Pub Date : 2025-01-14DOI: 10.1038/s43017-024-00630-1
Sean D. Willett
Mac (6, UK) asks Prof. Sean Willett how mountains grow.
麦克（6岁，英国）问肖恩·威利特教授山是如何生长的。
{"title":"How do mountains grow?","authors":"Sean D. Willett","doi":"10.1038/s43017-024-00630-1","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43017-024-00630-1","url":null,"abstract":"Mac (6, UK) asks Prof. Sean Willett how mountains grow.","PeriodicalId":18921,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Earth & Environment","volume":"6 1","pages":"6-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s43017-024-00630-1.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142976656","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-14DOI: 10.1038/s43017-024-00623-0
Victoria Flexer, Cornelis van Leeuwen, Kirsi Niinimäki, Shilong Piao, Erica R. Siirila-Woodburn, Lan Wang-Erlandsson
In celebration of the fifth year anniversary of Nature Reviews Earth & Environment, we ask authors of some of our most impactful articles (with respect to news stories, social media engagement, Altmetric scores, citations, policy mentions and article accesses) to reflect on the successes of their Reviews.
{"title":"Reflecting on impactful articles at Nature Reviews Earth & Environment","authors":"Victoria Flexer, Cornelis van Leeuwen, Kirsi Niinimäki, Shilong Piao, Erica R. Siirila-Woodburn, Lan Wang-Erlandsson","doi":"10.1038/s43017-024-00623-0","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43017-024-00623-0","url":null,"abstract":"In celebration of the fifth year anniversary of Nature Reviews Earth & Environment, we ask authors of some of our most impactful articles (with respect to news stories, social media engagement, Altmetric scores, citations, policy mentions and article accesses) to reflect on the successes of their Reviews.","PeriodicalId":18921,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Earth & Environment","volume":"6 1","pages":"12-16"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142976695","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-14DOI: 10.1038/s43017-024-00629-8
Sunke Trace-Kleeberg
Ashton (7, UK) asks Sunke Trace-Kleeberg why tides can vary so much from one location to another.
阿什顿（7岁，英国）问桑克·特雷斯-克里伯格，为什么潮汐会在不同的地方变化如此之大。
{"title":"Why do tides vary regionally?","authors":"Sunke Trace-Kleeberg","doi":"10.1038/s43017-024-00629-8","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43017-024-00629-8","url":null,"abstract":"Ashton (7, UK) asks Sunke Trace-Kleeberg why tides can vary so much from one location to another.","PeriodicalId":18921,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Earth & Environment","volume":"6 1","pages":"7-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s43017-024-00629-8.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142976700","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-14DOI: 10.1038/s43017-024-00641-y
Nature Reviews Earth & Environment is pleased to launch a new article type — Ask an Expert — that offers the public an opportunity to have their burning questions about Earth science answered.
{"title":"Introducing ‘Ask an Expert’","authors":"","doi":"10.1038/s43017-024-00641-y","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43017-024-00641-y","url":null,"abstract":"Nature Reviews Earth & Environment is pleased to launch a new article type — Ask an Expert — that offers the public an opportunity to have their burning questions about Earth science answered.","PeriodicalId":18921,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Earth & Environment","volume":"6 1","pages":"1-1"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s43017-024-00641-y.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142976693","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-14DOI: 10.1038/s43017-024-00632-z
Katy J. Chamberlain
Andrzej (41, Poland) asks Dr Katy Chamberlain about the frequency of the largest volcanic eruptions on Earth.
Andrzej （41 岁，波兰）向凯蒂-张伯伦博士询问地球上最大火山爆发的频率。
{"title":"How often do supereruptions occur?","authors":"Katy J. Chamberlain","doi":"10.1038/s43017-024-00632-z","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43017-024-00632-z","url":null,"abstract":"Andrzej (41, Poland) asks Dr Katy Chamberlain about the frequency of the largest volcanic eruptions on Earth.","PeriodicalId":18921,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Earth & Environment","volume":"6 1","pages":"8-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s43017-024-00632-z.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142976690","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-09DOI: 10.1038/s43017-024-00624-z
Daniel L. Swain, Andreas F. Prein, John T. Abatzoglou, Christine M. Albano, Manuela Brunner, Noah S. Diffenbaugh, Deepti Singh, Christopher B. Skinner, Danielle Touma
Hydroclimate volatility refers to sudden, large and/or frequent transitions between very dry and very wet conditions. In this Review, we examine how hydroclimate volatility is anticipated to evolve with anthropogenic warming. Using a metric of ‘hydroclimate whiplash’ based on the Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index, global-averaged subseasonal (3-month) and interannual (12-month) whiplash have increased by 31–66% and 8–31%, respectively, since the mid-twentieth century. Further increases are anticipated with ongoing warming, including subseasonal increases of 113% and interannual increases of 52% over land areas with 3 °C of warming; these changes are largest at high latitudes and from northern Africa eastward into South Asia. Extensive evidence links these increases primarily to thermodynamics, namely the rising water-vapour-holding capacity and potential evaporative demand of the atmosphere. Increases in hydroclimate volatility will amplify hazards associated with rapid swings between wet and dry states (including flash floods, wildfires, landslides and disease outbreaks), and could accelerate a water management shift towards co-management of drought and flood risks. A clearer understanding of plausible future trajectories of hydroclimate volatility requires expanded focus on the response of atmospheric circulation to regional and global forcings, as well as land–ocean–atmosphere feedbacks, using large ensemble climate model simulations, storm-resolving high-resolution models and emerging machine learning methods. Rapid transitions between extreme wet and extreme dry conditions — ‘hydroclimate whiplash’ — have marked environmental and societal impacts. This Review outlines observed and projected changes in hydroclimate whiplash, suggesting that subseasonal and interannual volatility will increase markedly with ongoing warming.
