On-chip integration of independent channels of indistinguishable single photons is a prerequisite for scalable optical quantum information processing. This requires separate solid-state single-photon emitters to exhibit identical lifetime-limited transitions. This challenging task is usually further exacerbated by spectral diffusion due to complex charge noise near material surfaces made by nanofabrication processes. Here we develop a molecular quantum photonic chip and demonstrate on-chip Hong–Ou–Mandel quantum interference of indistinguishable single photons from independent molecules. The molecules are embedded in a single-crystalline organic nanosheet and integrated with single-mode waveguides without nanofabrication, thereby ensuring stable, lifetime-limited transitions. With the aid of Stark tuning, we show how 100 waveguide-coupled molecules can be tuned to the same frequency and achieve on-chip Hong–Ou–Mandel interference visibilities exceeding 0.97 for 2 molecules separately coupled to 2 waveguides. For two molecules with a controlled frequency difference, we unveil over 100-µs-long quantum beating in the interference, showing both excellent single-photon purity (particle nature) and long coherence (wave nature) of the emission. Our results showcase a possible strategy towards constructing scalable optical universal quantum processors and a promising platform for studying waveguide quantum electrodynamics with identical single emitters wired via photonic circuits. Hong–Ou–Mandel experiments on a quantum photonic chip demonstrate on-chip quantum interference of indistinguishable single photons with visibilities exceeding 0.97 for two molecules separately coupled to two waveguides.
片上集成不可区分的单光子独立通道是可扩展光量子信息处理的先决条件。这需要独立的固态单光子发射器表现出相同的有限寿命跃迁。由于纳米制造过程中材料表面附近复杂电荷噪声的光谱扩散，这一具有挑战性的任务通常会进一步加剧。本文开发了一种分子量子光子芯片，并在芯片上演示了独立分子中不可区分的单光子的Hong-Ou-Mandel量子干涉。这些分子被嵌入到单晶有机纳米片中，并与单模波导集成在一起，而无需纳米加工，从而确保稳定的、有寿命限制的过渡。在Stark调谐的帮助下，我们展示了如何将100个波导耦合分子调谐到相同的频率，并实现两个分子分别耦合到两个波导的片上hong - u - mandel干涉可见度超过0.97。对于频率差可控的两个分子，我们在干涉中揭示了超过100µs长的量子跳动，显示出优异的单光子纯度（粒子性质）和发射的长相干性（波性质）。我们的研究结果展示了构建可扩展的光学通用量子处理器的可能策略，以及通过光子电路连接的相同单发射器研究波导量子电动力学的有前途的平台。在量子光子芯片上的Hong-Ou-Mandel实验证明了两个分子分别耦合到两个波导上的不可区分单光子的片上量子干涉，其可见度超过0.97。
{"title":"On-chip quantum interference of indistinguishable single photons from integrated independent molecules","authors":"Tailin Huang, Miaomiao Xu, Wei Jin, Weixi Liu, Yixuan Chi, Jianwei Tang, Penglong Ren, Shangming Wei, Zhengxuan Bai, Yaocheng Shi, Xue-Wen Chen","doi":"10.1038/s41565-025-02043-7","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41565-025-02043-7","url":null,"abstract":"On-chip integration of independent channels of indistinguishable single photons is a prerequisite for scalable optical quantum information processing. This requires separate solid-state single-photon emitters to exhibit identical lifetime-limited transitions. This challenging task is usually further exacerbated by spectral diffusion due to complex charge noise near material surfaces made by nanofabrication processes. Here we develop a molecular quantum photonic chip and demonstrate on-chip Hong–Ou–Mandel quantum interference of indistinguishable single photons from independent molecules. The molecules are embedded in a single-crystalline organic nanosheet and integrated with single-mode waveguides without nanofabrication, thereby ensuring stable, lifetime-limited transitions. With the aid of Stark tuning, we show how 100 waveguide-coupled molecules can be tuned to the same frequency and achieve on-chip Hong–Ou–Mandel interference visibilities exceeding 0.97 for 2 molecules separately coupled to 2 waveguides. For two molecules with a controlled frequency difference, we unveil over 100-µs-long quantum beating in the interference, showing both