Pub Date : 2024-07-15DOI: 10.1038/s41566-024-01475-2
Maxwell LaBerge, Brant Bowers, Yen-Yu Chang, Jurjen Couperus Cabadağ, Alexander Debus, Andrea Hannasch, Richard Pausch, Susanne Schöbel, Jessica Tiebel, Patrick Ufer, Anna Willmann, Omid Zarini, Rafal Zgadzaj, Alex H. Lumpkin, Ulrich Schramm, Arie Irman, M. C. Downer
Plasma wakefield accelerators use tabletop equipment to produce relativistic femtosecond electron bunches. Optical and X-ray diagnostics have established that their charge concentrates within a micrometre-sized volume, but its sub-micrometre internal distribution, which critically influences gain in free-electron lasers or particle yield in colliders, has proven elusive to characterize. Here, by simultaneously imaging different wavelengths of coherent optical transition radiation that a laser-wakefield-accelerated electron bunch generates when exiting a metal foil, we reveal the structure of the coherently radiating component of bunch charge. The key features of the images are shown to uniquely correlate with how plasma electrons injected into the wake: by a plasma-density discontinuity, by ionizing high-Z gas-target dopants or by uncontrolled laser–plasma dynamics. With additional input from the electron spectra, spatially averaged coherent optical transition radiation spectra and particle-in-cell simulations, we reconstruct coherent three-dimensional charge structures. The results demonstrate an essential metrology for next-generation compact X-ray free-electron lasers driven by plasma-based accelerators. Imaging the visible light emitted from accelerated electron bunches reveals important information about the three-dimensional charge structure of the bunches, which strongly influences the performance of free-electron lasers.
等离子体汪场加速器使用台式设备产生相对论飞秒电子束。光学和 X 射线诊断确定了它们的电荷集中在一个微米大小的体积内，但其亚微米级的内部分布对自由电子激光器中的增益或对撞机中的粒子产率有着至关重要的影响，却难以确定其特征。在这里，我们通过对激光唤醒场加速的电子束在离开金属箔时产生的不同波长的相干光过渡辐射同时成像，揭示了电子束电荷的相干辐射成分的结构。图像的主要特征与等离子体电子注入唤醒的方式有独特的关联：等离子体密度不连续、电离高Z气体-目标掺杂物或不受控制的激光-等离子体动力学。通过电子能谱、空间平均相干光转换辐射能谱和粒子入胞模拟的额外输入，我们重建了相干的三维电荷结构。研究结果表明，由等离子体加速器驱动的下一代紧凑型 X 射线自由电子激光器需要一种重要的度量方法。
{"title":"Revealing the three-dimensional structure of microbunched plasma-wakefield-accelerated electron beams","authors":"Maxwell LaBerge, Brant Bowers, Yen-Yu Chang, Jurjen Couperus Cabadağ, Alexander Debus, Andrea Hannasch, Richard Pausch, Susanne Schöbel, Jessica Tiebel, Patrick Ufer, Anna Willmann, Omid Zarini, Rafal Zgadzaj, Alex H. Lumpkin, Ulrich Schramm, Arie Irman, M. C. Downer","doi":"10.1038/s41566-024-01475-2","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41566-024-01475-2","url":null,"abstract":"Plasma wakefield accelerators use tabletop equipment to produce relativistic femtosecond electron bunches. Optical and X-ray diagnostics have established that their charge concentrates within a micrometre-sized volume, but its sub-micrometre internal distribution, which critically influences gain in free-electron lasers or particle yield in colliders, has proven elusive to characterize. Here, by simultaneously imaging different wavelengths of coherent optical transition radiation that a laser-wakefield-accelerated electron bunch generates when exiting a metal foil, we reveal the structure of the coherently radiating component of bunch charge. The key features of the images are shown to uniquely correlate with how plasma electrons injected into the wake: by a plasma-density discontinuity, by ionizing high-Z gas-target dopants or by uncontrolled laser–plasma dynamics. With additional input from the electron spectra, spatially averaged coherent optical transition radiation spectra and particle-in-cell simulations, we reconstruct coherent three-dimensional charge structures. The results demonstrate an essential metrology for next-generation compact X-ray free-electron lasers driven by plasma-based accelerators. Imaging the visible light emitted from accelerated electron bunches reveals important information about the three-dimensional charge structure of the bunches, which strongly influences the performance of free-electron lasers.","PeriodicalId":18926,"journal":{"name":"Nature Photonics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":32.3,"publicationDate":"2024-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41566-024-01475-2.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141625103","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-08DOI: 10.1038/s41566-024-01471-6
Sam M. Vinko
Real-time electron dynamics studies of complex systems require bright attosecond pump-probe capabilities at X-ray wavelengths. Nano-focusing schemes reaching intensities in excess of 1022 W cm–2 and superradiant cascaded amplification of attosecond pulses to TW powers at free-electron lasers are providing transformative capabilities in this burgeoning field.
