmission.
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