Pub Date : 2024-07-30DOI: 10.1038/s43017-024-00573-7
Guojian Wang, Wenju Cai, Agus Santoso, Nerilie Abram, Benjamin Ng, Kai Yang, Tao Geng, Takeshi Doi, Yan Du, Takeshi Izumo, Karumuri Ashok, Jianping Li, Tim Li, Sebastian McKenna, Shuangwen Sun, Tomoki Tozuka, Xiaotong Zheng, Yi Liu, Lixin Wu, Fan Jia, Shijian Hu, Xichen Li
The Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) strongly affects the climate of the Indo-Pacific. Observations suggest a shift towards stronger and earlier positive IOD (pIOD) events alongside an increased amplitude of sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies, but uncertainty remains, impeding assessments of ongoing changes. In this Review, we synthesize the available knowledge of projected changes in the IOD during the twenty-first century under anthropogenic warming. Compared to observations, models struggle to simulate the Bjerknes feedback, asymmetry in the strength of positive and negative IOD anomalies and El Niño–Southern Oscillation or monsoonal forcings. Yet several models do capture important feedbacks reasonably well and offer useful tools with which to assess IOD evolution. A pIOD-like SST warming pattern (an enhanced west-minus-east SST gradient) alongside shifts in feedback process drive corresponding changes to the IOD. Over the course of the twenty-first century, robust changes include: enhanced IOD SST variability (as measured by the first principal component of spring SST variability, not the dipole mode index); an increase in strong rainfall pIOD events; an increase and decrease in the frequency of strong-pIOD and moderate-pIOD, respectively, as defined by SST; and an increase in the frequency of early-pIOD events. Palaeo evidence reveals similar increases in the magnitude and frequency of pIOD events underpinned by a similar pattern of mean state change (Last Glacial Maximum, post-1960), reinforcing IOD projections. Sustained international efforts are needed to improve IOD simulations and reduce projection uncertainties. The Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) exerts strong control on the Indo-Pacific climate. This Review outlines twenty-first-century changes in the IOD, noting robust increases in eastern pole sea surface temperature variability, more frequent strong and early positive IOD events, and less frequent moderate positive IOD events.
{"title":"The Indian Ocean Dipole in a warming world","authors":"Guojian Wang, Wenju Cai, Agus Santoso, Nerilie Abram, Benjamin Ng, Kai Yang, Tao Geng, Takeshi Doi, Yan Du, Takeshi Izumo, Karumuri Ashok, Jianping Li, Tim Li, Sebastian McKenna, Shuangwen Sun, Tomoki Tozuka, Xiaotong Zheng, Yi Liu, Lixin Wu, Fan Jia, Shijian Hu, Xichen Li","doi":"10.1038/s43017-024-00573-7","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43017-024-00573-7","url":null,"abstract":"The Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) strongly affects the climate of the Indo-Pacific. Observations suggest a shift towards stronger and earlier positive IOD (pIOD) events alongside an increased amplitude of sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies, but uncertainty remains, impeding assessments of ongoing changes. In this Review, we synthesize the available knowledge of projected changes in the IOD during the twenty-first century under anthropogenic warming. Compared to observations, models struggle to simulate the Bjerknes feedback, asymmetry in the strength of positive and negative IOD anomalies and El Niño–Southern Oscillation or monsoonal forcings. Yet several models do capture important feedbacks reasonably well and offer useful tools with which to assess IOD evolution. A pIOD-like SST warming pattern (an enhanced west-minus-east SST gradient) alongside shifts in feedback process drive corresponding changes to the IOD. Over the course of the twenty-first century, robust changes include: enhanced IOD SST variability (as measured by the first principal component of spring SST variability, not the dipole mode index); an increase in strong rainfall pIOD events; an increase and decrease in the frequency of strong-pIOD and moderate-pIOD, respectively, as defined by SST; and an increase in the frequency of early-pIOD events. Palaeo evidence reveals similar increases in the magnitude and frequency of pIOD events underpinned by a similar pattern of mean state change (Last Glacial Maximum, post-1960), reinforcing IOD projections. Sustained international efforts are needed to improve IOD simulations and reduce projection uncertainties. The Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) exerts strong control on the Indo-Pacific climate. This Review outlines twenty-first-century changes in the IOD, noting robust increases in eastern pole sea surface temperature variability, more frequent strong and early positive IOD events, and less frequent moderate positive IOD events.","PeriodicalId":18921,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Earth & Environment","volume":"5 8","pages":"588-604"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141864024","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-29DOI: 10.1038/s43017-024-00581-7
Mimi Rose Abel, Mona Behl, Anna Kladzyk Constantino, Anne Kellerman
Geosciences are one of the least gender-diverse fields, with women representing ~33% and ~39% of those employed in the USA and UK, respectively. Institutionalized and incentivized culturally responsive mentorship through establishment of career investors offers an accelerated path toward transforming geoscience culture and leadership.
