Nature Reviews Earth & Environment最新文献

{"title":"Indigenous cultural heritage in motion","authors":"Ingrid Boas, Clare Davis","doi":"10.1038/s43017-025-00744-0","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43017-025-00744-0","url":null,"abstract":"Nature Reviews Earth & Environment interviewed Ingrid Boas about their project investigating the role of cultural heritage in shaping climate change adaptation amongst Indigenous peoples with mobile livelihoods.","PeriodicalId":18921,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Earth & Environment","volume":"6 12","pages":"769-769"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145695652","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Natural carbon uptake by ocean biology will not deliver credible carbon credits","authors":"Lennart T. Bach, Phil Williamson, Joanna I. House, Philip W. Boyd","doi":"10.1038/s43017-025-00741-3","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43017-025-00741-3","url":null,"abstract":"Natural CO2 removal is increasingly being claimed as anthropogenic climate mitigation. This misrepresentation is already prevalent for forests and coastal ecosystems; there is now the risk of the error reoccurring for open-ocean CO2 uptake via the biological carbon pump.","PeriodicalId":18921,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Earth & Environment","volume":"6 12","pages":"767-768"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145695656","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Earth’s past and present mantle oxygen fugacity","authors":"Elizabeth Cottrell, Dante Canil, Charles Langmuir, Katy A. Evans, Fabrice Gaillard","doi":"10.1038/s43017-025-00735-1","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43017-025-00735-1","url":null,"abstract":"Oxygen is the most abundant element in Earth’s mantle. Oxygen fugacity (fO2), which quantifies the availability of oxygen to mediate oxidation–reduction reactions, affects important mantle processes, such as depth of melting, extraction of volatiles to the atmosphere, crustal composition and ore body generation. Debate continues over modern and past variations in mantle fO2. In this Review, we compile thermobarometric data from mafic and ultramafic rocks at ridges, back-arcs, and arcs and show that the fO2 of subduction-influenced arc mantle is appreciably higher than the mantle supplying ocean ridges. We review the timing and mechanisms that might transfer redox budget to the arc mantle wedge. A new proxy for the redox-sensitive element vanadium confirms the higher oxidation state of arc mantle and can be used to show there is no conclusive evidence for oxidation of the ambient mantle since the Archaean (2,500–4,000 million years ago). Earlier, in the Hadean magma ocean (>4,000 million years ago), liquid silicate equilibrated with liquid metal alloy while the upper mantle was rapidly oxidized to higher fO2. Future research should focus on how mantle fO2 coevolved with Earth’s primitive atmosphere during core formation, magma ocean crystallization and degassing. Mantle oxygen fugacity is set by phase equilibria and is intimately linked to geochemical and geodynamic processes. This Review explores the possible mechanisms that have controlled mantle oxygen fugacity from Earth’s early beginnings to the present day.","PeriodicalId":18921,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Earth & Environment","volume":"6 11","pages":"728-746"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145450131","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Differences and uncertainties in land-use CO2 flux estimates","authors":"Wolfgang A. Obermeier, Clemens Schwingshackl, Raphael Ganzenmüller, Giacomo Grassi, Viola Heinrich, Ingrid T. Luijkx, Ana Bastos, Philippe Ciais, Stephen Sitch, Julia Pongratz","doi":"10.1038/s43017-025-00730-6","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43017-025-00730-6","url":null,"abstract":"Accurately estimating carbon dioxide (CO2) fluxes from land use and land-use change (FLUC) is critical to assessing nationally determined contributions and progress towards climate targets. In this Perspective, we compare five FLUC estimation approaches, discuss the origins of large uncertainties and discrepancies in estimates and consider how to improve estimate accuracy and better align individual estimates. Global FLUC estimates between 2000 and 2023 range from net emissions of 1.9 ± 0.6 PgC yr−1 (based on dynamic global vegetation models) to net removals of −1.0 PgC yr−1 (based on Earth observations), with other estimates from bookkeeping models, country reports and atmospheric inversions