Pub Date : 2025-12-08DOI: 10.1038/s41565-025-02069-x
Jia Wang, Zedong Zhang, Yan Zhang, Dongxian Li, Zechao Zhuang, Wei Liao, Tong Han, Lin Dong, Shule Wang, Dingsheng Wang, Jianchun Jiang
Converting plastic waste into valuable products mitigates plastic pollution and lowers the carbon footprint of naphtha-derived aromatics. However, the difficulties of precisely controlling complex multiphase systems and the catalyst inefficiencies hinder process viability. Here we report a vapour-phase hydrogenolysis strategy catalysed by Ru single atoms on Co3O4 (RuSA/Co3O4), decoupling depolymerization from hydrogenolysis to overcome the toluene yield–selectivity trade-off. In a pressurized dual-stage fixed-bed reactor, polystyrene undergoes hydropyrolysis at 475 °C, followed by vapour-phase hydrogenolysis at 275 °C (0.4 MPa H2, 2.4 s), yielding toluene with 99% selectivity, 83.5 wt% yield and 1,320 mmol gcat.−1 h−1 rate. The RuSA/Co3O4 catalyst demonstrates excellent stability, maintaining >99% conversion and selectivity during 100 h continuous operation (turnover number 24,747), and effectively processes diverse real-world polystyrene wastes. Life-cycle assessment shows a 53% carbon footprint reduction over fossil-based methods, while techno-economic analysis estimates a competitive minimum selling price of US$0.61 kg−1, below the US$1 kg−1 industry benchmark. A tandem catalytic strategy is developed to convert polystyrene waste into a spectrum of aromatic intermediates and subsequently into a single dominant product, toluene. This tandem design enhances product selectivity to 99% and minimizes downstream separation costs.
{"title":"Breaking the yield–selectivity trade-off in polystyrene waste valorization via tandem depolymerization and hydrogenolysis","authors":"Jia Wang, Zedong Zhang, Yan Zhang, Dongxian Li, Zechao Zhuang, Wei Liao, Tong Han, Lin Dong, Shule Wang, Dingsheng Wang, Jianchun Jiang","doi":"10.1038/s41565-025-02069-x","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41565-025-02069-x","url":null,"abstract":"Converting plastic waste into valuable products mitigates plastic pollution and lowers the carbon footprint of naphtha-derived aromatics. However, the difficulties of precisely controlling complex multiphase systems and the catalyst inefficiencies hinder process viability. Here we report a vapour-phase hydrogenolysis strategy catalysed by Ru single atoms on Co3O4 (RuSA/Co3O4), decoupling depolymerization from hydrogenolysis to overcome the toluene yield–selectivity trade-off. In a pressurized dual-stage fixed-bed reactor, polystyrene undergoes hydropyrolysis at 475 °C, followed by vapour-phase hydrogenolysis at 275 °C (0.4 MPa H2, 2.4 s), yielding toluene with 99% selectivity, 83.5 wt% yield and 1,320 mmol gcat.−1 h−1 rate. The RuSA/Co3O4 catalyst demonstrates excellent stability, maintaining >99% conversion and selectivity during 100 h continuous operation (turnover number 24,747), and effectively processes diverse real-world polystyrene wastes. Life-cycle assessment shows a 53% carbon footprint reduction over fossil-based methods, while techno-economic analysis estimates a competitive minimum selling price of US$0.61 kg−1, below the US$1 kg−1 industry benchmark. A tandem catalytic strategy is developed to convert polystyrene waste into a spectrum of aromatic intermediates and subsequently into a single dominant product, toluene. This tandem design enhances product selectivity to 99% and minimizes downstream separation costs.","PeriodicalId":18915,"journal":{"name":"Nature nanotechnology","volume":"21 1","pages":"87-94"},"PeriodicalIF":34.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145704432","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Semimetals can establish a low-resistance contact to semiconductors by suppressing metal-induced gap states. Although semimetals like bismuth have enabled an ultralow contact resistance for n-type two-dimensional semiconductors by mitigating metal-induced gap states, achieving a similar performance for p-type two-dimensional counterparts remains a notable hurdle. Here we introduce an ultrathin selenium interfacial layer with the highest work function among elements, effectively reducing the Schottky barrier height at the interface. Critically, the selenium layer interacts with the gold electrode, inducing band hybridization that transforms the contact interface from a semiconductor to a semimetal. This semimetallic characteristic, with its low density of states near the Fermi level, suppresses the formation of detrimental metal-induced gap states within the semiconductor. Applying this band-hybridized semimetallic contact to p-type WSe2 transistors results in a reduction in contact resistance to 540 Ω μm. Furthermore, the devices achieve a saturated ON-state current density of up to 430 μA μm-1 with an 80-nm channel length. This methodology is highly transferable and can be readily applied to other p-type semiconductors, including black phosphorus and carbon nanotubes, offering a scalable and reliable pathway for establishing low-resistance electrical contacts to nanoscale p-type semiconductor devices.
