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Reconstructing end-Permian mass extinction conditions using the ostracod record 利用鸵鸟记录重建二叠纪末大灭绝条件
Pub Date : 2024-05-01 DOI: 10.1038/s43017-024-00559-5
Monica Alejandra Gomez Correa
Monica Alejandra Gomez Correa describes how the ostracod fossil record provides insight into changes in environmental conditions and their impact on marine ecosystems.
莫妮卡-亚历杭德拉-戈麦斯-科雷亚(Monica Alejandra Gomez Correa)介绍了鸵鸟化石记录如何让人们深入了解环境条件的变化及其对海洋生态系统的影响。
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引用次数: 0
From academia to a career in insurance 从学术界到保险业
Pub Date : 2024-04-29 DOI: 10.1038/s43017-024-00558-6
Graham Simpkins, Nina Ridder
To explore career opportunities outside of academia, Nature Reviews Earth & Environment interviewed Nina Ridder about their career path from a postdoctoral scholar to a Senior Climate Advisor at Suncorp Group Limited.
为了探索学术界以外的职业发展机会,《自然-地球与环境评论》采访了妮娜-里德(Nina Ridder),了解她从博士后学者到Suncorp集团有限公司高级气候顾问的职业道路。
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引用次数: 0
Climate change impacts on snow avalanche activity and related risks 气候变化对雪崩活动和相关风险的影响
Pub Date : 2024-04-25 DOI: 10.1038/s43017-024-00540-2
Nicolas Eckert, Christophe Corona, Florie Giacona, Johan Gaume, Stephanie Mayer, Alec van Herwijnen, Pascal Hagenmuller, Markus Stoffel
In the rapidly evolving mountain cryosphere, snow avalanches threaten livelihoods, settlements and infrastructure. In this Review, we analyse past and projected impacts of climate change on avalanche activity and the associated risks. The limited availability of comprehensive datasets, the potential confounding factors and the limitations of statistical approaches can make it difficult to identify trends in avalanche activity. However, available data indicate a general decrease in avalanche number, size, seasonality and active paths at low elevations, and an increase in the proportion of wet avalanches relative to dry avalanches. Increased snowfall at high elevations can lead to peaks in avalanche activity and an increase in the number of wet and slush-like avalanches. Activity patterns gradually shift from low to high elevations under continued warming. These changes affect avalanche risk; however, risk is also influenced by factors such as land use and the growth or decline of human settlements. The impact of these factors varies across diverse mountain environments, making it challenging to predict how risk will evolve under a changing climate. Therefore, future research should aim to couple an improved systemic understanding of the impacts of these factors with slope-scale projections of avalanche hazards and risks to support sustainable mountain development and adaptation strategies. Avalanche conditions and related risks are influenced by ongoing changes in temperature and precipitation. This Review synthesizes existing data, approaches and results to highlight dominant patterns of change and how they are linked to climate change and other socio-environmental factors.
在快速演变的高山冰冻圈中,雪崩威胁着人们的生计、定居点和基础设施。在本综述中,我们分析了气候变化对雪崩活动及相关风险的过去和预测影响。由于综合数据集的可用性有限、潜在的混杂因素和统计方法的局限性,很难确定雪崩活动的趋势。不过,现有数据表明,低海拔地区雪崩的数量、规模、季节性和活动路径普遍减少,湿雪崩的比例相对于干雪崩有所增加。高海拔地区降雪量的增加会导致雪崩活动达到高峰,湿雪崩和泥泞型雪崩的数量也会增加。在持续变暖的情况下,活动模式会逐渐从低海拔地区向高海拔地区转移。这些变化会影响雪崩风险,但风险也受到土地使用和人类定居点增减等因素的影响。这些因素对不同山区环境的影响各不相同,因此预测气候变化下的风险演变具有挑战性。因此,未来的研究应着眼于将对这些因素影响的系统性理解与雪崩危害和风险的斜坡尺度预测结合起来,以支持山区的可持续发展和适应战略。雪崩状况和相关风险受到气温和降水量持续变化的影响。本综述综合了现有的数据、方法和结果,以突出主要的变化模式,以及这些模式与气候变化和其他社会环境因素之间的联系。
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引用次数: 0
Mechanisms, detection and impacts of species redistributions under climate change 气候变化下物种重新分布的机制、检测和影响
Pub Date : 2024-04-18 DOI: 10.1038/s43017-024-00527-z
Jake A. Lawlor, Lise Comte, Gaël Grenouillet, Jonathan Lenoir, J. Alex Baecher, R.M.W.J. Bandara, Romain Bertrand, I-Ching Chen, Sarah E. Diamond, Lesley T. Lancaster, Nikki Moore, Jerome Murienne, Brunno F. Oliveira, Gretta T. Pecl, Malin L. Pinsky, Jonathan Rolland, Madeleine Rubenstein, Brett R. Scheffers, Laura M. Thompson, Brit van Amerom, Fabricio Villalobos, Sarah R. Weiskopf, Jennifer Sunday
