Pub Date : 2024-08-12DOI: 10.1038/s41566-024-01478-z
Maciej Pieczarka, Marcin Gębski, Aleksandra N. Piasecka, James A. Lott, Axel Pelster, Michał Wasiak, Tomasz Czyszanowski
Many bosons can occupy a single quantum state without a limit. It is described by the quantum-mechanical Bose–Einstein statistic, which allows Bose–Einstein condensation at low temperatures and high particle densities. Photons, historically the first considered bosonic gas, were late to show this phenomenon, observed in rhodamine-filled microcavities and doped fibre cavities. These findings have raised the question of whether condensation is also common in other laser systems with potential technological applications. Here we show the Bose–Einstein condensation of photons in a broad-area vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser with a slight cavity-gain spectral detuning. We observed a Bose–Einstein condensate in the fundamental transversal optical mode at a critical phase-space density. The experimental results follow the equation of state for a two-dimensional gas of bosons in thermal equilibrium, although the extracted spectral temperatures were lower than the device’s. This is interpreted as originating from the driven-dissipative nature of the photon gas. In contrast, non-equilibrium lasing action is observed in the higher-order modes in more negatively detuned device. Our work opens the way for the potential exploration of superfluid physics of interacting photons mediated by semiconductor optical nonlinearities. It also shows great promise for enabling single-mode high-power emission from a large-aperture device. Bose–Einstein condensation of photons is demonstrated in a large-aperture electrically driven InGaAs vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser diode at room temperature. The observed photon Bose–Einstein condensate exhibits the fundamental transversal optical mode at a critical phase-space density.
{"title":"Bose–Einstein condensation of photons in a vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser","authors":"Maciej Pieczarka, Marcin Gębski, Aleksandra N. Piasecka, James A. Lott, Axel Pelster, Michał Wasiak, Tomasz Czyszanowski","doi":"10.1038/s41566-024-01478-z","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41566-024-01478-z","url":null,"abstract":"Many bosons can occupy a single quantum state without a limit. It is described by the quantum-mechanical Bose–Einstein statistic, which allows Bose–Einstein condensation at low temperatures and high particle densities. Photons, historically the first considered bosonic gas, were late to show this phenomenon, observed in rhodamine-filled microcavities and doped fibre cavities. These findings have raised the question of whether condensation is also common in other laser systems with potential technological applications. Here we show the Bose–Einstein condensation of photons in a broad-area vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser with a slight cavity-gain spectral detuning. We observed a Bose–Einstein condensate in the fundamental transversal optical mode at a critical phase-space density. The experimental results follow the equation of state for a two-dimensional gas of bosons in thermal equilibrium, although the extracted spectral temperatures were lower than the device’s. This is interpreted as originating from the driven-dissipative nature of the photon gas. In contrast, non-equilibrium lasing action is observed in the higher-order modes in more negatively detuned device. Our work opens the way for the potential exploration of superfluid physics of interacting photons mediated by semiconductor optical nonlinearities. It also shows great promise for enabling single-mode high-power emission from a large-aperture device. Bose–Einstein condensation of photons is demonstrated in a large-aperture electrically driven InGaAs vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser diode at room temperature. The observed photon Bose–Einstein condensate exhibits the fundamental transversal optical mode at a critical phase-space density.","PeriodicalId":18926,"journal":{"name":"Nature Photonics","volume":"18 10","pages":"1090-1096"},"PeriodicalIF":32.3,"publicationDate":"2024-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41566-024-01478-z.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141918855","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-12DOI: 10.1038/s41566-024-01491-2
Ross C. Schofield, Ming Fu, Edmund Clarke, Ian Farrer, Aristotelis Trapalis, Himadri S. Dhar, Rick Mukherjee, Toby Severs Millard, Jon Heffernan, Florian Mintert, Robert A. Nyman, Rupert F. Oulton
When particles with integer spin accumulate at low temperature and high density, they undergo Bose–Einstein condensation (BEC). Atoms, magnons, solid-state excitons, surface plasmon polaritons and excitons coupled to light exhibit BEC, which results in high coherence due to massive occupation of the respective system’s ground state. Surprisingly, photons were shown to exhibit BEC recently in organic-dye-filled optical microcavities, which—owing to the photon’s low mass—occurs at room temperature. Here we demonstrate that photons within an inorganic semiconductor microcavity also thermalize and undergo BEC. Although semiconductor lasers are understood to operate out of thermal equilibrium, we identify a region of good thermalization in our system where we can clearly distinguish laser action from BEC. Semiconductor microcavities are a robust system for exploring the physics and applications of quantum statistical photon condensates. In practical terms, photon BECs offer their critical behaviour at lower thresholds than lasers. Our study shows two further advantages: the lack of dark electronic states in inorganic semiconductors allows these BECs to be sustained continuously; and quantum wells offer stronger photon–photon scattering. We measure an unoptimized interaction parameter ( $$tilde{{{{{g}}}}}$$ ≳ 10–3), which is large enough to access the rich physics of interactions within BECs, such as superfluid light. Photon Bose–Einstein condensation is observed in a semiconductor laser, where thermalization and condensation of photons occur using an InGaAs quantum well and an open microcavity. The distinction between regimes of photon Bose–Einstein condensation and conventional lasing are clearly identified.
