Ultrahigh-energy radiations, including X-rays, electrons and protons exceeding 1 MeV, are prevalent in various field, including radiation therapy, astronomy, high-energy physics and nuclear power plants. However, their detection remains challenging owing to low interaction cross-sections, and even when interactions occur, radiation-induced atomic displacements lead to severe material damage, compromising both the sensitivity and stability of current detectors. Here we report a design principle of lattice-anchoring-enhanced dynamic repair in organic–inorganic hybrid perovskites for simultaneous boosting the sensitivity and stability. Leveraging this approach, the FA0.9Cs0.1PbBr3 single-crystal detector achieves high sensitivity of 165.6 μC mGy−1 cm−3 and high radiation stability against high-fluence 6-MeV X-rays (6.4 × 1011 photons cm−2) and 1.2-MeV electrons (6 × 1016 electrons cm−2). The assembled miniature, implantable detector enables precise, real-time dose monitoring, significantly improving the safety and efficacy of cancer treatments. This work advances the development of high-end semiconductors for diverse high-energy applications, from medical therapy to aerospace electronics, wearable electronics, space photovoltaics and nuclear technology. The researchers exploit lattice-anchoring-enhanced dynamic repair in organic–inorganic hybrid perovskites to demonstrate a single-crystal detector with a sensitivity of 165.6 μC mGy−1 cm−3 and radiation stability under high-fluence 6-MeV X-rays (6.4 × 1011 photons cm−2) and 1.2-MeV electrons (6 × 1016 electrons cm−2). The findings may have implications for diverse applications, including radiation therapy, astronomy and nuclear technology.
{"title":"Highly sensitive and stable perovskite detector for ultrahigh-energy radiations via dynamic repair regulation","authors":"Hang Yin, Haodi Wu, Yang Zhang, Fei Liu, Qi Bai, Shuwen Yan, Tong Jin, Jincong Pang, Yuting Gao, Qinghao Ling, Kan-Hao Xue, Chongqin Zhu, Luying Li, Ziling Zhou, Zhen Li, Zhiping Zheng, Ling Xu, Qian Chu, Jiang Tang, Guangda Niu","doi":"10.1038/s41566-026-01849-8","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41566-026-01849-8","url":null,"abstract":"Ultrahigh-energy radiations, including X-rays, electrons and protons exceeding 1 MeV, are prevalent in various field, including radiation therapy, astronomy, high-energy physics and nuclear power plants. However, their detection remains challenging owing to low interaction cross-sections, and even when interactions occur, radiation-induced atomic displacements lead to severe material damage, compromising both the sensitivity and stability of current detectors. Here we report a design principle of lattice-anchoring-enhanced dynamic repair in organic–inorganic hybrid perovskites for simultaneous boosting the sensitivity and stability. Leveraging this approach, the FA0.9Cs0.1PbBr3 single-crystal detector achieves high sensitivity of 165.6 μC mGy−1 cm−3 and high radiation stability against high-fluence 6-MeV X-rays (6.4 × 1011 photons cm−2) and 1.2-MeV electrons (6 × 1016 electrons cm−2). The assembled miniature, implantable detector enables precise, real-time dose monitoring, significantly improving the safety and efficacy of cancer treatments. This work advances the development of high-end semiconductors for diverse high-energy applications, from medical therapy to aerospace electronics, wearable electronics, space photovoltaics and nuclear technology. The researchers exploit lattice-anchoring-enhanced dynamic repair in organic–inorganic hybrid perovskites to demonstrate a single-crystal detector with a sensitivity of 165.6 μC mGy−1 cm−3 and radiation stability under high-fluence 6-MeV X-rays (6.4 × 1011 photons cm−2) and 1.2-MeV electrons (6 × 1016 electrons cm−2). The findings may have implications for diverse applications, including radiation therapy, astronomy and nuclear technology.","PeriodicalId":18926,"journal":{"name":"Nature Photonics","volume":"20 3","pages":"340-347"},"PeriodicalIF":32.9,"publicationDate":"2026-02-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146152340","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-05DOI: 10.1038/s41566-025-01831-w
Yikai Su, Yong Zhang
Lithium tantalate (LiTaO3) is heterogeneously integrated with silicon photonics circuits, enabling high modulation speed, reduced bias drift and a high optical damage threshold, while ensuring full compatibility with the existing silicon photonics process design kit.