{"title":"Mentors as career investors to empower women’s leadership in geosciences","authors":"Mimi Rose Abel, Mona Behl, Anna Kladzyk Constantino, Anne Kellerman","doi":"10.1038/s43017-024-00581-7","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43017-024-00581-7","url":null,"abstract":"Geosciences are one of the least gender-diverse fields, with women representing ~33% and ~39% of those employed in the USA and UK, respectively. Institutionalized and incentivized culturally responsive mentorship through establishment of career investors offers an accelerated path toward transforming geoscience culture and leadership.","PeriodicalId":18921,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Earth & Environment","volume":"5 8","pages":"553-555"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141863913","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-24DOI: 10.1038/s43017-024-00580-8
Mario Casado Diez
Mario Casado Díez explains how networks of smart photometers can be used to monitor light pollution in the night sky.
Mario Casado Díez 解释了如何利用智能光度计网络监测夜空中的光污染。
{"title":"Measuring light pollution with smart photometers","authors":"Mario Casado Diez","doi":"10.1038/s43017-024-00580-8","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43017-024-00580-8","url":null,"abstract":"Mario Casado Díez explains how networks of smart photometers can be used to monitor light pollution in the night sky.","PeriodicalId":18921,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Earth & Environment","volume":"5 8","pages":"558-558"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141785819","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-23DOI: 10.1038/s43017-024-00567-5
Xiaochuan Huang, Mélanie Auffan, Matthew J. Eckelman, Menachem Elimelech, Jae-Hong Kim, Jérôme Rose, Kuichang Zuo, Qilin Li, Pedro J. J. Alvarez
Engineered nanomaterials (ENMs), intentionally synthesized materials with sizes less than 100 nm in at least one dimension, have numerous potential environmental applications, such as pollution remediation and water treatment. However, concerns regarding their potential health and environmental impacts have been raised. In this Review, we assess the opportunities of ENMs in environmental applications versus their potential public and environmental health risks, focusing on water treatment and reuse, and identify strategies for their responsible use. Life-cycle analyses indicate that the highest potential environmental and health impacts of ENMs used in commercial products are associated with production rather than incidental release during use. Typically, the detected or predicted ENM concentrations are 1 to 4 orders of magnitude lower than their respective predicted no-effect concentrations. In addition, ENMs often undergo passivating transformations, such as agglomeration and oxidation, reducing risks after release. Therefore, the environmental and health risks of ENMs are relatively low. However, some point sources under extreme scenarios, such as sewage effluent, can potentially increase localized risks. Adopting green chemistry and immobilization strategies can further limit the release of ENMs, minimizing their potential discharge into the environment. Such strategies to reduce toxicity and exposure enable sustainable application of ENMs, such that the environmental benefits could outweigh the risks if managed properly. Engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) have numerous environmental applications, such as in water treatment and reuse. This Review explores the trade-offs between the risks and benefits of environmental ENMs, and highlights that the environmental and health risks of ENMs are relatively low when used responsibly.