excellent single-photon purity (particle nature) and long coherence (wave nature) of the emission. Our results showcase a possible strategy towards constructing scalable optical universal quantum processors and a promising platform for studying waveguide quantum electrodynamics with identical single emitters wired via photonic circuits. Hong–Ou–Mandel experiments on a quantum photonic chip demonstrate on-chip quantum interference of indistinguishable single photons with visibilities exceeding 0.97 for two molecules separately coupled to two waveguides.","PeriodicalId":18915,"journal":{"name":"Nature nanotechnology","volume":"20 12","pages":"1748-1756"},"PeriodicalIF":34.9,"publicationDate":"2025-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145441010","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-05DOI: 10.1038/s41565-025-02041-9
Yuanxin Deng, Ling Liu, Hong-Xi Luo, He Tian, Da-Hui Qu, Ben L. Feringa, Qi Zhang
Current chemical approaches for recycling synthetic plastics rely on either catalytic reactions to break covalent bonds or introducing weaker bonds in the plastic structure. In the former approach, depolymerization remains an energetically demanding step due to the thermodynamic stability of the plastic, whereas in the latter approach, the recyclability of plastic usually compromises mechanical properties. Here we present a supramolecular chemistry principle that results in a catalyst-free and solvent-free polymer-to-monomer transformation of a series of kinetically stable poly(disulfide)s. The coupling of two dynamic chemical equilibria—H-bond self-assembed stacking of the sidechains and dynamic covalent polymerization of the backbone—reversibly regulates the monomer–polymer equilibrium through simple solvation/desolvation cycles. Following this principle, we synthesize thermodynamically metastable, yet kinetically stable, poly(disulfide)s with high crystallinity and tunable mechanical properties. Upon mild thermal activation at 120 °C, the plastic can be readily recycled into crystalline monomers with quantitative yields and monomer purity >90%. The monomers can then be used to regenerate origin-quality polymers. Our findings offer a supramolecular route for designing closed-loop recyclable synthetic polymers. Using supramolecular chemistry principles, thermodynamically metastable, yet kinetically stable, poly(disulfide)s with tunable mechanical properties can be recycled into crystalline monomers with quantitative yields and monomer purity >90%.
{"title":"Supramolecular chemical recycling of dynamic polymers","authors":"Yuanxin Deng, Ling Liu, Hong-Xi Luo, He Tian, Da-Hui Qu, Ben L. Feringa, Qi Zhang","doi":"10.1038/s41565-025-02041-9","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41565-025-02041-9","url":null,"abstract":"Current chemical approaches for recycling synthetic plastics rely on either catalytic reactions to break covalent bonds or introducing weaker bonds in the plastic structure. In the former approach, depolymerization remains an energetically demanding step due to the thermodynamic stability of the plastic, whereas in the latter approach, the recyclability of plastic usually compromises mechanical properties. Here we present a supramolecular chemistry principle that results in a catalyst-free and solvent-free polymer-to-monomer transformation of a series of kinetically stable poly(disulfide)s. The coupling of two dynamic chemical equilibria—H-bond self-assembed stacking of the sidechains and dynamic covalent polymerization of the backbone—reversibly regulates the monomer–polymer equilibrium through simple solvation/desolvation cycles. Following this principle, we synthesize thermodynamically metastable, yet kinetically stable, poly(disulfide)s with high crystallinity and