{"title":"Band-hybridized selenium contact for p-type semiconductors.","authors":"Cong Wang,Jianmiao Guo,Dexing Liu,Ziyuan Lin,Shuai Guo,Songhua Cai,Jianmin Yan,Baizhe He,Zhiyong Zhang,Min Zhang,Yang Chai","doi":"10.1038/s41565-025-02084-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41565-025-02084-y","url":null,"abstract":"Semimetals can establish a low-resistance contact to semiconductors by suppressing metal-induced gap states. Although semimetals like bismuth have enabled an ultralow contact resistance for n-type two-dimensional semiconductors by mitigating metal-induced gap states, achieving a similar performance for p-type two-dimensional counterparts remains a notable hurdle. Here we introduce an ultrathin selenium interfacial layer with the highest work function among elements, effectively reducing the Schottky barrier height at the interface. Critically, the selenium layer interacts with the gold electrode, inducing band hybridization that transforms the contact interface from a semiconductor to a semimetal. This semimetallic characteristic, with its low density of states near the Fermi level, suppresses the formation of detrimental metal-induced gap states within the semiconductor. Applying this band-hybridized semimetallic contact to p-type WSe2 transistors results in a reduction in contact resistance to 540 Ω μm. Furthermore, the devices achieve a saturated ON-state current density of up to 430 μA μm-1 with an 80-nm channel length. This methodology is highly transferable and can be readily applied to other p-type semiconductors, including black phosphorus and carbon nanotubes, offering a scalable and reliable pathway for establishing low-resistance electrical contacts to nanoscale p-type semiconductor devices.","PeriodicalId":18915,"journal":{"name":"Nature nanotechnology","volume":"39 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":38.3,"publicationDate":"2025-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145704349","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Reducing individual inflammatory factors does not always translate into clinical efficacy in rheumatoid arthritis (RA), an autoimmune disease characterized by joint inflammation. Proinflammatory M1 macrophages are a key driver of the hyperinflammatory joint microenvironment, which also promotes the progression of RA. Here we show that folate-receptor-targeted photosynthetic nanothylakoid (FA-PEG-NTK)-based phototherapy reprogrammes macrophages from M1 to anti-inflammatory M2, and successfully remodels the inflammatory RA microenvironment. The nanothylakoids were sourced from plant-derived thylakoids and developed by surface modification with distearoyl phosphoethanolamine–polyethylene glycol (PEG) via hydrophobic interactions to preserve their photocatalytic enzymes. We show that upon light irradiation in a mouse macrophage model of inflammation, the FA-PEG-NTK system generates oxygen and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, alleviating hypoxia and reducing reactive oxygen species. This rebalances the oxidative stress in M1 macrophages, thereby remodelling the inflammatory microenvironment in RA. We also show that in a collagen-induced arthritis rat model, FA-PEG-NTK-mediated phototherapy notably alleviated synovial hyperplasia and enhanced bone and cartilage regeneration, outperforming the clinical treatment methotrexate, with no apparent side effects. A plant-derived photosynthetic nanoplatform uses light to reprogramme immune cells, reduce inflammation and repair joints in rheumatoid arthritis, offering a safe and bioinspired therapy