{"title":"Trends, risks and opportunities in environmental nanotechnology","authors":"Xiaochuan Huang, Mélanie Auffan, Matthew J. Eckelman, Menachem Elimelech, Jae-Hong Kim, Jérôme Rose, Kuichang Zuo, Qilin Li, Pedro J. J. Alvarez","doi":"10.1038/s43017-024-00567-5","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43017-024-00567-5","url":null,"abstract":"Engineered nanomaterials (ENMs), intentionally synthesized materials with sizes less than 100 nm in at least one dimension, have numerous potential environmental applications, such as pollution remediation and water treatment. However, concerns regarding their potential health and environmental impacts have been raised. In this Review, we assess the opportunities of ENMs in environmental applications versus their potential public and environmental health risks, focusing on water treatment and reuse, and identify strategies for their responsible use. Life-cycle analyses indicate that the highest potential environmental and health impacts of ENMs used in commercial products are associated with production rather than incidental release during use. Typically, the detected or predicted ENM concentrations are 1 to 4 orders of magnitude lower than their respective predicted no-effect concentrations. In addition, ENMs often undergo passivating transformations, such as agglomeration and oxidation, reducing risks after release. Therefore, the environmental and health risks of ENMs are relatively low. However, some point sources under extreme scenarios, such as sewage effluent, can potentially increase localized risks. Adopting green chemistry and immobilization strategies can further limit the release of ENMs, minimizing their potential discharge into the environment. Such strategies to reduce toxicity and exposure enable sustainable application of ENMs, such that the environmental benefits could outweigh the risks if managed properly. Engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) have numerous environmental applications, such as in water treatment and reuse. This Review explores the trade-offs between the risks and benefits of environmental ENMs, and highlights that the environmental and health risks of ENMs are relatively low when used responsibly.","PeriodicalId":18921,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Earth & Environment","volume":"5 8","pages":"572-587"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141782285","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-22DOI: 10.1038/s43017-024-00585-3
Philip W. Boyd, Kevin R. Arrigo, Mathieu Ardyna, Svenja Halfter, Luis Huckstadt, Angela M. Kuhn, Delphine Lannuzel, Griet Neukermans, Camilla Novaglio, Elizabeth H. Shadwick, Sebastiaan Swart, Sandy J. Thomalla
{"title":"Author Correction: The role of biota in the Southern Ocean carbon cycle","authors":"Philip W. Boyd, Kevin R. Arrigo, Mathieu Ardyna, Svenja Halfter, Luis Huckstadt, Angela M. Kuhn, Delphine Lannuzel, Griet Neukermans, Camilla Novaglio, Elizabeth H. Shadwick, Sebastiaan Swart, Sandy J. Thomalla","doi":"10.1038/s43017-024-00585-3","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43017-024-00585-3","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":18921,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Earth & Environment","volume":"5 9","pages":"665-665"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s43017-024-00585-3.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141816534","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-18DOI: 10.1038/s43017-024-00582-6
Erin Scott, Graeme Poole
To explore career opportunities outside of academia, Nature Reviews Earth & Environment interviewed Graeme Poole about their career path from postdoctoral researcher to Planetary Protection Officer at Airbus Defence and Space.
{"title":"From academia to a career in the space industry","authors":"Erin Scott, Graeme Poole","doi":"10.1038/s43017-024-00582-6","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43017-024-00582-6","url":null,"abstract":"To explore career opportunities outside of academia, Nature Reviews Earth & Environment interviewed Graeme Poole about their career path from postdoctoral researcher to Planetary Protection Officer at Airbus Defence and Space.","PeriodicalId":18921,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Earth & Environment","volume":"5 8","pages":"556-556"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141826598","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-16DOI: 10.1038/s43017-024-00569-3
Shuli Niu, Weinan Chen, Lìyǐn L. Liáng, Carlos A. Sierra, Jianyang Xia, Song Wang, Mary Heskel, Kaizad F. Patel, Ben Bond-Lamberty, Jinsong Wang, Gabriel Yvon-Durocher, Miko U. F. Kirschbaum, Owen K. Atkin, Yuanyuan Huang, Guirui Yu, Yiqi Luo
Terrestrial ecosystems release ~106–130 PgC yr–1 into the atmosphere through respiration, counterbalancing photosynthetic carbon uptake and determining the strength of the land carbon sink. The effect of anthropogenic warming on the land carbon sink will depend on the temperature response of respiration. In this Review, we explore the relationships between temperature and ecosystem respiration from experimental and observational data at leaf, microbial, ecosystem and global scales. Contrary to the assumed monotonic increase in respiration with increasing temperature derived from Earth system models, empirical findings indicate a unimodal temperature response with a peak in respiration at an optimal temperature (Topt). This unimodality is observed across a range of organization levels with Topt values of 40–60 °C at the leaf and plant level, 11–46 °C at a microbial level and 6.5–33.3 °C at the global scale. Various mechanisms contribute to this unimodal pattern including enzyme deactivation, the thermodynamics of enzyme-catalysed reactions and changes in temperature-dependent factors such as soil moisture, nutrient availability and vegetation physiology. Incorporating the unimodality of these observed temperature responses of ecosystem respiration into Earth system models could facilitate attribution studies to identify the mechanisms responsible for the peaked response and increase the accuracy of carbon sequestration predictions. The future of the land carbon sink depends on the temperature response of ecosystem respiration. This Review explores observational and experimental evidence for a unimodal temperature response of respiration and the implications for carbon sequestration predictions.