falling within this range. Discrepancies arise from each approach using different definitions for FLUC, the spatial extent of managed land and including degradation and environmental effects to varying degrees. As a result, each approach accounts for different fluxes and land areas. Uncertainties within individual estimates are attributed to quality of land-use data, observational constraints and incomplete process consideration. These uncertainties can be reduced through better separation of anthropogenic and natural CO2 fluxes, including the effects of anthropogenically driven ecosystem degradation and improving model parameterizations. Thus, future research should prioritise unambiguous and consistent definitions and conducting systematic evaluations against each other to improve the translation and harmonization of FLUC estimates, which is essential to support effective climate policies and optimize land-based climate change mitigation. Robust quantification of carbon dioxide fluxes from land use is critical for guiding climate change mitigation efforts and for improved understanding of the global carbon cycle. This Perspective explores the origins of uncertainties and discrepancies in established estimation approaches and considers strategies to improve, translate and harmonize flux estimates.","PeriodicalId":18921,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Earth & Environment","volume":"6 11","pages":"747-766"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145450128","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bridging scales in vegetation phenology using near-surface and satellite data","authors":"Andeise C. Dutra","doi":"10.1038/s43017-025-00738-y","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43017-025-00738-y","url":null,"abstract":"Andeise Dutra explains how near-surface digital camera can be used together with satellite observations to investigate plant phenology across scales.","PeriodicalId":18921,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Earth & Environment","volume":"7 1","pages":"5-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145958187","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Using pile burns to investigate the impacts of severe wildfires on soil","authors":"Julie A. Fowler","doi":"10.1038/s43017-025-00739-x","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43017-025-00739-x","url":null,"abstract":"Julie Fowler explains how pile burns can be used to investigate wildfire impacts on soil biogeochemistry.","PeriodicalId":18921,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Earth & Environment","volume":"7 1","pages":"6-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145958192","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Weather and climate extremes in a changing Arctic","authors":"Xiangdong Zhang, Timo Vihma, Annette Rinke, G. W. K. Moore, Han Tang, Cecilia Äijälä, Alice DuVivier, Jianbin Huang, Laura Landrum, Chao Li, Jing Zhang, Linette Boisvert, Bin Cheng, Judah Cohen, Dörthe Handorf, Edward Hanna, Katharina Hartmuth, Marius O. Jonassen, Yong Luo, Sonja Murto, James E. Overland, Chelsea Parker, William Perrie, Kirstin Schulz, Axel Schweiger, Thomas Spengler, Michael Steele, Wen-wen Tung, Nicholas Tyrrell, Elina Valkonen, Hailong Wang, Zhuo Wang, Wilbert Weijer, Siiri Wickström, Yutian Wu, Minghong Zhang","doi":"10.1038/s43017-025-00724-4","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43017-025-00724-4","url":null,"abstract":"Weather and climate extremes are increasingly occurring in the Arctic. In this Review, we evaluate historical and projected changes in rare Arctic extremes across the atmosphere, cryosphere and ocean and elucidate their driving mechanisms. Clear shifts occur in mean and extreme distributions after ~2000. For instance, pre-2000 to post-2000 observational probabilities of 1.5 standard deviation events increase by 20% for atmospheric heat waves, 76.7% for Atlantic layer warm events, 83.5% for Arctic sea ice loss and 62.9% for Greenland Ice Sheet melt extent — in many cases, low probability, rare extreme events in the early period become the norm in the latter period. These observed changes can be explained using a ‘pushing and triggering’ concept, representing interplay between external forcing and internal variability: long-term warming destabilizes the climate system and ‘pushes’ it to a new state, allowing subsequent variability associated with large-scale atmosphere–ocean–ice interactions and synoptic systems to ‘trigger’ extreme events over different timescales. Ongoing anthropogenic warming is expected to further increase the frequency