{"title":"Bose–Einstein condensation of light in a semiconductor quantum well microcavity","authors":"Ross C. Schofield, Ming Fu, Edmund Clarke, Ian Farrer, Aristotelis Trapalis, Himadri S. Dhar, Rick Mukherjee, Toby Severs Millard, Jon Heffernan, Florian Mintert, Robert A. Nyman, Rupert F. Oulton","doi":"10.1038/s41566-024-01491-2","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41566-024-01491-2","url":null,"abstract":"When particles with integer spin accumulate at low temperature and high density, they undergo Bose–Einstein condensation (BEC). Atoms, magnons, solid-state excitons, surface plasmon polaritons and excitons coupled to light exhibit BEC, which results in high coherence due to massive occupation of the respective system’s ground state. Surprisingly, photons were shown to exhibit BEC recently in organic-dye-filled optical microcavities, which—owing to the photon’s low mass—occurs at room temperature. Here we demonstrate that photons within an inorganic semiconductor microcavity also thermalize and undergo BEC. Although semiconductor lasers are understood to operate out of thermal equilibrium, we identify a region of good thermalization in our system where we can clearly distinguish laser action from BEC. Semiconductor microcavities are a robust system for exploring the physics and applications of quantum statistical photon condensates. In practical terms, photon BECs offer their critical behaviour at lower thresholds than lasers. Our study shows two further advantages: the lack of dark electronic states in inorganic semiconductors allows these BECs to be sustained continuously; and quantum wells offer stronger photon–photon scattering. We measure an unoptimized interaction parameter ( $$tilde{{{{{g}}}}}$$ ≳ 10–3), which is large enough to access the rich physics of interactions within BECs, such as superfluid light. Photon Bose–Einstein condensation is observed in a semiconductor laser, where thermalization and condensation of photons occur using an InGaAs quantum well and an open microcavity. The distinction between regimes of photon Bose–Einstein condensation and conventional lasing are clearly identified.","PeriodicalId":18926,"journal":{"name":"Nature Photonics","volume":"18 10","pages":"1083-1089"},"PeriodicalIF":32.3,"publicationDate":"2024-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41566-024-01491-2.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141918854","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-09DOI: 10.1038/s41566-024-01495-y
Yiwei Peng, Yuan Yuan, Wayne V. Sorin, Stanley Cheung, Zhihong Huang, Chaerin Hong, Di Liang, Marco Fiorentino, Raymond G. Beausoleil
In response to growing demands on data traffic, silicon (Si) photonics has emerged as a promising technology for ultra-high-speed and low-cost optical interconnects. However, achieving high-performance photodetectors with Si photonics requires integrating narrower-bandgap materials, resulting in more complex fabrication processes, higher costs and yield issues. To address this challenge, we demonstrate an all-Si receiver (RX) based on a cost-efficient, eight-channel, double-microring-resonator, avalanche photodiode. It has an aggregate data rate of 1.28 Tb s−1. All channels show excellent uniformity in their device performance with a responsivity of 0.4 A W−1, an ultra-low dark current of 1 nA, a high bandwidth of 40 GHz at −8 V and a $$k$$ value of 0.28. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of an all-Si RX supporting a record-high transmission data rate of 160 Gb s−1 per channel, along with an ultra-low electrical crosstalk of less than −50 dB. This all-Si optical RX can compete with the commercial heterojunction-based RXs and promises ~40% chip cost saving, thus paving the way to realizing >3.2 Tb s−1 interconnects for future optical networks. Researchers demonstrate a receiver based on an all-Si eight-channel avalanche photodiode, which operates at a data rate of 160 Gb s−1 per channel and has an aggregate rate of 1.28 Tb s−1.
