Pub Date : 2024-05-02DOI: 10.1038/s43017-024-00551-z
Emma M. Hill, Jamie W. McCaughey, Adam D. Switzer, David Lallemant, Yu Wang, Sharadha Sathiakumar
Anthropogenic climate change and modification of landscapes — such as deforestation, sediment movement, irrigation and sea-level rise — can destabilize natural systems and amplify hazards from earthquake-triggered landslides, liquefaction, tsunami and coastal flooding. In this Perspective, we examine the connections and feedbacks between human environmental modifications and secondary earthquake hazards to identify steps for hazard mitigation. Destabilization of slopes by vegetation removal, agricultural activities, steepening, loading and drainage disruption can amplify landslide hazards. For example, landslides were mainly triggered on deforested slopes after the 2010 and 2021 Haiti earthquakes. Liquefaction hazards are intensified by extensive irrigation and land reclamation, as exemplified by liquefaction causing >15 m of ground displacement in irrigated areas after the 2018 Palu earthquake. Degradation or removal of primary coastal vegetation and coral reefs, destruction of sand dunes, subsidence from groundwater withdrawal, and sea-level rise can increase tsunami inland reach. Restoration of natural coastal habitats could help decrease the maximum inland reach of tsunami, but their effectiveness depends on tsunami size. Sustainable farming practices, such as mixed crop cultivation and drip irrigation, can successfully reduce the saturation of soils and the liquefaction hazard in some situations. Future research should explore the potential of such sustainable practices and nature-based solutions in reducing earthquake-related hazards, in addition to their climate and ecosystem benefits. Human modifications to the environment can amplify the secondary impacts of earthquakes, such as landslides, liquefaction and tsunamis. This Perspective explores the relationships between environmental modification and earthquake-triggered hazards to identify potential solutions for hazard mitigation.
{"title":"Human amplification of secondary earthquake hazards through environmental modifications","authors":"Emma M. Hill, Jamie W. McCaughey, Adam D. Switzer, David Lallemant, Yu Wang, Sharadha Sathiakumar","doi":"10.1038/s43017-024-00551-z","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43017-024-00551-z","url":null,"abstract":"Anthropogenic climate change and modification of landscapes — such as deforestation, sediment movement, irrigation and sea-level rise — can destabilize natural systems and amplify hazards from earthquake-triggered landslides, liquefaction, tsunami and coastal flooding. In this Perspective, we examine the connections and feedbacks between human environmental modifications and secondary earthquake hazards to identify steps for hazard mitigation. Destabilization of slopes by vegetation removal, agricultural activities, steepening, loading and drainage disruption can amplify landslide hazards. For example, landslides were mainly triggered on deforested slopes after the 2010 and 2021 Haiti earthquakes. Liquefaction hazards are intensified by extensive irrigation and land reclamation, as exemplified by liquefaction causing >15 m of ground displacement in irrigated areas after the 2018 Palu earthquake. Degradation or removal of primary coastal vegetation and coral reefs, destruction of sand dunes, subsidence from groundwater withdrawal, and sea-level rise can increase tsunami inland reach. Restoration of natural coastal habitats could help decrease the maximum inland reach of tsunami, but their effectiveness depends on tsunami size. Sustainable farming practices, such as mixed crop cultivation and drip irrigation, can successfully reduce the saturation of soils and the liquefaction hazard in some situations. Future research should explore the potential of such sustainable practices and nature-based solutions in reducing earthquake-related hazards, in addition to their climate and ecosystem benefits. Human modifications to the environment can amplify the secondary impacts of earthquakes, such as landslides, liquefaction and tsunamis. This Perspective explores the relationships between environmental modification and earthquake-triggered hazards to identify potential solutions for hazard mitigation.","PeriodicalId":18921,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Earth & Environment","volume":"5 6","pages":"463-476"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140834080","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-01DOI: 10.1038/s43017-024-00559-5
Monica Alejandra Gomez Correa
Monica Alejandra Gomez Correa describes how the ostracod fossil record provides insight into changes in environmental conditions and their impact on marine ecosystems.