{"title":"Lithium tantalate meets silicon photonics","authors":"Yikai Su, Yong Zhang","doi":"10.1038/s41566-025-01831-w","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41566-025-01831-w","url":null,"abstract":"Lithium tantalate (LiTaO3) is heterogeneously integrated with silicon photonics circuits, enabling high modulation speed, reduced bias drift and a high optical damage threshold, while ensuring full compatibility with the existing silicon photonics process design kit.","PeriodicalId":18926,"journal":{"name":"Nature Photonics","volume":"20 2","pages":"133-134"},"PeriodicalIF":32.9,"publicationDate":"2026-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146117010","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
All-perovskite tandem solar cells (APTSCs) have rapidly improved in both power conversion efficiency (PCE) and room-temperature stability. However, achieving device stability under combined light–heat stresses (ISOS-L-3 conditions) remains challenging. The critical limitation stems from the highly reactive tin–lead surface which, even with molecular passivation strategies, remains susceptible to severe photothermal degradation. Here we develop a targeted conversion strategy to transform the metastable surface into a solid protection layer. Our method relies on treatment with alkaline caesium hydroxide, which releases OH− to mediate the dual transformation of SnI4 and the defective surface into solid metal oxides, as well as replacing volatile organic cations with Cs+. This strategy leads to improved stability under ISOS-L-3 testing conditions and overall optoelectronic performance. The resulting tin–lead cells achieve a champion PCE of 23.65%, enabling the corresponding APTSCs to reach a PCE of 29.52% (certified, 28.56%). The APTSCs retain 90.3% of their initial PCE after 500 h under ISOS-L-3 conditions, outperforming traditional amine-treated counterparts. Our findings demonstrate a promising pathway towards photothermally stable and efficient APTSCs. Treating the tin–lead surface in perovskite films with caesium hydroxide forms solid metal oxides that stabilize the surface against photothermal degradation. When used in all-perovskite tandem solar cells, a certified power conversion efficiency of 28.56% is achieved, 90% of which is retained after 500 h of testing under ISOS-L-3 conditions.
全钙钛矿串联太阳能电池（APTSCs）在功率转换效率（PCE）和室温稳定性方面得到了迅速提高。然而，在光热复合应力（iso - l -3条件）下实现器件稳定性仍然具有挑战性。关键限制源于高度反应的锡铅表面，即使采用分子钝化策略，仍然容易受到严重的光热降解。在这里，我们开发了一种有针对性的转换策略，将亚稳表面转化为固体保护层。我们的方法依赖于碱性氢氧化铯处理，它释放OH -介导sn4和缺陷表面向固体金属氧化物的双重转化，以及用Cs+取代挥发性有机阳离子。该策略提高了iso - l -3测试条件下的稳定性和整体光电性能。由此产生的锡铅电池达到了23.65%的冠军PCE，使相应的aptsc达到了29.52%的PCE（认证为28.56%）。在iso - l -3条件下，aptsc在500小时后仍保持90.3%的初始PCE，优于传统胺处理的aptsc。我们的研究结果为光热稳定和高效的aptsc提供了一条有希望的途径。用氢氧化铯处理钙钛矿薄膜中的锡铅表面，形成固体金属氧化物，使表面稳定，防止光热降解。在全钙钛矿串联太阳能电池中，获得了28.56%的认证功率转换效率，在iso - l- 3条件下测试500 h后，90%的功率转换效率仍保持不变。