{"title":"An 8 × 160 Gb s−1 all-silicon avalanche photodiode chip","authors":"Yiwei Peng, Yuan Yuan, Wayne V. Sorin, Stanley Cheung, Zhihong Huang, Chaerin Hong, Di Liang, Marco Fiorentino, Raymond G. Beausoleil","doi":"10.1038/s41566-024-01495-y","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41566-024-01495-y","url":null,"abstract":"In response to growing demands on data traffic, silicon (Si) photonics has emerged as a promising technology for ultra-high-speed and low-cost optical interconnects. However, achieving high-performance photodetectors with Si photonics requires integrating narrower-bandgap materials, resulting in more complex fabrication processes, higher costs and yield issues. To address this challenge, we demonstrate an all-Si receiver (RX) based on a cost-efficient, eight-channel, double-microring-resonator, avalanche photodiode. It has an aggregate data rate of 1.28 Tb s−1. All channels show excellent uniformity in their device performance with a responsivity of 0.4 A W−1, an ultra-low dark current of 1 nA, a high bandwidth of 40 GHz at −8 V and a $$k$$ value of 0.28. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of an all-Si RX supporting a record-high transmission data rate of 160 Gb s−1 per channel, along with an ultra-low electrical crosstalk of less than −50 dB. This all-Si optical RX can compete with the commercial heterojunction-based RXs and promises ~40% chip cost saving, thus paving the way to realizing >3.2 Tb s−1 interconnects for future optical networks. Researchers demonstrate a receiver based on an all-Si eight-channel avalanche photodiode, which operates at a data rate of 160 Gb s−1 per channel and has an aggregate rate of 1.28 Tb s−1.","PeriodicalId":18926,"journal":{"name":"Nature Photonics","volume":"18 9","pages":"928-934"},"PeriodicalIF":32.3,"publicationDate":"2024-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141909226","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-08DOI: 10.1038/s41566-024-01501-3
Qiangbing Guo, Qiuhong Zhang, Tan Zhang, Jun Zhou, Shumin Xiao, Shijie Wang, Yuan Ping Feng, Cheng-Wei Qiu
Polarization, a fundamental property of light, has been widely exploited from quantum physics to high-dimensional optics. Materials with intrinsic optical anisotropy, such as dichroism and birefringence, are central to light polarization control, including the development of polarizers, waveplates, mirrors and phase-matching elements. Therefore, materials with strong optical anisotropy have been long-sought. Recently, two-dimensional van der Waals crystals show high optical anisotropy but are mostly restricted to the out-of-plane direction, which is challenging to access in optical engineering. Here we report a two-dimensional van der Waals material, NbOCl2, that exhibits sharp electronic and structural contrast between its in-plane orthogonal axes. Colossal in-plane optical anisotropy—linear dichroism (up to 99% in ultraviolet) and birefringence (0.26–0.46 within a wide visible–near-infrared transparency window)—is experimentally demonstrated. Our findings provide a powerful and easy-to-access recipe for ultracompact integrated polarization industries. A two-dimensional van der Waals material, NbOCl2, that simultaneously exhibits near-unity linear dichroism (~99%) over 100 nm bandwidth in ultraviolet regime and large birefringence (0.26–0.46) within a wide visible–near-infrared transparency window is reported.