{"title":"Reconstructing end-Permian mass extinction conditions using the ostracod record","authors":"Monica Alejandra Gomez Correa","doi":"10.1038/s43017-024-00559-5","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43017-024-00559-5","url":null,"abstract":"Monica Alejandra Gomez Correa describes how the ostracod fossil record provides insight into changes in environmental conditions and their impact on marine ecosystems.","PeriodicalId":18921,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Earth & Environment","volume":"5 5","pages":"333-333"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140833923","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-29DOI: 10.1038/s43017-024-00558-6
Graham Simpkins, Nina Ridder
To explore career opportunities outside of academia, Nature Reviews Earth & Environment interviewed Nina Ridder about their career path from a postdoctoral scholar to a Senior Climate Advisor at Suncorp Group Limited.
{"title":"From academia to a career in insurance","authors":"Graham Simpkins, Nina Ridder","doi":"10.1038/s43017-024-00558-6","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43017-024-00558-6","url":null,"abstract":"To explore career opportunities outside of academia, Nature Reviews Earth & Environment interviewed Nina Ridder about their career path from a postdoctoral scholar to a Senior Climate Advisor at Suncorp Group Limited.","PeriodicalId":18921,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Earth & Environment","volume":"5 5","pages":"332-332"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140811313","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-25DOI: 10.1038/s43017-024-00540-2
Nicolas Eckert, Christophe Corona, Florie Giacona, Johan Gaume, Stephanie Mayer, Alec van Herwijnen, Pascal Hagenmuller, Markus Stoffel
In the rapidly evolving mountain cryosphere, snow avalanches threaten livelihoods, settlements and infrastructure. In this Review, we analyse past and projected impacts of climate change on avalanche activity and the associated risks. The limited availability of comprehensive datasets, the potential confounding factors and the limitations of statistical approaches can make it difficult to identify trends in avalanche activity. However, available data indicate a general decrease in avalanche number, size, seasonality and active paths at low elevations, and an increase in the proportion of wet avalanches relative to dry avalanches. Increased snowfall at high elevations can lead to peaks in avalanche activity and an increase in the number of wet and slush-like avalanches. Activity patterns gradually shift from low to high elevations under continued warming. These changes affect avalanche risk; however, risk is also influenced by factors such as land use and the growth or decline of human settlements. The impact of these factors varies across diverse mountain environments, making it challenging to predict how risk will evolve under a changing climate. Therefore, future research should aim to couple an improved systemic understanding of the impacts of these factors with slope-scale projections of avalanche hazards and risks to support sustainable mountain development and adaptation strategies. Avalanche conditions and related risks are influenced by ongoing changes in temperature and precipitation. This Review synthesizes existing data, approaches and results to highlight dominant patterns of change and how they are linked to climate change and other socio-environmental factors.
{"title":"Climate change impacts on snow avalanche activity and related risks","authors":"Nicolas Eckert, Christophe Corona, Florie Giacona, Johan Gaume, Stephanie Mayer, Alec van Herwijnen, Pascal Hagenmuller, Markus Stoffel","doi":"10.1038/s43017-024-00540-2","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43017-024-00540-2","url":null,"abstract":"In the rapidly evolving mountain cryosphere, snow avalanches threaten livelihoods, settlements and infrastructure. In this Review, we analyse past and projected impacts of climate change on avalanche activity and the associated risks. The limited availability of comprehensive datasets, the potential confounding factors and the limitations of statistical approaches can make it difficult to identify trends in avalanche activity. However, available data indicate a general decrease in avalanche number, size, seasonality and active paths at low elevations, and an increase in the proportion of wet avalanches relative to dry avalanches. Increased snowfall at high elevations can lead to peaks in avalanche activity and an increase in the number of wet and slush-like avalanches. Activity patterns gradually shift from low to high elevations under continued warming. These changes affect avalanche risk; however, risk is also influenced by factors such as land use and the growth or decline of human