Shifts in species distributions are a common ecological response to climate change, and global temperature rise is often hypothesized as the primary driver. However, the directions and rates of distribution shifts are highly variable across species, systems, and studies, complicating efforts to manage and anticipate biodiversity responses to anthropogenic change. In this Review, we summarize approaches to documenting species range shifts, discuss why observed range shifts often do not match our expectations, and explore the impacts of species range shifts on nature and society. The majority (59%) of documented range shifts are directionally consistent with climate change, based on the BioShifts database of range shift observations. However, many observed species have not shifted or have shifted in directions opposite to temperature-based expectations. These lagging or expectation-contrary shifts might be explained by additional biotic or abiotic factors driving range shifts, including additional non-temperature climatic drivers, habitat characteristics, and species interactions, which are not normally considered in range shift documentations. Understanding and managing range shifts will require increasing and connecting observational biological data, generalizing range shift patterns across systems, and predicting shifts at management-relevant timescales. Warming temperatures driven by climate change are causing species geographic ranges to shift, but factors such as habitat characteristics and species interactions impact these changes. This Review examines range shift documentation, how shifts differ from temperature-based expectations, and the effects of range shifts on natural and human systems.
物种分布的变化是对气候变化的一种常见生态反应,而全球气温上升通常被假定为主要驱动因素。然而,在不同物种、系统和研究中,物种分布变化的方向和速率存在很大差异,这使得管理和预测生物多样性对人为变化的响应变得更加复杂。在这篇综述中,我们总结了记录物种分布区变化的方法,讨论了为什么观察到的分布区变化往往与我们的预期不符,并探讨了物种分布区变化对自然和社会的影响。根据生物迁移数据库(BioShifts)的物种分布区迁移观测结果,大多数(59%)记录在案的物种分布区迁移在方向上与气候变化一致。然而,许多观测到的物种并没有发生转移,或者转移的方向与基于温度的预期相反。这些滞后或与预期相反的变化可能是由其他生物或非生物因素导致的,包括其他非温度气候驱动因素、栖息地特征和物种相互作用,而这些因素通常不在物种分布变化记录中考虑。要了解和管理物种分布区的变化,就需要增加和连接观测生物数据,概括不同系统的分布区变化模式,并预测与管理相关的时间尺度上的变化。
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引用次数: 0
Causes and consequences of the Messinian salinity crisis 麦西尼亚盐度危机的原因和后果
Pub Date : 2024-04-16 DOI: 10.1038/s43017-024-00533-1
Wout Krijgsman, Eelco J. Rohling, Dan V. Palcu, Fadl Raad, Udara Amarathunga, Rachel Flecker, Fabio Florindo, Andrew P. Roberts, Francisco J. Sierro, Giovanni Aloisi
Salt giants are massive salt deposits (hundreds of metres thick) that form during the evaporation of semi-enclosed seas. The drivers of salt giant formation and their feedbacks on global and regional environmental change remain debated. In this Review, we summarize the boundary conditions, causes and consequences of the Mediterranean Messinian salinity crisis (MSC; 5.97–5.33 million years ago). Salt giant formation is more complex than the simple evaporation of an enclosed sea. Instead, the tectonic setting of an evaporative basin largely determines the timing and mode of salt formation, with superimposed impacts of orbital-scale climate and sea-level fluctuations. These drivers triggered precipitation of carbonates, gypsum, halite and bittern salts, with well-defined orbital cyclicities in carbonate and gypsum phases. Removal of Ca2+ during salt giant deposition decouples the oceanic Ca2+ and HCO3− sinks, causing reduced CaCO3 burial and, consequently, increased ocean pH, lower atmospheric partial pressure of CO2, and global cooling. Salt giants, which reflect a net evaporite-ion extraction of ~7–10% from oceans and persist over million-year timescales, could therefore be an important climate driver but are currently underconsidered in long-term carbon cycle models. Future research should use advanced hydrogeochemical models of water–ocean exchange to further explore interactions between salt giants and environmental change. Tectonic processes can lead to the formation of semi-enclosed seas and the deposition of extensive salt deposits. This Review explores the drivers and impacts of the Mediterranean Messinian salinity crisis, including previously underconsidered impacts on the global carbon cycle.