{"title":"Hydroclimate volatility on a warming Earth","authors":"Daniel L. Swain, Andreas F. Prein, John T. Abatzoglou, Christine M. Albano, Manuela Brunner, Noah S. Diffenbaugh, Deepti Singh, Christopher B. Skinner, Danielle Touma","doi":"10.1038/s43017-024-00624-z","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43017-024-00624-z","url":null,"abstract":"Hydroclimate volatility refers to sudden, large and/or frequent transitions between very dry and very wet conditions. In this Review, we examine how hydroclimate volatility is anticipated to evolve with anthropogenic warming. Using a metric of ‘hydroclimate whiplash’ based on the Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index, global-averaged subseasonal (3-month) and interannual (12-month) whiplash have increased by 31–66% and 8–31%, respectively, since the mid-twentieth century. Further increases are anticipated with ongoing warming, including subseasonal increases of 113% and interannual increases of 52% over land areas with 3 °C of warming; these changes are largest at high latitudes and from northern Africa eastward into South Asia. Extensive evidence links these increases primarily to thermodynamics, namely the rising water-vapour-holding capacity and potential evaporative demand of the atmosphere. Increases in hydroclimate volatility will amplify hazards associated with rapid swings between wet and dry states (including flash floods, wildfires, landslides and disease outbreaks), and could accelerate a water management shift towards co-management of drought and flood risks. A clearer understanding of plausible future trajectories of hydroclimate volatility requires expanded focus on the response of atmospheric circulation to regional and global forcings, as well as land–ocean–atmosphere feedbacks, using large ensemble climate model simulations, storm-resolving high-resolution models and emerging machine learning methods. Rapid transitions between extreme wet and extreme dry conditions — ‘hydroclimate whiplash’ — have marked environmental and societal impacts. This Review outlines observed and projected changes in hydroclimate whiplash, suggesting that subseasonal and interannual volatility will increase markedly with ongoing warming.","PeriodicalId":18921,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Earth & Environment","volume":"6 1","pages":"35-50"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s43017-024-00624-z.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142976681","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Soil carbon is an important component of the terrestrial carbon cycle and could be augmented through improved soil management to mitigate climate change. However, data gaps for numerous regions and a lack of understanding of the heterogeneity of biogeochemical processes across diverse soil landscapes hinder the development of large-scale representations of soil organic matter (SOM) dynamics. In this Perspective, we outline how understanding soil formation processes and complexity at the landscape scale can inform predictions of soil organic matter (SOM) cycling and soil carbon sequestration. Long-term alterations of the soil matrix caused by weathering and soil redistribution vary across climate zones and ecosystems, but particularly with the structure of landscapes at the regional scale. Thus, oversimplified generalizations that assume that the drivers of SOM dynamics can be scaled directly from local to global regimes and vice versa leads to large uncertainties in global projections of soil C stocks. Data-driven models with enhanced coverage of underrepresented regions, particularly where soils are physicochemically distinct and environmental change is most rapid, are key to understanding C turnover and stabilization at landscape scales to better predict global soil carbon dynamics. Soil carbon cycling is closely linked with landscape complexities in soil properties, climate and land use. This Perspective outlines how soil formation theory could provide insight on landscape-scale soil–carbon interactions as well as carbon sequestration and improve predictions of future soil organic matter dynamics.