settlements. The impact of these factors varies across diverse mountain environments, making it challenging to predict how risk will evolve under a changing climate. Therefore, future research should aim to couple an improved systemic understanding of the impacts of these factors with slope-scale projections of avalanche hazards and risks to support sustainable mountain development and adaptation strategies. Avalanche conditions and related risks are influenced by ongoing changes in temperature and precipitation. This Review synthesizes existing data, approaches and results to highlight dominant patterns of change and how they are linked to climate change and other socio-environmental factors.","PeriodicalId":18921,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Earth & Environment","volume":"5 5","pages":"369-389"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140657175","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-18DOI: 10.1038/s43017-024-00527-z
Jake A. Lawlor, Lise Comte, Gaël Grenouillet, Jonathan Lenoir, J. Alex Baecher, R.M.W.J. Bandara, Romain Bertrand, I-Ching Chen, Sarah E. Diamond, Lesley T. Lancaster, Nikki Moore, Jerome Murienne, Brunno F. Oliveira, Gretta T. Pecl, Malin L. Pinsky, Jonathan Rolland, Madeleine Rubenstein, Brett R. Scheffers, Laura M. Thompson, Brit van Amerom, Fabricio Villalobos, Sarah R. Weiskopf, Jennifer Sunday
Shifts in species distributions are a common ecological response to climate change, and global temperature rise is often hypothesized as the primary driver. However, the directions and rates of distribution shifts are highly variable across species, systems, and studies, complicating efforts to manage and anticipate biodiversity responses to anthropogenic change. In this Review, we summarize approaches to documenting species range shifts, discuss why observed range shifts often do not match our expectations, and explore the impacts of species range shifts on nature and society. The majority (59%) of documented range shifts are directionally consistent with climate change, based on the BioShifts database of range shift observations. However, many observed species have not shifted or have shifted in directions opposite to temperature-based expectations. These lagging or expectation-contrary shifts might be explained by additional biotic or abiotic factors driving range shifts, including additional non-temperature climatic drivers, habitat characteristics, and species interactions, which are not normally considered in range shift documentations. Understanding and managing range shifts will require increasing and connecting observational biological data, generalizing range shift patterns across systems, and predicting shifts at management-relevant timescales. Warming temperatures driven by climate change are causing species geographic ranges to shift, but factors such as habitat characteristics and species interactions impact these changes. This Review examines range shift documentation, how shifts differ from temperature-based expectations, and the effects of range shifts on natural and human systems.
{"title":"Mechanisms, detection and impacts of species redistributions under climate change","authors":"Jake A. Lawlor, Lise Comte, Gaël Grenouillet, Jonathan Lenoir, J. Alex Baecher, R.M.W.J. Bandara, Romain Bertrand, I-Ching Chen, Sarah E. Diamond, Lesley T. Lancaster, Nikki Moore, Jerome Murienne, Brunno F. Oliveira, Gretta T. Pecl, Malin L. Pinsky, Jonathan Rolland, Madeleine Rubenstein, Brett R. Scheffers, Laura M. Thompson, Brit van Amerom, Fabricio Villalobos, Sarah R. Weiskopf, Jennifer Sunday","doi":"10.1038/s43017-024-00527-z","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43017-024-00527-z","url":null,"abstract":"Shifts in species distributions are a common ecological response to climate change, and global temperature rise is often hypothesized as the primary driver. However, the directions and rates of distribution shifts are highly variable across species, systems, and studies, complicating efforts to manage and anticipate biodiversity responses to anthropogenic change. In this Review, we summarize approaches to documenting species range shifts, discuss why observed range shifts often do not match our expectations, and explore the impacts of species range shifts on nature and society. The majority (59%) of documented range shifts are directionally consistent with climate change, based on the BioShifts database of range shift observations. However, many observed species have not shifted or have shifted in directions opposite to temperature-based expectations. These lagging or expectation-contrary shifts might be explained by additional biotic or abiotic factors driving range shifts, including additional non-temperature climatic drivers, habitat characteristics, and species interactions, which are not normally considered in range