盐巨是半封闭海域蒸发过程中形成的大规模盐沉积(厚达数百米)。盐巨形成的驱动因素及其对全球和区域环境变化的反馈作用仍存在争议。在本综述中,我们总结了地中海梅西尼亚盐度危机(MSC;597-533 万年前)的边界条件、原因和后果。盐巨的形成比封闭海域的简单蒸发更为复杂。相反,蒸发盆地的构造环境在很大程度上决定了盐形成的时间和模式,同时还受到轨道尺度气候和海平面波动的叠加影响。这些驱动因素引发了碳酸盐、石膏、海绿石和苦卤盐的沉淀,碳酸盐和石膏相具有明确的轨道周期性。盐巨沉积过程中 Ca2+ 的移除使海洋 Ca2+ 和 HCO3- 的汇脱钩,导致 CaCO3 埋藏减少,进而导致海洋 pH 值升高、大气 CO2 分压降低和全球变冷。因此,盐巨可能是一个重要的气候驱动因素,但目前在长期碳循环模型中还没有得到充分考虑。未来的研究应利用先进的水-海洋交换水文地球化学模型,进一步探索盐巨与环境变化之间的相互作用。
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引用次数: 0
Author Correction: Replicating real-world microplastics with accelerated physicochemical ageing 作者更正:利用加速物理化学老化技术复制现实世界中的微塑料
Pub Date : 2024-04-12 DOI: 10.1038/s43017-024-00556-8
Phuping Sucharitakul
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引用次数: 0
The role of biota in the Southern Ocean carbon cycle 生物群在南大洋碳循环中的作用
Pub Date : 2024-04-11 DOI: 10.1038/s43017-024-00531-3
Philip W. Boyd, Kevin R. Arrigo, Mathieu Ardyna, Svenja Halfter, Luis Huckstadt, Angela M. Kuhn, Delphine Lannuzel, Griet Neukermans, Camilla Novaglio, Elizabeth H. Shadwick, Sebastien Swart, Sandy J. Thomalla
The Southern Ocean, although relatively understudied owing to its harsh environment and geographical isolation, has been shown to contribute substantially to processes that drive the global carbon cycle. For example, phytoplankton photosynthesis transforms carbon dioxide into new particles and dissolved organic carbon. The magnitude of these transformations depends on the unique oceanographic and biogeochemical properties of the Southern Ocean. In this Review, we synthesize observations of biologically mediated carbon flows derived from the expanded observational network provided by remote-sensing and autonomous platforms. These observations reveal patterns in the magnitude of net primary production, including under-ice blooms and subsurface chlorophyll maxima. Basin-scale annual estimates of the planktonic contribution to the Southern Ocean carbon cycle can also be calculated, indicating that the export of biogenic particles and dissolved organic carbon to depth accounts for 20–30% (around 3 Gt yr–1) of the global export flux. This flux partially compensates for carbon dioxide outgassing following upwelling, making the Southern Ocean a 0.4–0.7 Gt C yr–1 sink. This export flux is surprisingly large given that phytoplankton are iron-limited with low productivity in more than 80% of the Southern Ocean. Solving such enigmas will require the development of four-dimensional regional observatories and the use of data-assimilation and machine-learning techniques to integrate datasets. The Southern Ocean represents a substantial carbon sink and heavily influences global carbon fluxes. This Review describes how an expanding suite of observations are providing increasing insight into the contribution of biota and plankton to the carbon cycle in the Southern Ocean.