对复杂系统进行实时电子动力学研究需要在 X 射线波长上具有高亮度的阿秒泵浦探针能力。强度超过 1022 W cm-2 的纳米聚焦方案，以及将阿秒脉冲放大到 TW 功率的自由电子激光器超辐射级联，正在为这一新兴领域提供变革性的能力。
{"title":"The X-ray science frontier is ultra-short and ultra-intense","authors":"Sam M. Vinko","doi":"10.1038/s41566-024-01471-6","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41566-024-01471-6","url":null,"abstract":"Real-time electron dynamics studies of complex systems require bright attosecond pump-probe capabilities at X-ray wavelengths. Nano-focusing schemes reaching intensities in excess of 1022 W cm–2 and superradiant cascaded amplification of attosecond pulses to TW powers at free-electron lasers are providing transformative capabilities in this burgeoning field.","PeriodicalId":18926,"journal":{"name":"Nature Photonics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":32.3,"publicationDate":"2024-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141561248","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-08DOI: 10.1038/s41566-024-01464-5
Noriaki Horiuchi
{"title":"Optical frequency comb for multi-sensors","authors":"Noriaki Horiuchi","doi":"10.1038/s41566-024-01464-5","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41566-024-01464-5","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":18926,"journal":{"name":"Nature Photonics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":32.3,"publicationDate":"2024-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141561571","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-08DOI: 10.1038/s41566-024-01484-1
Global proliferation of free-electron laser X-ray sources has improved accessibility. Now the race is on for high repetition rates, attosecond pulses, and full coherence.
自由电子激光 X 射线源在全球范围内的普及提高了可及性。现在，追求高重复率、阿秒脉冲和全相干性的竞赛正在进行。
{"title":"Fast and furious X-ray free-electron lasers","authors":"","doi":"10.1038/s41566-024-01484-1","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41566-024-01484-1","url":null,"abstract":"Global proliferation of free-electron laser X-ray sources has improved accessibility. Now the race is on for high repetition rates, attosecond pulses, and full coherence.","PeriodicalId":18926,"journal":{"name":"Nature Photonics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":32.3,"publicationDate":"2024-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41566-024-01484-1.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141561246","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-08DOI: 10.1038/s41566-024-01469-0
Gyula Polónyi, János Hebling
A new design of electron gun that uses terahertz waves to accelerate electrons in a high field gradient brings a tabletop answer to the generation of ultrashort electron bunches.
一种新设计的电子枪利用太赫兹波在高场梯度中加速电子，为超短电子束的产生提供了桌面解决方案。
{"title":"Bright terahertz electron gun opens new opportunities","authors":"Gyula Polónyi, János Hebling","doi":"10.1038/s41566-024-01469-0","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41566-024-01469-0","url":null,"abstract":"A new design of electron gun that uses terahertz waves to accelerate electrons in a high field gradient brings a tabletop answer to the generation of ultrashort electron bunches.","PeriodicalId":18926,"journal":{"name":"Nature Photonics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":32.3,"publicationDate":"2024-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141561252","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-08DOI: 10.1038/s41566-024-01459-2
Christian Franke, Christian Eggeling
The electrochemical triggering of fluorophores in dSTORM enables one to actively control their switching behaviours, resulting in improved spatial resolution and precise molecular counting down to the single molecule level in emitter-dense areas.