shift documentations. Understanding and managing range shifts will require increasing and connecting observational biological data, generalizing range shift patterns across systems, and predicting shifts at management-relevant timescales. Warming temperatures driven by climate change are causing species geographic ranges to shift, but factors such as habitat characteristics and species interactions impact these changes. This Review examines range shift documentation, how shifts differ from temperature-based expectations, and the effects of range shifts on natural and human systems.","PeriodicalId":18921,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Earth & Environment","volume":"5 5","pages":"351-368"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140614576","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-16DOI: 10.1038/s43017-024-00533-1
Wout Krijgsman, Eelco J. Rohling, Dan V. Palcu, Fadl Raad, Udara Amarathunga, Rachel Flecker, Fabio Florindo, Andrew P. Roberts, Francisco J. Sierro, Giovanni Aloisi
Salt giants are massive salt deposits (hundreds of metres thick) that form during the evaporation of semi-enclosed seas. The drivers of salt giant formation and their feedbacks on global and regional environmental change remain debated. In this Review, we summarize the boundary conditions, causes and consequences of the Mediterranean Messinian salinity crisis (MSC; 5.97–5.33 million years ago). Salt giant formation is more complex than the simple evaporation of an enclosed sea. Instead, the tectonic setting of an evaporative basin largely determines the timing and mode of salt formation, with superimposed impacts of orbital-scale climate and sea-level fluctuations. These drivers triggered precipitation of carbonates, gypsum, halite and bittern salts, with well-defined orbital cyclicities in carbonate and gypsum phases. Removal of Ca2+ during salt giant deposition decouples the oceanic Ca2+ and HCO3− sinks, causing reduced CaCO3 burial and, consequently, increased ocean pH, lower atmospheric partial pressure of CO2, and global cooling. Salt giants, which reflect a net evaporite-ion extraction of ~7–10% from oceans and persist over million-year timescales, could therefore be an important climate driver but are currently underconsidered in long-term carbon cycle models. Future research should use advanced hydrogeochemical models of water–ocean exchange to further explore interactions between salt giants and environmental change. Tectonic processes can lead to the formation of semi-enclosed seas and the deposition of extensive salt deposits. This Review explores the drivers and impacts of the Mediterranean Messinian salinity crisis, including previously underconsidered impacts on the global carbon cycle.
{"title":"Causes and consequences of the Messinian salinity crisis","authors":"Wout Krijgsman, Eelco J. Rohling, Dan V. Palcu, Fadl Raad, Udara Amarathunga, Rachel Flecker, Fabio Florindo, Andrew P. Roberts, Francisco J. Sierro, Giovanni Aloisi","doi":"10.1038/s43017-024-00533-1","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43017-024-00533-1","url":null,"abstract":"Salt giants are massive salt deposits (hundreds of metres thick) that form during the evaporation of semi-enclosed seas. The drivers of salt giant formation and their feedbacks on global and regional environmental change remain debated. In this Review, we summarize the boundary conditions, causes and consequences of the Mediterranean Messinian salinity crisis (MSC; 5.97–5.33 million years ago). Salt giant formation is more complex than the simple evaporation of an enclosed sea. Instead, the tectonic setting of an evaporative basin largely determines the timing and mode of salt formation, with superimposed impacts of orbital-scale climate and sea-level fluctuations. These drivers triggered precipitation of carbonates, gypsum, halite and bittern salts, with well-defined orbital cyclicities in carbonate and gypsum phases. Removal of Ca2+ during salt giant deposition decouples the oceanic Ca2+ and HCO3− sinks, causing reduced CaCO3 burial and, consequently, increased ocean pH, lower atmospheric partial pressure of CO2, and global cooling. Salt giants, which reflect a net evaporite-ion extraction of ~7–10% from oceans and persist over million-year timescales, could therefore be an important climate driver but are currently underconsidered in long-term carbon cycle models. Future research should use advanced hydrogeochemical models of water–ocean exchange to further explore interactions between salt giants and environmental change. Tectonic processes can lead to the formation of semi-enclosed seas and the deposition of extensive salt deposits. This Review explores the drivers and impacts of the Mediterranean Messinian salinity crisis, including previously underconsidered impacts on the global carbon cycle.","PeriodicalId":18921,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Earth & Environment","volume":"5 5","pages":"335-350"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140580815","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-11DOI: 10.1038/s43017-024-00531-3