{"title":"Bioengineered photosynthetic nanothylakoids reshape the inflammatory microenvironment for rheumatoid arthritis therapy","authors":"Ziyue Li, Yipei Yang, Yesi Shi, Dehong Hu, Duyang Gao, Yan Zhang, Hao Yu, Zichao Luo, Qimanguli Saiding, Na Kong, Hongyan Qian, Yuan Liu, Hairong Zheng, Yingjia Li, Wei Tao, Zonghai Sheng","doi":"10.1038/s41565-025-02063-3","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41565-025-02063-3","url":null,"abstract":"Reducing individual inflammatory factors does not always translate into clinical efficacy in rheumatoid arthritis (RA), an autoimmune disease characterized by joint inflammation. Proinflammatory M1 macrophages are a key driver of the hyperinflammatory joint microenvironment, which also promotes the progression of RA. Here we show that folate-receptor-targeted photosynthetic nanothylakoid (FA-PEG-NTK)-based phototherapy reprogrammes macrophages from M1 to anti-inflammatory M2, and successfully remodels the inflammatory RA microenvironment. The nanothylakoids were sourced from plant-derived thylakoids and developed by surface modification with distearoyl phosphoethanolamine–polyethylene glycol (PEG) via hydrophobic interactions to preserve their photocatalytic enzymes. We show that upon light irradiation in a mouse macrophage model of inflammation, the FA-PEG-NTK system generates oxygen and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, alleviating hypoxia and reducing reactive oxygen species. This rebalances the oxidative stress in M1 macrophages, thereby remodelling the inflammatory microenvironment in RA. We also show that in a collagen-induced arthritis rat model, FA-PEG-NTK-mediated phototherapy notably alleviated synovial hyperplasia and enhanced bone and cartilage regeneration, outperforming the clinical treatment methotrexate, with no apparent side effects. A plant-derived photosynthetic nanoplatform uses light to reprogramme immune cells, reduce inflammation and repair joints in rheumatoid arthritis, offering a safe and bioinspired therapy","PeriodicalId":18915,"journal":{"name":"Nature nanotechnology","volume":"21 1","pages":"125-139"},"PeriodicalIF":34.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145680730","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-05DOI: 10.1038/s41565-025-02061-5
Archit Dhingra
{"title":"Interpretation of the binding energy shifts in the Mo 3d core-level XPS spectra of molybdenene","authors":"Archit Dhingra","doi":"10.1038/s41565-025-02061-5","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41565-025-02061-5","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":18915,"journal":{"name":"Nature nanotechnology","volume":"20 12","pages":"1746-1747"},"PeriodicalIF":34.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145680738","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-04DOI: 10.1038/s41565-025-02055-3
Mingran Xu, Axel J. M. Deenen, Huixin Guo, Pamela Morales-Fernández, Sebastian Wintz, Elina Zhakina, Markus Weigand, Claire Donnelly, Dirk Grundler
Spin chirality is a fundamental property that manifests non-reciprocal transport—magnetochiral anisotropy (MChA). However, the application of MChA in technology is constrained by the necessity for an external magnetic field, complex non-centrosymmetric crystal synthesis and cryogenic environments. Here we overcome these challenges by imprinting geometric chirality onto a nickel tube via three-dimensional nanoengineering. We use two-photon lithography to create a structurally twisted polymeric template with micrometre-sized pitch and diameters and cover it with a uniform 30-nm-thick nickel shell. The nickel tube exhibits spontaneous MChA—non-reciprocal transport at zero magnetic field and room temperature. X-ray magnetic circular dichroism microscopy confirms helical spin textures stabilized by the torsion- and curvature-engineered shape anisotropy, while inelastic light scattering spectroscopy demonstrates robust non-reciprocal magnon transport at remanence, reconfigurable via magnetic field history. The chiral parameter in our device surpasses that of natural chiral magnets such as Cu2OSeO3. Analytical theory and micromagnetic simulations demonstrate that the non-reciprocity is further enhanced by downscaling the feature sizes. Our results establish a scalable, geometry-driven nanotechnology that imprints spin chirality on non-chiral ferromagnets and may enable nanoscale integration of chirality-enhanced magnonics and spintronics for real-world use cases. Three-dimensional chiral magnetic tubes created via two-photon lithography and nickel film deposition exhibit chiral spin textures and non-reciprocal magnon transport.