tunable mechanical properties. Upon mild thermal activation at 120 °C, the plastic can be readily recycled into crystalline monomers with quantitative yields and monomer purity >90%. The monomers can then be used to regenerate origin-quality polymers. Our findings offer a supramolecular route for designing closed-loop recyclable synthetic polymers. Using supramolecular chemistry principles, thermodynamically metastable, yet kinetically stable, poly(disulfide)s with tunable mechanical properties can be recycled into crystalline monomers with quantitative yields and monomer purity >90%.","PeriodicalId":18915,"journal":{"name":"Nature nanotechnology","volume":"20 12","pages":"1805-1812"},"PeriodicalIF":34.9,"publicationDate":"2025-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145441011","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-03DOI: 10.1038/s41565-025-02029-5
Haoran Zhang, Yinhe Wang, Yu Zhang, Fan Wu, Rui Huang, Sicong Wang, Xiaokang Liu, Yihua Ran, Zhiwen Zhang, Jun Cai, Huang Zhou, Tao Yao, Jun Jiang, Zhi Liu, Yu Mao, Wenhui Zhong, Lin Hu, Lei Zheng, Yuen Wu
As they are liquids at room temperature, gallium-based metal substrates allow catalytic metal atoms to move freely without lattice constraints, thereby facilitating the development of catalysts with reconfigurable structures. Here we design an iron-embedded liquid metal catalyst that enables reversible switching of the aggregation and electron spin of iron atoms by controlling an external magnetic field. This facilitates a reversible conversion of the primary liquid products, methyl hydroperoxide (CH3OOH) and acetic acid (CH3COOH), under ambient conditions. The catalyst achieves promising production rates (CH3OOH, 1,679.6 $${rm{m}}{rm{m}}{rm{o}}{rm{l}},{{rm{g}}}_{{rm{F}}{rm{e}}}^{-1},{{rm{h}}}^{-1}$$ ; CH3COOH, 790.5 $${rm{m}}{rm{m}}{rm{o}}{rm{l}},{{rm{g}}}_{{rm{F}}{rm{e}}}^{-1},{{rm{h}}}^{-1}$$ ) and high selectivities (CH3OOH, 99.9%; CH3COOH, 91.7%). In the absence of the magnetic field, iron atoms are atomically dispersed, leading to the C1 pathway without C–C bond coupling. When a magnetic field is applied, iron atoms cluster, favouring CH3COOH production in the C2 pathway. The product distribution can be finely and reversibly tuned with magnetic field intensity adjustments ranging from 0 to 500 G. Our findings highlight the potential for using an external magnetic field to precisely control catalytic pathways. A gallium-based, iron-embedded liquid metal catalyst enables reversible, magnetic-field-controlled switching between atomically dispersed and clustered iron states, achieving tunable production of CH₃OOH and CH₃COOH under ambient conditions.
由于镓基金属衬底在室温下是液体，因此它们允许催化金属原子在没有晶格限制的情况下自由移动，从而促进了具有可重构结构的催化剂的发展。本文设计了一种嵌入铁的液态金属催化剂，通过控制外部磁场实现铁原子聚集和电子自旋的可逆切换。这有利于初级液体产物甲基过氧化氢（CH3OOH）和乙酸（CH3COOH）在环境条件下的可逆转化。该催化剂具有良好的产率（CH3OOH, 1,679.6 $${rm{m}}{rm{m}}{rm{o}}{rm{l}},{{rm{g}}}_{{rm{F}}{rm{e}}}^{-1},{{rm{h}}}^{-1}$$; CH3COOH, 790.5 $${rm{m}}{rm{m}}{rm{o}}{rm{l}},{{rm{g}}}_{{rm{F}}{rm{e}}}^{-1},{{rm{h}}}^{-1}$$）和高选择性（CH3OOH, 99.9）%; CH3COOH, 91.7%). In the absence of the magnetic field, iron atoms are atomically dispersed, leading to the C1 pathway without C–C bond coupling. When a magnetic field is applied, iron atoms cluster, favouring CH3COOH production in the C2 pathway. The product distribution can be finely and reversibly tuned with magnetic field intensity adjustments ranging from 0 to 500 G. Our findings highlight the potential for using an external magnetic field to precisely control catalytic pathways. A gallium-based, iron-embedded liquid metal catalyst enables reversible, magnetic-field-controlled switching between atomically dispersed and clustered iron states, achieving tunable production of CH₃OOH and CH₃COOH under ambient conditions.