{"title":"Highly stable all-perovskite tandem solar cells with targeted conversion of tin–lead surfaces","authors":"Nannan Sun, Sheng Fu, Yunfei Li, Tianshu Ma, Feng Wang, Wentai Ouyang, Bo Feng, Xiaotian Zhu, Zhengbo Cui, Canglang Yao, Wenxiao Zhang, Xiaodong Li, Changlei Wang, Feng Gao, Junfeng Fang","doi":"10.1038/s41566-025-01815-w","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41566-025-01815-w","url":null,"abstract":"All-perovskite tandem solar cells (APTSCs) have rapidly improved in both power conversion efficiency (PCE) and room-temperature stability. However, achieving device stability under combined light–heat stresses (ISOS-L-3 conditions) remains challenging. The critical limitation stems from the highly reactive tin–lead surface which, even with molecular passivation strategies, remains susceptible to severe photothermal degradation. Here we develop a targeted conversion strategy to transform the metastable surface into a solid protection layer. Our method relies on treatment with alkaline caesium hydroxide, which releases OH− to mediate the dual transformation of SnI4 and the defective surface into solid metal oxides, as well as replacing volatile organic cations with Cs+. This strategy leads to improved stability under ISOS-L-3 testing conditions and overall optoelectronic performance. The resulting tin–lead cells achieve a champion PCE of 23.65%, enabling the corresponding APTSCs to reach a PCE of 29.52% (certified, 28.56%). The APTSCs retain 90.3% of their initial PCE after 500 h under ISOS-L-3 conditions, outperforming traditional amine-treated counterparts. Our findings demonstrate a promising pathway towards photothermally stable and efficient APTSCs. Treating the tin–lead surface in perovskite films with caesium hydroxide forms solid metal oxides that stabilize the surface against photothermal degradation. When used in all-perovskite tandem solar cells, a certified power conversion efficiency of 28.56% is achieved, 90% of which is retained after 500 h of testing under ISOS-L-3 conditions.","PeriodicalId":18926,"journal":{"name":"Nature Photonics","volume":"20 3","pages":"273-279"},"PeriodicalIF":32.9,"publicationDate":"2026-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146134644","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-05DOI: 10.1038/s41566-025-01838-3
Malte C. Kaluza
A Hydrogen plasma that is generated with controllable density distribution can act as a lens to tightly focus extreme-ultraviolet attosecond pulses.
一种密度分布可控的氢等离子体可以作为透镜紧密聚焦极紫外阿秒脉冲。
{"title":"A lens for attosecond pulses","authors":"Malte C. Kaluza","doi":"10.1038/s41566-025-01838-3","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41566-025-01838-3","url":null,"abstract":"A Hydrogen plasma that is generated with controllable density distribution can act as a lens to tightly focus extreme-ultraviolet attosecond pulses.","PeriodicalId":18926,"journal":{"name":"Nature Photonics","volume":"20 2","pages":"129-130"},"PeriodicalIF":32.9,"publicationDate":"2026-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146117001","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-05DOI: 10.1038/s41566-025-01834-7
Yun-Ru Fan, Qiang Zhou
Mode mixing and mapping with a piece of multimode optical fibre and spatial light modulators creates a bridge between two isolated quantum networks, linking distant nodes with quantum connectivity.