南大洋虽然因其环境恶劣和地理位置偏僻而研究相对不足,但已被证明对推动全球碳循环的过程做出了重大贡献。例如,浮游植物的光合作用将二氧化碳转化为新的颗粒和溶解的有机碳。这些转化的程度取决于南大洋独特的海洋学和生物地球化学特性。在这篇综述中,我们综合了通过遥感和自主平台提供的扩大观测网络对生物介导的碳流的观测结果。这些观测数据揭示了净初级生产量的模式,包括冰下水华和次表层叶绿素最大值。还可以计算出浮游生物对南大洋碳循环贡献的海盆尺度年度估计值,表明生物颗粒和溶解有机碳向深海的输出占全球输出通量的 20-30%(约 3 Gt yr-1)。这一通量部分补偿了上升流产生的二氧化碳排气,使南大洋成为每年 0.4-0.7 亿吨碳的吸收汇。鉴于南大洋 80% 以上的地区浮游植物受铁限制,生产力低下,这一输出通量之大令人惊讶。要解开这些谜团,需要建立四维区域观测站,并利用数据同化和机器学习技术整合数据集。
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引用次数: 0
Plant responses to changing rainfall frequency and intensity 植物对降雨频率和强度变化的反应
Pub Date : 2024-04-09 DOI: 10.1038/s43017-024-00534-0
Andrew F. Feldman, Xue Feng, Andrew J. Felton, Alexandra G. Konings, Alan K. Knapp, Joel A. Biederman, Benjamin Poulter
Regardless of annual rainfall amount changes, daily rainfall events are becoming more intense but less frequent with anthropogenic warming. Larger rainfall events and longer dry spells have complex and sometimes opposing effects on plant photosynthesis and growth, challenging abilities to understand broader consequences on the carbon cycle. In this Review, we evaluate global plant responses to rainfall regimes characterized by fewer, larger rainfall events across evidence from field experiments, satellites and models. Plant function responses vary between −28% and 29% (5th to 95th percentile) under fewer, larger rainfall events, with the direction of response contingent on climate; productivity increases are more common in dry ecosystems (46% positive; 20% negative), whereas responses are typically negative in wet ecosystems (28% positive; 51% negative). Contrasting responses in dry and wet ecosystems are attributed to nonlinear plant responses to soil moisture driven by several ecohydrological mechanisms. For example, dry ecosystem plants are more sensitive to large rainfall pulses compared with wet ecosystem plants, partly driving dry ecosystem positive responses to fewer, larger rainfall events. Knowledge gaps remain over optimal rainfall frequencies for photosynthesis, the relative dominance of rainfall pulse and dry spell mechanisms and the disproportionate role of extreme rainfall pulses on plant function. Rainfall events are becoming less frequent but more intense with anthropogenic warming. This Review explores the consequences of these changes on plants and investigates how and why plant responses appear to broadly differ between dry and wet ecosystems.