{"title":"Magnetically tunable selectivity in methane oxidation enabled by Fe-embedded liquid metal catalysts","authors":"Haoran Zhang, Yinhe Wang, Yu Zhang, Fan Wu, Rui Huang, Sicong Wang, Xiaokang Liu, Yihua Ran, Zhiwen Zhang, Jun Cai, Huang Zhou, Tao Yao, Jun Jiang, Zhi Liu, Yu Mao, Wenhui Zhong, Lin Hu, Lei Zheng, Yuen Wu","doi":"10.1038/s41565-025-02029-5","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41565-025-02029-5","url":null,"abstract":"As they are liquids at room temperature, gallium-based metal substrates allow catalytic metal atoms to move freely without lattice constraints, thereby facilitating the development of catalysts with reconfigurable structures. Here we design an iron-embedded liquid metal catalyst that enables reversible switching of the aggregation and electron spin of iron atoms by controlling an external magnetic field. This facilitates a reversible conversion of the primary liquid products, methyl hydroperoxide (CH3OOH) and acetic acid (CH3COOH), under ambient conditions. The catalyst achieves promising production rates (CH3OOH, 1,679.6 $${rm{m}}{rm{m}}{rm{o}}{rm{l}},{{rm{g}}}_{{rm{F}}{rm{e}}}^{-1},{{rm{h}}}^{-1}$$ ; CH3COOH, 790.5 $${rm{m}}{rm{m}}{rm{o}}{rm{l}},{{rm{g}}}_{{rm{F}}{rm{e}}}^{-1},{{rm{h}}}^{-1}$$ ) and high selectivities (CH3OOH, 99.9%; CH3COOH, 91.7%). In the absence of the magnetic field, iron atoms are atomically dispersed, leading to the C1 pathway without C–C bond coupling. When a magnetic field is applied, iron atoms cluster, favouring CH3COOH production in the C2 pathway. The product distribution can be finely and reversibly tuned with magnetic field intensity adjustments ranging from 0 to 500 G. Our findings highlight the potential for using an external magnetic field to precisely control catalytic pathways. A gallium-based, iron-embedded liquid metal catalyst enables reversible, magnetic-field-controlled switching between atomically dispersed and clustered iron states, achieving tunable production of CH₃OOH and CH₃COOH under ambient conditions.","PeriodicalId":18915,"journal":{"name":"Nature nanotechnology","volume":"20 12","pages":"1779-1786"},"PeriodicalIF":34.9,"publicationDate":"2025-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.comhttps://www.nature.com/articles/s41565-025-02029-5.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145427626","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Antiplatelet drugs have represented a milestone in treating patients at high risk of thrombosis. However, their clinical use remains limited by bleeding-associated risk and limited efficacy. Excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced by damaged vascular endothelial cells have been shown to stimulate thrombosis. Here we propose that a ROS-chemotactic nanoscavenger (MDCP), formed by crosslinking melanin and catalase, prevents acute thrombosis by protecting vascular endothelial cells from oxidative stress. We demonstrate that treatment with MDCP inhibits ROS-induced apoptosis of endothelial cells, thereby maintaining endothelial integrity and preventing collagen exposure, which consequently prevents platelet activation and thrombosis. By avoiding direct interference with platelet function, this modulation of vascular redox homeostasis via MDCP provides a promising alternative antithrombotic strategy that addresses the bleeding risk of current clinical antithrombotic drugs. A ROS-chemotactic antioxidative nanoscavenger prevents acute thrombosis by protecting vascular endothelial cells from oxidative stress, while circumventing the bleeding risk associated with current clinical antithrombotic drugs.
{"title":"Prevention of acute thrombosis with vascular endothelium antioxidative nanoscavenger","authors":"Yixin Zhong, Qiankun Ni, Liandi Huang, Guangchao Qing, Fuxue Zhang, Ningqiang Gong, Hongyun Wu, Yukun Liao, Huiting Jiang, Zaiqian Tu, Zhifei Wang, Luksika Jiramonai, Haidong Zhu, Gao-Jun Teng, Xing-Jie Liang","doi":"10.1038/s41565-025-02046-4","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41565-025-02046-4","url":null,"abstract":"Antiplatelet drugs have represented a milestone in treating patients at high risk of thrombosis. However, their clinical use remains limited by bleeding-associated risk and limited efficacy. Excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced by damaged vascular endothelial cells have been shown to stimulate thrombosis. Here we propose that a ROS-chemotactic nanoscavenger (MDCP), formed by crosslinking melanin and catalase, prevents acute thrombosis by protecting vascular endothelial cells from oxidative stress. We demonstrate that treatment with MDCP inhibits ROS-induced apoptosis of endothelial cells, thereby maintaining endothelial integrity and preventing collagen exposure, which consequently prevents platelet activation and thrombosis. By avoiding direct interference with platelet function, this modulation of vascular redox homeostasis via MDCP provides a promising alternative antithrombotic strategy that addresses the bleeding risk of current clinical antithrombotic drugs. A ROS-chemotactic antioxidative nanoscavenger prevents acute thrombosis by protecting vascular endothelial cells from oxidative stress, while circumventing the bleeding risk associated with current clinical antithrombotic drugs.","PeriodicalId":18915,"journal":{"name":"Nature nanotechnology","volume":"20 12","pages":"1871-1883"},"PeriodicalIF":34.9,"publicationDate":"2025-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145404915","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-30DOI: 10.1038/s41565-025-02042-8