Philip W. Boyd, Kevin R. Arrigo, Mathieu Ardyna, Svenja Halfter, Luis Huckstadt, Angela M. Kuhn, Delphine Lannuzel, Griet Neukermans, Camilla Novaglio, Elizabeth H. Shadwick, Sebastien Swart, Sandy J. Thomalla
The Southern Ocean, although relatively understudied owing to its harsh environment and geographical isolation, has been shown to contribute substantially to processes that drive the global carbon cycle. For example, phytoplankton photosynthesis transforms carbon dioxide into new particles and dissolved organic carbon. The magnitude of these transformations depends on the unique oceanographic and biogeochemical properties of the Southern Ocean. In this Review, we synthesize observations of biologically mediated carbon flows derived from the expanded observational network provided by remote-sensing and autonomous platforms. These observations reveal patterns in the magnitude of net primary production, including under-ice blooms and subsurface chlorophyll maxima. Basin-scale annual estimates of the planktonic contribution to the Southern Ocean carbon cycle can also be calculated, indicating that the export of biogenic particles and dissolved organic carbon to depth accounts for 20–30% (around 3 Gt yr–1) of the global export flux. This flux partially compensates for carbon dioxide outgassing following upwelling, making the Southern Ocean a 0.4–0.7 Gt C yr–1 sink. This export flux is surprisingly large given that phytoplankton are iron-limited with low productivity in more than 80% of the Southern Ocean. Solving such enigmas will require the development of four-dimensional regional observatories and the use of data-assimilation and machine-learning techniques to integrate datasets. The Southern Ocean represents a substantial carbon sink and heavily influences global carbon fluxes. This Review describes how an expanding suite of observations are providing increasing insight into the contribution of biota and plankton to the carbon cycle in the Southern Ocean.
{"title":"The role of biota in the Southern Ocean carbon cycle","authors":"Philip W. Boyd, Kevin R. Arrigo, Mathieu Ardyna, Svenja Halfter, Luis Huckstadt, Angela M. Kuhn, Delphine Lannuzel, Griet Neukermans, Camilla Novaglio, Elizabeth H. Shadwick, Sebastien Swart, Sandy J. Thomalla","doi":"10.1038/s43017-024-00531-3","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43017-024-00531-3","url":null,"abstract":"The Southern Ocean, although relatively understudied owing to its harsh environment and geographical isolation, has been shown to contribute substantially to processes that drive the global carbon cycle. For example, phytoplankton photosynthesis transforms carbon dioxide into new particles and dissolved organic carbon. The magnitude of these transformations depends on the unique oceanographic and biogeochemical properties of the Southern Ocean. In this Review, we synthesize observations of biologically mediated carbon flows derived from the expanded observational network provided by remote-sensing and autonomous platforms. These observations reveal patterns in the magnitude of net primary production, including under-ice blooms and subsurface chlorophyll maxima. Basin-scale annual estimates of the planktonic contribution to the Southern Ocean carbon cycle can also be calculated, indicating that the export of biogenic particles and dissolved organic carbon to depth accounts for 20–30% (around 3 Gt yr–1) of the global export flux. This flux partially compensates for carbon dioxide outgassing following upwelling, making the Southern Ocean a 0.4–0.7 Gt C yr–1 sink. This export flux is surprisingly large given that phytoplankton are iron-limited with low productivity in more than 80% of the Southern Ocean. Solving such enigmas will require the development of four-dimensional regional observatories and the use of data-assimilation and machine-learning techniques to integrate datasets. The Southern Ocean represents a substantial carbon sink and heavily influences global carbon fluxes. This Review describes how an expanding suite of observations are providing increasing insight into the contribution of biota and plankton to the carbon cycle in the Southern Ocean.","PeriodicalId":18921,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Earth & Environment","volume":"5 5","pages":"390-408"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140580835","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-09DOI: 10.1038/s43017-024-00534-0
Andrew F. Feldman, Xue Feng, Andrew J. Felton, Alexandra G. Konings, Alan K. Knapp, Joel A. Biederman, Benjamin Poulter