{"title":"Scaling quantum photonics networks","authors":"Yun-Ru Fan, Qiang Zhou","doi":"10.1038/s41566-025-01834-7","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41566-025-01834-7","url":null,"abstract":"Mode mixing and mapping with a piece of multimode optical fibre and spatial light modulators creates a bridge between two isolated quantum networks, linking distant nodes with quantum connectivity.","PeriodicalId":18926,"journal":{"name":"Nature Photonics","volume":"20 2","pages":"131-132"},"PeriodicalIF":32.9,"publicationDate":"2026-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146117002","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-04DOI: 10.1038/s41566-026-01847-w
Jing Cheng Zhang, Din Ping Tsai, Stella W. Pang
In the semiconductor microelectronics industry, overcoming the limitations of the optical diffraction limit is crucial for multiple exposure alignment technology. Here we present a method that utilizes bound states in the continuum (BICs), a physical phenomenon in optics, to address this challenge. The transition from BIC to quasi-BIC caused by out-of-plane asymmetry (that is, displacements between different layers) is studied through simulations and experiments. Results illustrate the emergence of resonance and evolution in the quality factor with increasing asymmetry. Measured Q factors decrease from near-infinite to 66 as the displacement increases from 0 to 110 nm, providing a sensitive metric for nanoscale positional changes. This shows that quality factors of BIC resonances are valuable tools for precise chip patterning accuracy. This approach can be integrated with standard lithography marks and fabrication processes, offering a scalable solution compatible with complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor technology for high-precision nano-alignment in advanced semiconductor manufacturing. Researchers study the transition from bound states in the continuum (BICs) to quasi-BIC caused by out-of-plane asymmetry and illustrate how quality factors of BIC resonances are valuable tools for precise chip patterning accuracy.
{"title":"Non-local bound states in the continuum for nanoscale alignment","authors":"Jing Cheng Zhang, Din Ping Tsai, Stella W. Pang","doi":"10.1038/s41566-026-01847-w","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41566-026-01847-w","url":null,"abstract":"In the semiconductor microelectronics industry, overcoming the limitations of the optical diffraction limit is crucial for multiple exposure alignment technology. Here we present a method that utilizes bound states in the continuum (BICs), a physical phenomenon in optics, to address this challenge. The transition from BIC to quasi-BIC caused by out-of-plane asymmetry (that is, displacements between different layers) is studied through simulations and experiments. Results illustrate the emergence of resonance and evolution in the quality factor with increasing asymmetry. Measured Q factors decrease from near-infinite to 66 as the displacement increases from 0 to 110 nm, providing a sensitive metric for nanoscale positional changes. This shows that quality factors of BIC resonances are valuable tools for precise chip patterning accuracy. This approach can be integrated with standard lithography marks and fabrication processes, offering a scalable solution compatible with complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor technology for high-precision nano-alignment in advanced semiconductor manufacturing. Researchers study the transition from bound states in the continuum (BICs) to quasi-BIC caused by out-of-plane asymmetry and illustrate how quality factors of BIC resonances are valuable tools for precise chip patterning accuracy.","PeriodicalId":18926,"journal":{"name":"Nature Photonics","volume":"20 3","pages":"296-300"},"PeriodicalIF":32.9,"publicationDate":"2026-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.comhttps://www.nature.com/articles/s41566-026-01847-w.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146115954","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-03DOI: 10.1038/s41566-025-01837-4
Haoran Chen, Ruxuan Liu, Gedalia Y. Koehler, Fatemehsadat Tabatabaei, Xiangwen Guo, Shuman Sun, Zijiao Yang, Beichen Wang, Andreas Beling, Xu Yi
Integrated photonics has undergone tremendous development in the past few decades. Loss and gain are two fundamental parameters in photonic integrated circuits (PICs) and have direct impacts on nearly all key performance metrics. Surprisingly, the tools to characterize the optical loss and gain inside PICs are very limited. This is because, unlike free-space or fibre optics, integrated circuits cannot be non-destructively disassembled. Here we report a universal method to see inside the PICs and measure loss and gain on the component level non-destructively. The method leverages nonlinear optical devices as optical power discriminators to retrieve the loss and gain information. Our method has a precision better than 0.1 dB and can characterize the loss of individual fibre–chip coupling facets as well as general unknown devices under test. As an application, we measured the true on-chip quantum efficiency of a quantum PIC consisting of heterogeneously integrated balanced photodiodes, a critical building block for integrated quantum technology. Our non-destructive and highly precise method can be implemented on different photonic platforms to understand gain and loss in complex photonic circuits, which is essential to optimize circuit design and to create large-scale systems with predictable, reproducible performance.