土壤碳是陆地碳循环的重要组成部分，可以通过改善土壤管理来增加土壤碳含量，从而减缓气候变化。然而，众多地区的数据缺口以及对不同土壤景观中生物地球化学过程的异质性缺乏了解，阻碍了土壤有机质（SOM）动态大尺度表征的发展。在本《视角》中，我们将概述了解景观尺度上的土壤形成过程和复杂性如何为预测土壤有机质循环和土壤固碳提供信息。由风化和土壤再分布引起的土壤基质的长期变化在不同气候带和生态系统中各不相同，尤其是在区域尺度上与地貌结构有关。因此，假设 SOM 动态的驱动因素可以从局部直接扩展到全球，反之亦然的过于简单的概括会导致全球土壤碳储量预测的巨大不确定性。数据驱动的模型应加强对代表性不足地区的覆盖，尤其是土壤理化性质独特、环境变化最迅速的地区，这是了解碳在景观尺度上的周转和稳定，从而更好地预测全球土壤碳动态的关键。土壤碳循环与土壤特性、气候和土地利用等景观复杂性密切相关。本视角概述了土壤形成理论如何为景观尺度的土壤-碳相互作用以及碳固存提供见解，并改进对未来土壤有机质动态的预测。
{"title":"A landscape-scale view of soil organic matter dynamics","authors":"Sebastian Doetterl, Asmeret Asefaw Berhe, Katherine Heckman, Corey Lawrence, Jörg Schnecker, Rodrigo Vargas, Cordula Vogel, Rota Wagai","doi":"10.1038/s43017-024-00621-2","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43017-024-00621-2","url":null,"abstract":"Soil carbon is an important component of the terrestrial carbon cycle and could be augmented through improved soil management to mitigate climate change. However, data gaps for numerous regions and a lack of understanding of the heterogeneity of biogeochemical processes across diverse soil landscapes hinder the development of large-scale representations of soil organic matter (SOM) dynamics. In this Perspective, we outline how understanding soil formation processes and complexity at the landscape scale can inform predictions of soil organic matter (SOM) cycling and soil carbon sequestration. Long-term alterations of the soil matrix caused by weathering and soil redistribution vary across climate zones and ecosystems, but particularly with the structure of landscapes at the regional scale. Thus, oversimplified generalizations that assume that the drivers of SOM dynamics can be scaled directly from local to global regimes and vice versa leads to large uncertainties in global projections of soil C stocks. Data-driven models with enhanced coverage of underrepresented regions, particularly where soils are physicochemically distinct and environmental change is most rapid, are key to understanding C turnover and stabilization at landscape scales to better predict global soil carbon dynamics. Soil carbon cycling is closely linked with landscape complexities in soil properties, climate and land use. This Perspective outlines how soil formation theory could provide insight on landscape-scale soil–carbon interactions as well as carbon sequestration and improve predictions of future soil organic matter dynamics.","PeriodicalId":18921,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Earth & Environment","volume":"6 1","pages":"67-81"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142976676","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-12-20DOI: 10.1038/s43017-024-00631-0
Jennifer Jenkins, Beth A. Johnson, Kendall Valentine, Kendra J. Lynn
Fieldwork is integral to geoscience but can come with risks that increase for fieldworkers who are pregnant. Consultation with medical staff and completion of risk assessments are essential steps, but pregnant individuals also benefit from supportive colleagues, reasonable accommodations, and the freedom to adapt plans as pregnancy progresses.
{"title":"Considerations and perspectives on pregnancy and fieldwork","authors":"Jennifer Jenkins, Beth A. Johnson, Kendall Valentine, Kendra J. Lynn","doi":"10.1038/s43017-024-00631-0","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43017-024-00631-0","url":null,"abstract":"Fieldwork is integral to geoscience but can come with risks that increase for fieldworkers who are pregnant. Consultation with medical staff and completion of risk assessments are essential steps, but pregnant individuals also benefit from supportive colleagues, reasonable accommodations, and the freedom to adapt plans as pregnancy progresses.","PeriodicalId":18921,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Earth & Environment","volume":"6 1","pages":"2-3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142976675","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Using drones to investigate rock glacier kinematics","authors":"Melanie Stammler","doi":"10.1038/s43017-024-00628-9","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43017-024-00628-9","url":null,"abstract":"Melanie Stammler explains how drones help reveal changes in rock glacier kinematics and elucidate the state of mountain permafrost.","PeriodicalId":18921,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Earth & Environment","volume":"6 1","pages":"11-11"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142976683","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-12-10DOI: 10.1038/s43017-024-00625-y
Madeleine Lewis
Madeleine Lewis explains how a needle and peristaltic pump system can be used to isolate supraglacial meltwater.
玛德琳·刘易斯解释了如何使用针和蠕动泵系统来隔离冰川上的融水。
{"title":"Using a vacuum to collect glacial meltwater from ice","authors":"Madeleine Lewis","doi":"10.1038/s43017-024-00625-y","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43017-024-00625-y","url":null,"abstract":"Madeleine Lewis explains how a needle and peristaltic pump system can be used to isolate supraglacial meltwater.","PeriodicalId":18921,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Earth & Environment","volume":"6 1","pages":"9-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142976680","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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