Regardless of annual rainfall amount changes, daily rainfall events are becoming more intense but less frequent with anthropogenic warming. Larger rainfall events and longer dry spells have complex and sometimes opposing effects on plant photosynthesis and growth, challenging abilities to understand broader consequences on the carbon cycle. In this Review, we evaluate global plant responses to rainfall regimes characterized by fewer, larger rainfall events across evidence from field experiments, satellites and models. Plant function responses vary between −28% and 29% (5th to 95th percentile) under fewer, larger rainfall events, with the direction of response contingent on climate; productivity increases are more common in dry ecosystems (46% positive; 20% negative), whereas responses are typically negative in wet ecosystems (28% positive; 51% negative). Contrasting responses in dry and wet ecosystems are attributed to nonlinear plant responses to soil moisture driven by several ecohydrological mechanisms. For example, dry ecosystem plants are more sensitive to large rainfall pulses compared with wet ecosystem plants, partly driving dry ecosystem positive responses to fewer, larger rainfall events. Knowledge gaps remain over optimal rainfall frequencies for photosynthesis, the relative dominance of rainfall pulse and dry spell mechanisms and the disproportionate role of extreme rainfall pulses on plant function. Rainfall events are becoming less frequent but more intense with anthropogenic warming. This Review explores the consequences of these changes on plants and investigates how and why plant responses appear to broadly differ between dry and wet ecosystems.
{"title":"Plant responses to changing rainfall frequency and intensity","authors":"Andrew F. Feldman, Xue Feng, Andrew J. Felton, Alexandra G. Konings, Alan K. Knapp, Joel A. Biederman, Benjamin Poulter","doi":"10.1038/s43017-024-00534-0","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43017-024-00534-0","url":null,"abstract":"Regardless of annual rainfall amount changes, daily rainfall events are becoming more intense but less frequent with anthropogenic warming. Larger rainfall events and longer dry spells have complex and sometimes opposing effects on plant photosynthesis and growth, challenging abilities to understand broader consequences on the carbon cycle. In this Review, we evaluate global plant responses to rainfall regimes characterized by fewer, larger rainfall events across evidence from field experiments, satellites and models. Plant function responses vary between −28% and 29% (5th to 95th percentile) under fewer, larger rainfall events, with the direction of response contingent on climate; productivity increases are more common in dry ecosystems (46% positive; 20% negative), whereas responses are typically negative in wet ecosystems (28% positive; 51% negative). Contrasting responses in dry and wet ecosystems are attributed to nonlinear plant responses to soil moisture driven by several ecohydrological mechanisms. For example, dry ecosystem plants are more sensitive to large rainfall pulses compared with wet ecosystem plants, partly driving dry ecosystem positive responses to fewer, larger rainfall events. Knowledge gaps remain over optimal rainfall frequencies for photosynthesis, the relative dominance of rainfall pulse and dry spell mechanisms and the disproportionate role of extreme rainfall pulses on plant function. Rainfall events are becoming less frequent but more intense with anthropogenic warming. This Review explores the consequences of these changes on plants and investigates how and why plant responses appear to broadly differ between dry and wet ecosystems.","PeriodicalId":18921,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Earth & Environment","volume":"5 4","pages":"276-294"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140553054","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-05DOI: 10.1038/s43017-024-00550-0
Phuping Sucharitakul
Phuping Sucharitakul explains how artificially aged microplastics can accurately reproduce the properties of microplastics in the environment.
Phuping Sucharitakul 解释了人工老化的微塑料如何准确再现环境中微塑料的特性。
{"title":"Replicating real-world microplastics with accelerated physicochemical ageing","authors":"Phuping Sucharitakul","doi":"10.1038/s43017-024-00550-0","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43017-024-00550-0","url":null,"abstract":"Phuping Sucharitakul explains how artificially aged microplastics can accurately reproduce the properties of microplastics in the environment.","PeriodicalId":18921,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Earth & Environment","volume":"5 5","pages":"334-334"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140580837","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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