and magnitude of extremes, such that simulated probabilities of 1.5 standard deviation events increase by 72.6% for atmospheric heat waves, 68.7% for Atlantic layer warm events and 93.3% for Greenland Ice Sheet melt rate between historic (1984–2014) and future (2069–2099) periods under a very high emission scenario. Future research should prioritize the development of physically based metrics, enhance high-resolution observation and modelling capabilities and improve understanding of multiscale Arctic climate drivers. Rare and extreme climate events have increasingly occurred in the Arctic since ~2000. This Review outlines the observed and projected changes in atmospheric, oceanic and cryospheric extremes and explains their increasing occurrence through a ‘pushing and triggering’ framework.","PeriodicalId":18921,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Earth & Environment","volume":"6 11","pages":"691-711"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145450126","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Stakeholder asset-mapping of climate technology infrastructures","authors":"Marta Koch","doi":"10.1038/s43017-025-00737-z","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43017-025-00737-z","url":null,"abstract":"Marta Koch explains how stakeholder asset-mapping can help identify emerging climate action technology solutions in the Arctic.","PeriodicalId":18921,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Earth & Environment","volume":"6 12","pages":"771-771"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145695657","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How do faults evolve into plate boundaries?","authors":"Laetitia Le Pourhiet","doi":"10.1038/s43017-025-00729-z","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43017-025-00729-z","url":null,"abstract":"Lara (16, Turkey) asks Professor Le Pourhiet how faults evolve into plate boundaries.","PeriodicalId":18921,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Earth & Environment","volume":"6 11","pages":"687-687"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145450116","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impacts of rising atmospheric dryness on terrestrial ecosystem carbon cycle","authors":"Wenping Yuan, Jie Tian, Mei Wang, Shuo Wang, Wenfang Xu, Yin Wang, Zheng Fu, Martin P. Girardin, Julia K. Green, Sha Zhou, Jiali Shang, Bin He, Miao Huang, Menglong Liu, Haibo Lu, Shilong Piao, Yamin Qing, Meimei Xue, Chaoqing Song, Yongxian Su, Walid Sadok, Yao Zhang, Xiuzhi Chen","doi":"10.1038/s43017-025-00726-2","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43017-025-00726-2","url":null,"abstract":"Rising atmospheric dryness is affecting the terrestrial ecosystem carbon cycle through its influence on plant physiology. In this Review, we synthesize historical and projected trends in atmospheric vapour pressure deficit (VPD), a proxy for atmospheric dryness, and the mechanisms by which it affects the terrestrial carbon cycle. Since the late 1990s, global mean VPD has increased at a mean rate of 0.0155 ± 0.0041 hPa yr−1. VPD-driven reductions in leaf area index (0.11 ± 0.07 m2 m−2 hPa−1, 1982–2015), gross primary production (13.82 ± 3.12 PgC hPa−1, 1982–2015), light use efficiency (0.04 ± 0.02 gC MJ−1 hPa−1, 2001–2020) and net ecosystem production (5.59 ± 1.15 PgC hPa−1, 1982–2013) have been observed globally. However, attributing changes in the terrestrial carbon cycle to VPD is still challenging, owing to the confounding influence of other environmental factors, such as soil moisture, temperature and radiation. The mechanisms underlying plant responses to VPD — which include stomatal closure, hydraulic failure, abscisic acid biosynthesis, and cascading effects on fires and soil moisture deficits — are also poorly constrained, limiting the predictive capabilities of terrestrial carbon cycle models. Future research should prioritize establishing global VPD-manipulation experiments to enhance understanding of feedbacks between VPD, plants and the carbon cycle, and these mechanisms should then be integrated into terrestrial carbon cycle models. Atmospheric dryness is increasing as air temperatures rise because of climate change. This Review explores temporal trends and spatial heterogeneity in global atmospheric dryness and the implications for plant growth, productivity and terrestrial carbon cycling.","PeriodicalId":18921,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Earth & Environment","volume":"6 11","pages":"712-727"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145450127","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}