{"title":"Electrochemistry meets Photophysics for single-molecule localization","authors":"Christian Franke, Christian Eggeling","doi":"10.1038/s41566-024-01459-2","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41566-024-01459-2","url":null,"abstract":"The electrochemical triggering of fluorophores in dSTORM enables one to actively control their switching behaviours, resulting in improved spatial resolution and precise molecular counting down to the single molecule level in emitter-dense areas.","PeriodicalId":18926,"journal":{"name":"Nature Photonics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":32.3,"publicationDate":"2024-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141561553","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-08DOI: 10.1038/s41566-024-01477-0
David Pile
Following first lasing at LCLS-II — a coherent X-ray laser source driven by a 700-m superconducting linear accelerator — several upgrades are already in the works. Nature Photonics spoke to LCLS director Mike Dunne about LCLS-II commissioning hurdles as well as future plans.
{"title":"Fast free-electron laser targets the future","authors":"David Pile","doi":"10.1038/s41566-024-01477-0","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41566-024-01477-0","url":null,"abstract":"Following first lasing at LCLS-II — a coherent X-ray laser source driven by a 700-m superconducting linear accelerator — several upgrades are already in the works. Nature Photonics spoke to LCLS director Mike Dunne about LCLS-II commissioning hurdles as well as future plans.","PeriodicalId":18926,"journal":{"name":"Nature Photonics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":32.3,"publicationDate":"2024-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141561245","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-08DOI: 10.1038/s41566-024-01472-5
Noriaki Horiuchi
Novel optical components that withstand high-power laser irradiation and micro light-emitting diodes capable of full-colour emission were highlights of the Japan Society of Applied Physics Spring Meeting.
{"title":"Novel light manipulation","authors":"Noriaki Horiuchi","doi":"10.1038/s41566-024-01472-5","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41566-024-01472-5","url":null,"abstract":"Novel optical components that withstand high-power laser irradiation and micro light-emitting diodes capable of full-colour emission were highlights of the Japan Society of Applied Physics Spring Meeting.","PeriodicalId":18926,"journal":{"name":"Nature Photonics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":32.3,"publicationDate":"2024-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141561247","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-08DOI: 10.1038/s41566-024-01473-4
Roarke Horstmeyer, Lucas Kreiss
Broadband energy can be delivered to extended targets deep inside a multiple-scattering system, paving ways for using broadband, partially incoherent light in a wide range of applications, such as deep-tissue imaging, laser therapy and optogenetics.
{"title":"Deep focusing with broadband light","authors":"Roarke Horstmeyer, Lucas Kreiss","doi":"10.1038/s41566-024-01473-4","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41566-024-01473-4","url":null,"abstract":"Broadband energy can be delivered to extended targets deep inside a multiple-scattering system, paving ways for using broadband, partially incoherent light in a wide range of applications, such as deep-tissue imaging, laser therapy and optogenetics.","PeriodicalId":18926,"journal":{"name":"Nature Photonics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":32.3,"publicationDate":"2024-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141561250","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-08DOI: 10.1038/s41566-024-01470-7
Weiwei Cai, Zongyin Yang, Zhipei Sun, Tawfique Hasan
A high-dimensional photodetection system that combines a lens and a thin-film interface enables simultaneous measurements of light spectrum and polarization states, with the aid of a deep neural network.
高维光电探测系统结合了透镜和薄膜接口，借助深度神经网络可同时测量光谱和偏振态。
{"title":"Simple yet powerful","authors":"Weiwei Cai, Zongyin Yang, Zhipei Sun, Tawfique Hasan","doi":"10.1038/s41566-024-01470-7","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41566-024-01470-7","url":null,"abstract":"A high-dimensional photodetection system that combines a lens and a thin-film interface enables simultaneous measurements of light spectrum and polarization states, with the aid of a deep neural network.","PeriodicalId":18926,"journal":{"name":"Nature Photonics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":32.3,"publicationDate":"2024-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141561249","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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