Julian A. Steele, Patrick J. Strohbeen, Carla Verdi, Ardeshir Baktash, Alisa Danilenko, Yi-Hsun Chen, Jechiel van Dijk, Frederik H. Knudsen, Axel Leblanc, David Perconte, Lianzhou Wang, Eugene Demler, Salva Salmani-Rezaie, Peter Jacobson, Javad Shabani
Doping-induced superconductivity in group-IV elements may enable quantum functionalities in material systems accessible with well-established semiconductor technologies. Non-equilibrium hyperdoping of group-III atoms into C, Si or Ge can yield superconductivity; however, its origin is obscured by structural disorder and dopant clustering. Here we report the epitaxial growth of hyperdoped Ga:Ge films and trilayer heterostructures by molecular-beam epitaxy with extreme hole concentrations (nh = 4.15 × 1021 cm−3, 17.9% Ga substitution) that yield superconductivity with a critical temperature of Tc = 3.5 K. Synchrotron-based X-ray absorption and scattering methods reveal that Ga dopants are substitutionally incorporated within the Ge lattice, introducing a tetragonal distortion to the crystal unit cell. Our findings, corroborated by first-principles calculations, suggest that the structural order of Ga dopants creates a narrow band for the emergence of superconductivity in Ge, establishing hyperdoped Ga:Ge as a low-disorder, epitaxial superconductor–semiconductor platform. The epitaxial growth of hyperdoped Ga:Ge films and trilayer heterostructures by molecular-beam epitaxy yield superconductivity with a critical temperature of 3.5 K and may enable quantum functionalities in this material system, which is accessible with well-established semiconductor technologies.
{"title":"Superconductivity in substitutional Ga-hyperdoped Ge epitaxial thin films","authors":"Julian A. Steele, Patrick J. Strohbeen, Carla Verdi, Ardeshir Baktash, Alisa Danilenko, Yi-Hsun Chen, Jechiel van Dijk, Frederik H. Knudsen, Axel Leblanc, David Perconte, Lianzhou Wang, Eugene Demler, Salva Salmani-Rezaie, Peter Jacobson, Javad Shabani","doi":"10.1038/s41565-025-02042-8","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41565-025-02042-8","url":null,"abstract":"Doping-induced superconductivity in group-IV elements may enable quantum functionalities in material systems accessible with well-established semiconductor technologies. Non-equilibrium hyperdoping of group-III atoms into C, Si or Ge can yield superconductivity; however, its origin is obscured by structural disorder and dopant clustering. Here we report the epitaxial growth of hyperdoped Ga:Ge films and trilayer heterostructures by molecular-beam epitaxy with extreme hole concentrations (nh = 4.15 × 1021 cm−3, 17.9% Ga substitution) that yield superconductivity with a critical temperature of Tc = 3.5 K. Synchrotron-based X-ray absorption and scattering methods reveal that Ga dopants are substitutionally incorporated within the Ge lattice, introducing a tetragonal distortion to the crystal unit cell. Our findings, corroborated by first-principles calculations, suggest that the structural order of Ga dopants creates a narrow band for the emergence of superconductivity in Ge, establishing hyperdoped Ga:Ge as a low-disorder, epitaxial superconductor–semiconductor platform. The epitaxial growth of hyperdoped Ga:Ge films and trilayer heterostructures by molecular-beam epitaxy yield superconductivity with a critical temperature of 3.5 K and may enable quantum functionalities in this material system, which is accessible with well-established semiconductor technologies.","PeriodicalId":18915,"journal":{"name":"Nature nanotechnology","volume":"20 12","pages":"1757-1763"},"PeriodicalIF":34.9,"publicationDate":"2025-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145397338","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-30DOI: 10.1038/s41565-025-02005-z
Alessandra Di Gaspare, Sara Ghayeb-Zamharir, Lianhe Li, Edmund H. Linfield, Alexander G. Davies, Jincan Zhang, Osman Balci, Andrea C. Ferrari, Miriam S. Vitiello
Photonic technologies that exploit surface plasmons in graphene can offer groundbreaking opportunities for the development of compact and inexpensive active photonic devices, owing to the unique combination of tight field localization, giant optical nonlinearities and electrostatic gating tuning. Here we take advantage of this unique combination of properties to engineer frequency up-converted, electrically driven, single-mode photonic sources in the 9.0–10.5 THz range, with an emission frequency entirely tunable by design. We excite plasmons confined in a multilayer graphene micro-ribbon grating within a distributed-feedback terahertz quantum cascade laser that incorporates a top supercapacitor to tune the graphene Fermi energy, demonstrating third harmonic generation. Our monolithic, electrically driven laser works in the inaccessible Reststrahlen band of its core III–V semiconductor heterostructure and shows a peak power of ~9 μW, laying the foundation of a new generation of plasmonic, nonlinear light-emitting sources. A miniaturized frequency up-converted electrically tunable single-mode photonic source in the 9.0–10.5 THz range is demonstrated.
