Pub Date : 2024-07-16DOI: 10.1038/s43017-024-00569-3
Shuli Niu, Weinan Chen, Lìyǐn L. Liáng, Carlos A. Sierra, Jianyang Xia, Song Wang, Mary Heskel, Kaizad F. Patel, Ben Bond-Lamberty, Jinsong Wang, Gabriel Yvon-Durocher, Miko U. F. Kirschbaum, Owen K. Atkin, Yuanyuan Huang, Guirui Yu, Yiqi Luo
Terrestrial ecosystems release ~106–130 PgC yr–1 into the atmosphere through respiration, counterbalancing photosynthetic carbon uptake and determining the strength of the land carbon sink. The effect of anthropogenic warming on the land carbon sink will depend on the temperature response of respiration. In this Review, we explore the relationships between temperature and ecosystem respiration from experimental and observational data at leaf, microbial, ecosystem and global scales. Contrary to the assumed monotonic increase in respiration with increasing temperature derived from Earth system models, empirical findings indicate a unimodal temperature response with a peak in respiration at an optimal temperature (Topt). This unimodality is observed across a range of organization levels with Topt values of 40–60 °C at the leaf and plant level, 11–46 °C at a microbial level and 6.5–33.3 °C at the global scale. Various mechanisms contribute to this unimodal pattern including enzyme deactivation, the thermodynamics of enzyme-catalysed reactions and changes in temperature-dependent factors such as soil moisture, nutrient availability and vegetation physiology. Incorporating the unimodality of these observed temperature responses of ecosystem respiration into Earth system models could facilitate attribution studies to identify the mechanisms responsible for the peaked response and increase the accuracy of carbon sequestration predictions. The future of the land carbon sink depends on the temperature response of ecosystem respiration. This Review explores observational and experimental evidence for a unimodal temperature response of respiration and the implications for carbon sequestration predictions.
{"title":"Temperature responses of ecosystem respiration","authors":"Shuli Niu, Weinan Chen, Lìyǐn L. Liáng, Carlos A. Sierra, Jianyang Xia, Song Wang, Mary Heskel, Kaizad F. Patel, Ben Bond-Lamberty, Jinsong Wang, Gabriel Yvon-Durocher, Miko U. F. Kirschbaum, Owen K. Atkin, Yuanyuan Huang, Guirui Yu, Yiqi Luo","doi":"10.1038/s43017-024-00569-3","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43017-024-00569-3","url":null,"abstract":"Terrestrial ecosystems release ~106–130 PgC yr–1 into the atmosphere through respiration, counterbalancing photosynthetic carbon uptake and determining the strength of the land carbon sink. The effect of anthropogenic warming on the land carbon sink will depend on the temperature response of respiration. In this Review, we explore the relationships between temperature and ecosystem respiration from experimental and observational data at leaf, microbial, ecosystem and global scales. Contrary to the assumed monotonic increase in respiration with increasing temperature derived from Earth system models, empirical findings indicate a unimodal temperature response with a peak in respiration at an optimal temperature (Topt). This unimodality is observed across a range of organization levels with Topt values of 40–60 °C at the leaf and plant level, 11–46 °C at a microbial level and 6.5–33.3 °C at the global scale. Various mechanisms contribute to this unimodal pattern including enzyme deactivation, the thermodynamics of enzyme-catalysed reactions and changes in temperature-dependent factors such as soil moisture, nutrient availability and vegetation physiology. Incorporating the unimodality of these observed temperature responses of ecosystem respiration into Earth system models could facilitate attribution studies to identify the mechanisms responsible for the peaked response and increase the accuracy of carbon sequestration predictions. The future of the land carbon sink depends on the temperature response of ecosystem respiration. This Review explores observational and experimental evidence for a unimodal temperature response of respiration and the implications for carbon sequestration predictions.","PeriodicalId":18921,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Earth & Environment","volume":"5 8","pages":"559-571"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141641868","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-11DOI: 10.1038/s43017-024-00579-1
The switch to a low-carbon economy is heavily reliant on mining, geothermal energy and geological storage. Subsurface geoscientists are critically needed to responsibly source, manage and refine these operations while minimizing environmental and social impacts.
{"title":"The energy transition needs subsurface geoscience","authors":"","doi":"10.1038/s43017-024-00579-1","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43017-024-00579-1","url":null,"abstract":"The switch to a low-carbon economy is heavily reliant on mining, geothermal energy and geological storage. Subsurface geoscientists are critically needed to responsibly source, manage and refine these operations while minimizing environmental and social impacts.","PeriodicalId":18921,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Earth & Environment","volume":"5 7","pages":"477-477"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s43017-024-00579-1.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141588477","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-04DOI: 10.1038/s43017-024-00575-5
Rahul Dey
Rahul Dey describes how high-resolution digital imaging of ice core layers can be used to infer paleoclimatic changes.