{"title":"Universal loss and gain characterization inside photonic integrated circuits","authors":"Haoran Chen, Ruxuan Liu, Gedalia Y. Koehler, Fatemehsadat Tabatabaei, Xiangwen Guo, Shuman Sun, Zijiao Yang, Beichen Wang, Andreas Beling, Xu Yi","doi":"10.1038/s41566-025-01837-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41566-025-01837-4","url":null,"abstract":"Integrated photonics has undergone tremendous development in the past few decades. Loss and gain are two fundamental parameters in photonic integrated circuits (PICs) and have direct impacts on nearly all key performance metrics. Surprisingly, the tools to characterize the optical loss and gain inside PICs are very limited. This is because, unlike free-space or fibre optics, integrated circuits cannot be non-destructively disassembled. Here we report a universal method to see inside the PICs and measure loss and gain on the component level non-destructively. The method leverages nonlinear optical devices as optical power discriminators to retrieve the loss and gain information. Our method has a precision better than 0.1 dB and can characterize the loss of individual fibre–chip coupling facets as well as general unknown devices under test. As an application, we measured the true on-chip quantum efficiency of a quantum PIC consisting of heterogeneously integrated balanced photodiodes, a critical building block for integrated quantum technology. Our non-destructive and highly precise method can be implemented on different photonic platforms to understand gain and loss in complex photonic circuits, which is essential to optimize circuit design and to create large-scale systems with predictable, reproducible performance.","PeriodicalId":18926,"journal":{"name":"Nature Photonics","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":35.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146102145","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-02DOI: 10.1038/s41566-025-01840-9
Jesús Yelo-Sarrión, François Leo, Simon-Pierre Gorza
The generation of optically coherent ultrashort pulses by mode-locked lasers has revolutionized advancements in modern science and technology. These pulses often arise from the formation of dissipative solitons, which emerge due to a balance between energy excitation and dissipation. Harnessing the concept of parity–time (PT) symmetry to control this balance, we demonstrate a new type of laser dissipative soliton hosted in linearly coupled ring cavities. Our experiments are performed in a laser where the linear hybridized modes are in the PT-symmetric phase. Here we experimentally observe the formation of short pulses, stabilized by the selective breaking of the PT symmetry by Kerr nonlinearity. Our results unlock new possibilities for passive mode-locking by demonstrating spontaneous pulse formation in PT-symmetric lasers, which hold the potential for simple cavity designs. A mode-locked laser is achieved by coupling two ring resonators in a parity–time-symmetric configuration. Stable pulses emerge through a balance of gain in one cavity and loss in the other, combined with symmetry-breaking induced by the Kerr effect.
{"title":"Dissipative solitons in mode-locked parity–time-symmetric lasers","authors":"Jesús Yelo-Sarrión, François Leo, Simon-Pierre Gorza","doi":"10.1038/s41566-025-01840-9","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41566-025-01840-9","url":null,"abstract":"The generation of optically coherent ultrashort pulses by mode-locked lasers has revolutionized advancements in modern science and technology. These pulses often arise from the formation of dissipative solitons, which emerge due to a balance between energy excitation and dissipation. Harnessing the concept of parity–time (PT) symmetry to control this balance, we demonstrate a new type of laser dissipative soliton hosted in linearly coupled ring cavities. Our experiments are performed in a laser where the linear hybridized modes are in the PT-symmetric phase. Here we experimentally observe the formation of short pulses, stabilized by the selective breaking of the PT symmetry by Kerr nonlinearity. Our results unlock new possibilities for passive mode-locking by demonstrating spontaneous pulse formation in PT-symmetric lasers, which hold the potential for simple cavity designs. A mode-locked laser is achieved by coupling two ring resonators in a parity–time-symmetric configuration. Stable pulses emerge through a balance of gain in one cavity and loss in the other, combined with symmetry-breaking induced by the Kerr effect.","PeriodicalId":18926,"journal":{"name":"Nature Photonics","volume":"20 3","pages":"310-316"},"PeriodicalIF":32.9,"publicationDate":"2026-02-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146102146","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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