{"title":"Electrically driven heterostructured far-infrared wire lasers with integrated graphene plasmons","authors":"Alessandra Di Gaspare, Sara Ghayeb-Zamharir, Lianhe Li, Edmund H. Linfield, Alexander G. Davies, Jincan Zhang, Osman Balci, Andrea C. Ferrari, Miriam S. Vitiello","doi":"10.1038/s41565-025-02005-z","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41565-025-02005-z","url":null,"abstract":"Photonic technologies that exploit surface plasmons in graphene can offer groundbreaking opportunities for the development of compact and inexpensive active photonic devices, owing to the unique combination of tight field localization, giant optical nonlinearities and electrostatic gating tuning. Here we take advantage of this unique combination of properties to engineer frequency up-converted, electrically driven, single-mode photonic sources in the 9.0–10.5 THz range, with an emission frequency entirely tunable by design. We excite plasmons confined in a multilayer graphene micro-ribbon grating within a distributed-feedback terahertz quantum cascade laser that incorporates a top supercapacitor to tune the graphene Fermi energy, demonstrating third harmonic generation. Our monolithic, electrically driven laser works in the inaccessible Reststrahlen band of its core III–V semiconductor heterostructure and shows a peak power of ~9 μW, laying the foundation of a new generation of plasmonic, nonlinear light-emitting sources. A miniaturized frequency up-converted electrically tunable single-mode photonic source in the 9.0–10.5 THz range is demonstrated.","PeriodicalId":18915,"journal":{"name":"Nature nanotechnology","volume":"20 11","pages":"1611-1617"},"PeriodicalIF":34.9,"publicationDate":"2025-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.comhttps://www.nature.com/articles/s41565-025-02005-z.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145397318","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-30DOI: 10.1038/s41565-025-02006-y
Dingding Ren, Hua Li
A gallium arsenide-based terahertz quantum cascade laser harnesses graphene plasmons and optical nonlinearity to push the laser emission into the elusive far-end of the terahertz region.