Rahul Dey 介绍了如何利用冰芯层的高分辨率数字成像来推断古气候变化。
{"title":"Digital ice core imaging to reveal past climate changes","authors":"Rahul Dey","doi":"10.1038/s43017-024-00575-5","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43017-024-00575-5","url":null,"abstract":"Rahul Dey describes how high-resolution digital imaging of ice core layers can be used to infer paleoclimatic changes.","PeriodicalId":18921,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Earth & Environment","volume":"5 8","pages":"557-557"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141547908","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-03DOI: 10.1038/s43017-024-00577-3
Hector Linares Arroyo, Angela Abascal, Tobias Degen, Martin Aubé, Brian R. Espey, Geza Gyuk, Franz Hölker, Andreas Jechow, Monika Kuffer, Alejandro Sánchez de Miguel, Alexandre Simoneau, Ken Walczak, Christopher C. M. Kyba
{"title":"Author Correction: Monitoring, trends and impacts of light pollution","authors":"Hector Linares Arroyo, Angela Abascal, Tobias Degen, Martin Aubé, Brian R. Espey, Geza Gyuk, Franz Hölker, Andreas Jechow, Monika Kuffer, Alejandro Sánchez de Miguel, Alexandre Simoneau, Ken Walczak, Christopher C. M. Kyba","doi":"10.1038/s43017-024-00577-3","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43017-024-00577-3","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":18921,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Earth & Environment","volume":"5 8","pages":"605-605"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s43017-024-00577-3.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141968500","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-02DOI: 10.1038/s43017-024-00566-6
Chuancheng Fu, Alexandra Steckbauer, Hugo Mann, Carlos M. Duarte
The Kunming–Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (KM-GBF) provides a major impetus for the restoration and conservation of blue carbon ecosystems to address the biodiversity and climate crises. In this Perspective, we translate the KM-GBF targets for blue carbon ecosystems into quantitative metrics, outline action that must be taken to achieve these goals and quantify the associated climate benefits. To achieve the KM-GBF targets, net mangrove, saltmarsh and seagrass losses of 187–190 km2, 76–126 km2 and 3,068–3,597 km2, respectively, must be avoided annually from 2030 onwards and 23,693–24,369 km2, 10,467–17,296 km2 and 90,601–106,215 km2 of these ecosystems must be restored. Achieving the KM-GBF targets would contribute 2.8% of the reduction of carbon emissions needed to limit anthropogenic warming to 2 °C by 2030. However, the cost of achieving the targets (US$520.1 billion yr–1) far exceeds the amount pledged ($200 billion yr–1) for all ecosystems. Thus, research is needed to develop cost-effective restoration and conservation technologies, along with innovative financial models to incentivize investments in nature. Additionally, blue carbon actions must be embedded within National Biodiversity Strategies and Action Plans to ensure that the targets are met. Degradation and loss of blue carbon ecosystems contributes to climate change, weakens coastal protection and threatens biodiversity. This Perspective outlines the actions required to achieve goals to restore and protect these ecosystems.
{"title":"Achieving the Kunming–Montreal global biodiversity targets for blue carbon ecosystems","authors":"Chuancheng Fu, Alexandra Steckbauer, Hugo Mann, Carlos M. Duarte","doi":"10.1038/s43017-024-00566-6","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43017-024-00566-6","url":null,"abstract":"The Kunming–Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (KM-GBF) provides a major impetus for the restoration and conservation of blue carbon ecosystems to address the biodiversity and climate crises. In this Perspective, we translate the KM-GBF targets for blue carbon ecosystems into quantitative metrics, outline action that must be taken to achieve these goals and quantify the associated climate benefits. To achieve the KM-GBF targets, net mangrove, saltmarsh and seagrass losses of 187–190 km2, 76–126 km2 and 3,068–3,597 km2, respectively, must be avoided annually from 2030 onwards and 23,693–24,369 km2, 10,467–17,296 km2 and 90,601–106,215 km2 of these ecosystems must be restored. Achieving the KM-GBF targets would contribute 2.8% of the reduction of carbon emissions needed to limit anthropogenic warming to 2 °C by 2030. However, the cost of achieving the targets (US$520.1 billion yr–1) far exceeds the amount pledged ($200 billion yr–1) for all ecosystems. Thus, research is needed to develop cost-effective restoration and conservation technologies, along with innovative financial models to incentivize investments in nature. Additionally, blue carbon actions must be embedded within National Biodiversity Strategies and Action Plans to ensure that the targets are met. Degradation and loss of blue carbon ecosystems contributes to climate change, weakens coastal protection and threatens biodiversity. This Perspective outlines the actions required to achieve goals to restore and protect these ecosystems.","PeriodicalId":18921,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Earth & Environment","volume":"5 7","pages":"538-552"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141506114","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-02DOI: 10.1038/s43017-024-00572-8
Katriona Edlmann
Underground hydrogen storage (UHS) will be an essential part of the energy transition. Over 45 pilot projects are underway to reduce the technical and regulatory risks of UHS, but negative perceptions must be addressed to ensure that hydrogen’s role in achieving net zero targets can be realized.