{"title":"Geometry-induced spin chirality in a non-chiral ferromagnet at zero field","authors":"Mingran Xu, Axel J. M. Deenen, Huixin Guo, Pamela Morales-Fernández, Sebastian Wintz, Elina Zhakina, Markus Weigand, Claire Donnelly, Dirk Grundler","doi":"10.1038/s41565-025-02055-3","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41565-025-02055-3","url":null,"abstract":"Spin chirality is a fundamental property that manifests non-reciprocal transport—magnetochiral anisotropy (MChA). However, the application of MChA in technology is constrained by the necessity for an external magnetic field, complex non-centrosymmetric crystal synthesis and cryogenic environments. Here we overcome these challenges by imprinting geometric chirality onto a nickel tube via three-dimensional nanoengineering. We use two-photon lithography to create a structurally twisted polymeric template with micrometre-sized pitch and diameters and cover it with a uniform 30-nm-thick nickel shell. The nickel tube exhibits spontaneous MChA—non-reciprocal transport at zero magnetic field and room temperature. X-ray magnetic circular dichroism microscopy confirms helical spin textures stabilized by the torsion- and curvature-engineered shape anisotropy, while inelastic light scattering spectroscopy demonstrates robust non-reciprocal magnon transport at remanence, reconfigurable via magnetic field history. The chiral parameter in our device surpasses that of natural chiral magnets such as Cu2OSeO3. Analytical theory and micromagnetic simulations demonstrate that the non-reciprocity is further enhanced by downscaling the feature sizes. Our results establish a scalable, geometry-driven nanotechnology that imprints spin chirality on non-chiral ferromagnets and may enable nanoscale integration of chirality-enhanced magnonics and spintronics for real-world use cases. Three-dimensional chiral magnetic tubes created via two-photon lithography and nickel film deposition exhibit chiral spin textures and non-reciprocal magnon transport.","PeriodicalId":18915,"journal":{"name":"Nature nanotechnology","volume":"21 1","pages":"58-64"},"PeriodicalIF":34.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.comhttps://www.nature.com/articles/s41565-025-02055-3.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145665177","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-04DOI: 10.1038/s41565-025-02057-1
Oksana Chubykalo-Fesenko, Cristina Bran
Geometrical chirality in three-dimensional nanostructures enables the control and reconfiguration of anisotropic spin wave propagation.
三维纳米结构中的几何手性使得各向异性自旋波传播的控制和重构成为可能。
{"title":"Imprinting spin wave non-reciprocity onto 3D artificial chiral nanomagnets","authors":"Oksana Chubykalo-Fesenko, Cristina Bran","doi":"10.1038/s41565-025-02057-1","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41565-025-02057-1","url":null,"abstract":"Geometrical chirality in three-dimensional nanostructures enables the control and reconfiguration of anisotropic spin wave propagation.","PeriodicalId":18915,"journal":{"name":"Nature nanotechnology","volume":"21 1","pages":"11-12"},"PeriodicalIF":34.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145665176","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-19DOI: 10.1038/s41565-025-02034-8
Practical application of portable, mechanical-energy-driven water disinfection technologies has, to date, been limited. Now, a portable, disinfection system is developed based on the generation of a nanoscale interfacial electric field through manual agitation. The system can achieve 99.9999% inactivation of Vibrio cholerae within 1 min and demonstrates broad-spectrum disinfection against various pathogens.
{"title":"Interfacial electric fields for portable, electricity-free water disinfection","authors":"","doi":"10.1038/s41565-025-02034-8","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41565-025-02034-8","url":null,"abstract":"Practical application of portable, mechanical-energy-driven water disinfection technologies has, to date, been limited. Now, a portable, disinfection system is developed based on the generation of a nanoscale interfacial electric field through manual agitation. The system can achieve 99.9999% inactivation of Vibrio cholerae within 1 min and demonstrates broad-spectrum disinfection against various pathogens.","PeriodicalId":18915,"journal":{"name":"Nature nanotechnology","volume":"20 12","pages":"1727-1728"},"PeriodicalIF":34.9,"publicationDate":"2025-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145545160","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-19DOI: 10.1038/s41565-025-02049-1
Costanza Toninelli
Two molecules coupled to independent waveguides emit indistinguishable photons and the number of accessible pairs is ready for scaling up.
耦合到独立波导上的两个分子发射出难以区分的光子，并且可访问的光子对的数量已经准备好扩大。
{"title":"Record high visibility of two-photon interference from distinct molecules on a chip","authors":"Costanza Toninelli","doi":"10.1038/s41565-025-02049-1","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41565-025-02049-1","url":null,"abstract":"Two molecules coupled to independent waveguides emit indistinguishable photons and the number of accessible pairs is ready for scaling up.","PeriodicalId":18915,"journal":{"name":"Nature nanotechnology","volume":"20 12","pages":"1717-1718"},"PeriodicalIF":34.9,"publicationDate":"2025-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145545161","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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