{"title":"Graphene grating lifts terahertz quantum cascade lasers into the Reststrahlen band","authors":"Dingding Ren, Hua Li","doi":"10.1038/s41565-025-02006-y","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41565-025-02006-y","url":null,"abstract":"A gallium arsenide-based terahertz quantum cascade laser harnesses graphene plasmons and optical nonlinearity to push the laser emission into the elusive far-end of the terahertz region.","PeriodicalId":18915,"journal":{"name":"Nature nanotechnology","volume":"20 11","pages":"1546-1547"},"PeriodicalIF":34.9,"publicationDate":"2025-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145397317","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-29DOI: 10.1038/s41565-025-02045-5
Songtao Dong, Shannon N. Tsai, Yue Xu, Fanglin Gong, Tiana L. Young, Nicholas C. Solek, David X. W. Chen, Lauren Healy, Margarita Savguira, Muye Zhou, Jingan Chen, Alex Golubovic, Rick X. Z. Lu, Tingzhen He, Bell X. Wu, Benjamin H. Lok, Housheng Hansen He, Bowen Li
Messenger RNA (mRNA) therapeutics hold great promise for oncology but their efficacy is limited by systemic off-target effects and immunosuppressive tumour microenvironments. Here we present TITUR, a tumour-customizable mRNA nanomedicine platform that integrates tumour-customizable ionizable lipids (TIs) and tumour-specific untranslated regions (TURs) to enhance tumour-selective mRNA delivery and expression. This dual-engineered approach enables the precise intratumoural expression of 4HB, an immunogenic cell death-inducing protein, while mitigating systemic toxicities. Using murine models of immunologically cold tumours, including melanoma and triple-negative breast cancer, TITUR-mediated 4HB delivery induced tumour-specific immunogenic cell death, remodelled the tumour microenvironment and enhanced immune cell infiltration. When combined with immune checkpoint inhibitors, 4HB TITUR suppressed primary and metastatic tumour growth, while also exhibiting vaccine-like properties by reducing tumour recurrence and eliciting systemic antitumour immunity. Furthermore, it demonstrated a superior safety profile compared with conventional mRNA delivery methods. Our data indicate that TITUR may serve as a versatile approach to address the limitations of current immunotherapies and support the development of personalized mRNA nanomedicines. This study presents a programmable mRNA nanomedicine that induces tumour-specific immunogenic cell death in immunologically cold and metastatic tumours with enhanced safety, advancing next-generation strategies for personalized cancer immunotherapy
{"title":"A modular mRNA platform for programmable induction of tumour-specific immunogenic cell death","authors":"Songtao Dong, Shannon N. Tsai, Yue Xu, Fanglin Gong, Tiana L. Young, Nicholas C. Solek, David X. W. Chen, Lauren Healy, Margarita Savguira, Muye Zhou, Jingan Chen, Alex Golubovic, Rick X. Z. Lu, Tingzhen He, Bell X. Wu, Benjamin H. Lok, Housheng Hansen He, Bowen Li","doi":"10.1038/s41565-025-02045-5","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41565-025-02045-5","url":null,"abstract":"Messenger RNA (mRNA) therapeutics hold great promise for oncology but their efficacy is limited by systemic off-target effects and immunosuppressive tumour microenvironments. Here we present TITUR, a tumour-customizable mRNA nanomedicine platform that integrates tumour-customizable ionizable lipids (TIs) and tumour-specific untranslated regions (TURs) to enhance tumour-selective mRNA delivery and expression. This dual-engineered approach enables the precise intratumoural expression of 4HB, an immunogenic cell death-inducing protein, while mitigating systemic toxicities. Using murine models of immunologically cold tumours, including melanoma and triple-negative breast cancer, TITUR-mediated 4HB delivery induced tumour-specific immunogenic cell death, remodelled the tumour microenvironment and enhanced immune cell infiltration. When combined with immune checkpoint inhibitors, 4HB TITUR suppressed primary and metastatic tumour growth, while also exhibiting vaccine-like properties by reducing tumour recurrence and eliciting systemic antitumour immunity. Furthermore, it demonstrated a superior safety profile compared with conventional mRNA delivery methods. Our data indicate that TITUR may serve as a versatile approach to address the limitations of current immunotherapies and support the development of personalized mRNA nanomedicines. This study presents a programmable mRNA nanomedicine that induces tumour-specific immunogenic cell death in immunologically cold and metastatic tumours with enhanced safety, advancing next-generation strategies for personalized cancer immunotherapy","PeriodicalId":18915,"journal":{"name":"Nature nanotechnology","volume":"20 12","pages":"1856-1870"},"PeriodicalIF":34.9,"publicationDate":"2025-10-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145382320","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-29DOI: 10.1038/s41565-025-02007-x
Michele Pavone, Ana B. Muñoz-García
Entropy effects from the release of CO2 gas control phase transformation and defect formation, enabling the synthesis of effective Mn-rich positive-electrode active materials for Na-based non-aqueous batteries.