{"title":"Challenging perceptions of underground hydrogen storage","authors":"Katriona Edlmann","doi":"10.1038/s43017-024-00572-8","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43017-024-00572-8","url":null,"abstract":"Underground hydrogen storage (UHS) will be an essential part of the energy transition. Over 45 pilot projects are underway to reduce the technical and regulatory risks of UHS, but negative perceptions must be addressed to ensure that hydrogen’s role in achieving net zero targets can be realized.","PeriodicalId":18921,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Earth & Environment","volume":"5 7","pages":"478-480"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141506186","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-02DOI: 10.1038/s43017-024-00574-6
Nils Markusson
Using carbon dioxide capture and storage (CCS) for carbon removal is crucial to climate policy, but implementation at scale is at risk owing to political obstacles. Climate policies must avoid relying on empty promises of CCS for carbon removal without necessary financial resourcing and support emissions reductions separately from carbon removal.
{"title":"Political obstacles to carbon capture and storage for carbon removal","authors":"Nils Markusson","doi":"10.1038/s43017-024-00574-6","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43017-024-00574-6","url":null,"abstract":"Using carbon dioxide capture and storage (CCS) for carbon removal is crucial to climate policy, but implementation at scale is at risk owing to political obstacles. Climate policies must avoid relying on empty promises of CCS for carbon removal without necessary financial resourcing and support emissions reductions separately from carbon removal.","PeriodicalId":18921,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Earth & Environment","volume":"5 7","pages":"481-482"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141506113","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-26DOI: 10.1038/s43017-024-00570-w
Laura Wainman
Laura Wainman explains how drones can be used to sample the composition and dynamics of volcanic plumes.
劳拉-温曼（Laura Wainman）解释了如何利用无人机对火山羽流的成分和动态进行采样。
{"title":"Using drones to sample volcanic plumes","authors":"Laura Wainman","doi":"10.1038/s43017-024-00570-w","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43017-024-00570-w","url":null,"abstract":"Laura Wainman explains how drones can be used to sample the composition and dynamics of volcanic plumes.","PeriodicalId":18921,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Earth & Environment","volume":"5 7","pages":"484-484"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141506117","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-19DOI: 10.1038/s43017-024-00571-9
Falk M. Oraschewski
Falk Oraschewski describes how phase-sensitive radio echo sounding can be used to measure melting at the base of ice shelves and englacial ice crystal orientations.
{"title":"Phase-sensitive radar measurements of glacial processes","authors":"Falk M. Oraschewski","doi":"10.1038/s43017-024-00571-9","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43017-024-00571-9","url":null,"abstract":"Falk Oraschewski describes how phase-sensitive radio echo sounding can be used to measure melting at the base of ice shelves and englacial ice crystal orientations.","PeriodicalId":18921,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Earth & Environment","volume":"5 7","pages":"485-485"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141506115","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-17DOI: 10.1038/s43017-024-00568-4
Graham Simpkins, Allen Pope
To explore career opportunities outside of academia, Nature Reviews Earth & Environment interviewed Allen Pope about their career path from research scientist to programme director at the U.S. National Science Foundation.
{"title":"From academia to a career in programme management","authors":"Graham Simpkins, Allen Pope","doi":"10.1038/s43017-024-00568-4","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43017-024-00568-4","url":null,"abstract":"To explore career opportunities outside of academia, Nature Reviews Earth & Environment interviewed Allen Pope about their career path from research scientist to programme director at the U.S. National Science Foundation.","PeriodicalId":18921,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Earth & Environment","volume":"5 7","pages":"483-483"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141506116","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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