无论年降雨量如何变化,随着人为气候变暖,日降雨量都在增加,但降雨频率却在降低。更大的降雨量和更长的干旱期对植物的光合作用和生长有复杂的影响,有时甚至是相反的影响,这对理解碳循环的更广泛后果提出了挑战。在这篇综述中,我们通过实地实验、卫星和模型的证据,评估了全球植物对降雨量较少、降雨量较大的降雨机制的反应。在降雨量更少、更大的情况下,植物功能响应在-28%到29%(第5百分位数到第95百分位数)之间变化,响应方向取决于气候;在干旱生态系统中,生产力提高更为常见(46%为正响应;20%为负响应),而在潮湿生态系统中,响应通常为负响应(28%为正响应;51%为负响应)。干旱和湿润生态系统中的不同反应归因于植物在多种生态水文机制驱动下对土壤水分的非线性反应。例如,与湿润生态系统的植物相比,干旱生态系统的植物对大的降雨脉冲更为敏感,这在一定程度上导致干旱生态系统对更少、更大的降雨事件做出积极反应。在光合作用的最佳降雨频率、降雨脉冲和干旱机制的相对主导地位以及极端降雨脉冲对植物功能的不相称作用等方面仍存在知识差距。随着人为气候变暖,降雨事件的频率越来越低,但强度却越来越大。本综述探讨了这些变化对植物的影响,并研究了干旱和潮湿生态系统的植物反应似乎存在广泛差异的原因。
{"title":"Plant responses to changing rainfall frequency and intensity","authors":"Andrew F. Feldman, Xue Feng, Andrew J. Felton, Alexandra G. Konings, Alan K. Knapp, Joel A. Biederman, Benjamin Poulter","doi":"10.1038/s43017-024-00534-0","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43017-024-00534-0","url":null,"abstract":"Regardless of annual rainfall amount changes, daily rainfall events are becoming more intense but less frequent with anthropogenic warming. Larger rainfall events and longer dry spells have complex and sometimes opposing effects on plant photosynthesis and growth, challenging abilities to understand broader consequences on the carbon cycle. In this Review, we evaluate global plant responses to rainfall regimes characterized by fewer, larger rainfall events across evidence from field experiments, satellites and models. Plant function responses vary between −28% and 29% (5th to 95th percentile) under fewer, larger rainfall events, with the direction of response contingent on climate; productivity increases are more common in dry ecosystems (46% positive; 20% negative), whereas responses are typically negative in wet ecosystems (28% positive; 51% negative). Contrasting responses in dry and wet ecosystems are attributed to nonlinear plant responses to soil moisture driven by several ecohydrological mechanisms. For example, dry ecosystem plants are more sensitive to large rainfall pulses compared with wet ecosystem plants, partly driving dry ecosystem positive responses to fewer, larger rainfall events. Knowledge gaps remain over optimal rainfall frequencies for photosynthesis, the relative dominance of rainfall pulse and dry spell mechanisms and the disproportionate role of extreme rainfall pulses on plant function. Rainfall events are becoming less frequent but more intense with anthropogenic warming. This Review explores the consequences of these changes on plants and investigates how and why plant responses appear to broadly differ between dry and wet ecosystems.","PeriodicalId":18921,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Earth & Environment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140553054","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Replicating real-world microplastics with accelerated physicochemical ageing 利用加速物理化学老化技术复制现实世界中的微塑料
Pub Date : 2024-04-05 DOI: 10.1038/s43017-024-00550-0
Phuping Sucharitakul
Phuping Sucharitakul explains how artificially aged microplastics can accurately reproduce the properties of microplastics in the environment.
Phuping Sucharitakul 解释了人工老化的微塑料如何准确再现环境中微塑料的特性。
{"title":"Replicating real-world microplastics with accelerated physicochemical ageing","authors":"Phuping Sucharitakul","doi":"10.1038/s43017-024-00550-0","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43017-024-00550-0","url":null,"abstract":"Phuping Sucharitakul explains how artificially aged microplastics can accurately reproduce the properties of microplastics in the environment.","PeriodicalId":18921,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Earth & Environment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140580837","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
From academia to a career in scientific publishing 从学术界到科学出版界
Pub Date : 2024-04-05 DOI: 10.1038/s43017-024-00549-7
Graham Simpkins, Clare Davis
To explore career opportunities outside of academia, Nature Reviews Earth & Environment interviewed Clare Davis about their career path from postdoctoral researcher to senior editor at Communications Earth & Environment.
为了探索学术界以外的职业机会,《自然-地球与环境评论》采访了克莱尔-戴维斯,了解他们从博士后研究员到《地球与环境通讯》高级编辑的职业道路。
{"title":"From academia to a career in scientific publishing","authors":"Graham Simpkins, Clare Davis","doi":"10.1038/s43017-024-00549-7","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43017-024-00549-7","url":null,"abstract":"To explore career opportunities outside of academia, Nature Reviews Earth & Environment interviewed Clare Davis about their career path from postdoctoral researcher to senior editor at Communications Earth & Environment.","PeriodicalId":18921,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Earth & Environment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140580821","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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Nature Reviews Earth & Environment
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