{"title":"Temperature responses of ecosystem respiration","authors":"Shuli Niu, Weinan Chen, Lìyǐn L. Liáng, Carlos A. Sierra, Jianyang Xia, Song Wang, Mary Heskel, Kaizad F. Patel, Ben Bond-Lamberty, Jinsong Wang, Gabriel Yvon-Durocher, Miko U. F. Kirschbaum, Owen K. Atkin, Yuanyuan Huang, Guirui Yu, Yiqi Luo","doi":"10.1038/s43017-024-00569-3","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43017-024-00569-3","url":null,"abstract":"Terrestrial ecosystems release ~106–130 PgC yr–1 into the atmosphere through respiration, counterbalancing photosynthetic carbon uptake and determining the strength of the land carbon sink. The effect of anthropogenic warming on the land carbon sink will depend on the temperature response of respiration. In this Review, we explore the relationships between temperature and ecosystem respiration from experimental and observational data at leaf, microbial, ecosystem and global scales. Contrary to the assumed monotonic increase in respiration with increasing temperature derived from Earth system models, empirical findings indicate a unimodal temperature response with a peak in respiration at an optimal temperature (Topt). This unimodality is observed across a range of organization levels with Topt values of 40–60 °C at the leaf and plant level, 11–46 °C at a microbial level and 6.5–33.3 °C at the global scale. Various mechanisms contribute to this unimodal pattern including enzyme deactivation, the thermodynamics of enzyme-catalysed reactions and changes in temperature-dependent factors such as soil moisture, nutrient availability and vegetation physiology. Incorporating the unimodality of these observed temperature responses of ecosystem respiration into Earth system models could facilitate attribution studies to identify the mechanisms responsible for the peaked response and increase the accuracy of carbon sequestration predictions. The future of the land carbon sink depends on the temperature response of ecosystem respiration. This Review explores observational and experimental evidence for a unimodal temperature response of respiration and the implications for carbon sequestration predictions.","PeriodicalId":18921,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Earth & Environment","volume":"5 8","pages":"559-571"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141641868","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-11DOI: 10.1038/s43017-024-00579-1
The switch to a low-carbon economy is heavily reliant on mining, geothermal energy and geological storage. Subsurface geoscientists are critically needed to responsibly source, manage and refine these operations while minimizing environmental and social impacts.
{"title":"The energy transition needs subsurface geoscience","authors":"","doi":"10.1038/s43017-024-00579-1","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43017-024-00579-1","url":null,"abstract":"The switch to a low-carbon economy is heavily reliant on mining, geothermal energy and geological storage. Subsurface geoscientists are critically needed to responsibly source, manage and refine these operations while minimizing environmental and social impacts.","PeriodicalId":18921,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Earth & Environment","volume":"5 7","pages":"477-477"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s43017-024-00579-1.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141588477","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-04DOI: 10.1038/s43017-024-00575-5
Rahul Dey
Rahul Dey describes how high-resolution digital imaging of ice core layers can be used to infer paleoclimatic changes.
Rahul Dey 介绍了如何利用冰芯层的高分辨率数字成像来推断古气候变化。
{"title":"Digital ice core imaging to reveal past climate changes","authors":"Rahul Dey","doi":"10.1038/s43017-024-00575-5","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43017-024-00575-5","url":null,"abstract":"Rahul Dey describes how high-resolution digital imaging of ice core layers can be used to infer paleoclimatic changes.","PeriodicalId":18921,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Earth & Environment","volume":"5 8","pages":"557-557"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141547908","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-03DOI: 10.1038/s43017-024-00577-3
Hector Linares Arroyo, Angela Abascal, Tobias Degen, Martin Aubé, Brian R. Espey, Geza Gyuk, Franz Hölker, Andreas Jechow, Monika Kuffer, Alejandro Sánchez de Miguel, Alexandre Simoneau, Ken Walczak, Christopher C. M. Kyba
{"title":"Author Correction: Monitoring, trends and impacts of light pollution","authors":"Hector Linares Arroyo, Angela Abascal, Tobias Degen, Martin Aubé, Brian R. Espey, Geza Gyuk, Franz Hölker, Andreas Jechow, Monika Kuffer, Alejandro Sánchez de Miguel, Alexandre Simoneau, Ken Walczak, Christopher C. M. Kyba","doi":"10.1038/s43017-024-00577-3","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43017-024-00577-3","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":18921,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Earth & Environment","volume":"5 8","pages":"605-605"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s43017-024-00577-3.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141968500","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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