CO2气体释放的熵效应控制了相变和缺陷的形成，从而合成了用于na基非水电池的有效富锰正极活性材料。
{"title":"Entropy-regulated solid-state synthesis of Na-based Mn-rich layered oxides","authors":"Michele Pavone, Ana B. Muñoz-García","doi":"10.1038/s41565-025-02007-x","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41565-025-02007-x","url":null,"abstract":"Entropy effects from the release of CO2 gas control phase transformation and defect formation, enabling the synthesis of effective Mn-rich positive-electrode active materials for Na-based non-aqueous batteries.","PeriodicalId":18915,"journal":{"name":"Nature nanotechnology","volume":"20 11","pages":"1554-1555"},"PeriodicalIF":34.9,"publicationDate":"2025-10-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145382046","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Gases are often by-products of battery materials during cell formation and degradation, affecting the cycle life and safety of rechargeable batteries. However, understanding gas-mediated (electro)-chemical reactions and nanoscale structural transformations during the synthesis of battery electrode materials remains challenging because of the lack of suitable characterization routes and the complexity of the interplay between thermodynamics and kinetics. Here we use operando synchrotron X-ray diffraction, in situ transmission X-ray microscopy and multiscale modelling to elucidate the reaction pathways and microstructural defect development of earth-abundant Mn-rich layered oxides as positive electrode materials for sodium-based batteries. In particular, we demonstrate the dominant role of CO2 over O2 and H2O(g) in modulating the competition between entropy and enthalpy during solid-state synthesis. Using Ni0.25Mn0.75CO3 as a model precursor, we reveal that CO2 generation favours the formation of entropy-driven metastable intermediates, suppresses closed pore/nanovoids formation and decreases chemical heterogeneity and residual lattice strain of Mn-rich layered oxides during the synthesis. This result motivates a fast-sintering strategy to promote CO2 release, which ultimately leads to improved chemo-mechanical and electrochemical stability of the Mn-rich positive electrodes when tested in non-aqueous Na metal coin cells. This study demonstrates how CO2 directs defect control during the synthesis of Mn-rich sodium layered oxides, improving the stability and performance of earth-abundant positive electrode materials in non-aqueous sodium-based rechargeable batteries.
{"title":"Gas-mediated defect engineering in earth-abundant Mn-rich layered oxides for non-aqueous sodium-based batteries","authors":"Wenhua Zuo, Fucheng Ren, Pallab Barai, Dewen Hou, Shiyuan Zhou, Guanyi Wang, Tianyi Li, Xin Jia, Yan Qin, Zhenzhen Yang, Wenqian Xu, Yuzi Liu, Hanfei Yan, Yong S. Chu, Yong Yang, Venkat Srinivasan, Xianghui Xiao, Khalil Amine, Gui-Liang Xu","doi":"10.1038/s41565-025-01998-x","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41565-025-01998-x","url":null,"abstract":"Gases are often by-products of battery materials during cell formation and degradation, affecting the cycle life and safety of rechargeable batteries. However, understanding gas-mediated (electro)-chemical reactions and nanoscale structural transformations during the synthesis of battery electrode materials remains challenging because of the lack of suitable characterization routes and the complexity of the interplay between thermodynamics and kinetics. Here we use operando synchrotron X-ray diffraction, in situ transmission X-ray microscopy and multiscale modelling to elucidate the reaction pathways and microstructural defect development of earth-abundant Mn-rich layered oxides as positive electrode materials for sodium-based batteries. In particular, we demonstrate the dominant role of CO2 over O2 and H2O(g) in modulating the competition between entropy and enthalpy during solid-state synthesis. Using Ni0.25Mn0.75CO3 as a model precursor, we reveal that CO2 generation favours the formation of entropy-driven metastable intermediates, suppresses closed pore/nanovoids formation and decreases chemical heterogeneity and residual lattice strain of Mn-rich layered oxides during the synthesis. This result motivates a fast-sintering strategy to promote CO2 release, which ultimately leads to improved chemo-mechanical and electrochemical stability of the Mn-rich positive electrodes when tested in non-aqueous Na metal coin cells. This study demonstrates how CO2 directs defect control during the synthesis of Mn-rich sodium layered oxides, improving the stability and performance of earth-abundant positive electrode materials in non-aqueous sodium-based rechargeable batteries.","PeriodicalId":18915,"journal":{"name":"Nature nanotechnology","volume":"20 11","pages":"1667-1677"},"PeriodicalIF":34.9,"publicationDate":"2025-10-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145381977","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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