{"title":"Colossal in-plane optical anisotropy in a two-dimensional van der Waals crystal","authors":"Qiangbing Guo, Qiuhong Zhang, Tan Zhang, Jun Zhou, Shumin Xiao, Shijie Wang, Yuan Ping Feng, Cheng-Wei Qiu","doi":"10.1038/s41566-024-01501-3","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41566-024-01501-3","url":null,"abstract":"Polarization, a fundamental property of light, has been widely exploited from quantum physics to high-dimensional optics. Materials with intrinsic optical anisotropy, such as dichroism and birefringence, are central to light polarization control, including the development of polarizers, waveplates, mirrors and phase-matching elements. Therefore, materials with strong optical anisotropy have been long-sought. Recently, two-dimensional van der Waals crystals show high optical anisotropy but are mostly restricted to the out-of-plane direction, which is challenging to access in optical engineering. Here we report a two-dimensional van der Waals material, NbOCl2, that exhibits sharp electronic and structural contrast between its in-plane orthogonal axes. Colossal in-plane optical anisotropy—linear dichroism (up to 99% in ultraviolet) and birefringence (0.26–0.46 within a wide visible–near-infrared transparency window)—is experimentally demonstrated. Our findings provide a powerful and easy-to-access recipe for ultracompact integrated polarization industries. A two-dimensional van der Waals material, NbOCl2, that simultaneously exhibits near-unity linear dichroism (~99%) over 100 nm bandwidth in ultraviolet regime and large birefringence (0.26–0.46) within a wide visible–near-infrared transparency window is reported.","PeriodicalId":18926,"journal":{"name":"Nature Photonics","volume":"18 11","pages":"1170-1175"},"PeriodicalIF":32.3,"publicationDate":"2024-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141904675","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-05DOI: 10.1038/s41566-024-01489-w
Marinko V. Sarunic, Cynthia A. Toth
Joseph Izatt’s work advanced the science of imaging in biophotonics and brought optical coherence tomography imaging to the eye care of infants and children and, as live feedback for the surgeon, to ophthalmic microsurgery.
{"title":"Joseph A. Izatt (1962–2024)","authors":"Marinko V. Sarunic, Cynthia A. Toth","doi":"10.1038/s41566-024-01489-w","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41566-024-01489-w","url":null,"abstract":"Joseph Izatt’s work advanced the science of imaging in biophotonics and brought optical coherence tomography imaging to the eye care of infants and children and, as live feedback for the surgeon, to ophthalmic microsurgery.","PeriodicalId":18926,"journal":{"name":"Nature Photonics","volume":"18 8","pages":"767-768"},"PeriodicalIF":32.3,"publicationDate":"2024-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41566-024-01489-w.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141891894","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-05DOI: 10.1038/s41566-024-01488-x
Xi Wang
Precise control over doping levels and displacement fields enables the observation of a notable blueshift in the Fermi polaron resonance in trilayer tungsten diselenide. This result highlights the promise of two-dimensional materials for advanced nonlinear optical applications with high tunability.
{"title":"Extreme nonlinear excitonic interactions","authors":"Xi Wang","doi":"10.1038/s41566-024-01488-x","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41566-024-01488-x","url":null,"abstract":"Precise control over doping levels and displacement fields enables the observation of a notable blueshift in the Fermi polaron resonance in trilayer tungsten diselenide. This result highlights the promise of two-dimensional materials for advanced nonlinear optical applications with high tunability.","PeriodicalId":18926,"journal":{"name":"Nature Photonics","volume":"18 8","pages":"769-770"},"PeriodicalIF":32.3,"publicationDate":"2024-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141891565","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-05DOI: 10.1038/s41566-024-01497-w
Rachel Won
Although three-dimensional laser nanofabrication has become an established and widespread technology, research towards achieving higher resolutions, higher speeds, lower costs, mass production, more material availability and more functionality for this technology continues.
{"title":"Nanoprinting under macro lens","authors":"Rachel Won","doi":"10.1038/s41566-024-01497-w","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41566-024-01497-w","url":null,"abstract":"Although three-dimensional laser nanofabrication has become an established and widespread technology, research towards achieving higher resolutions, higher speeds, lower costs, mass production, more material availability and more functionality for this technology continues.","PeriodicalId":18926,"journal":{"name":"Nature Photonics","volume":"18 8","pages":"777-779"},"PeriodicalIF":32.3,"publicationDate":"2024-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141891735","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-05DOI: 10.1038/s41566-024-01485-0
Fatih Ömer Ilday
By exploiting nonlinear feedback arising from the interaction of ultrafast laser pulses, self-organized nanolines that appear to defy the limits of diffraction are shown to cut, dice, and structure optical materials, fabricating true zero-order sapphire waveplates and crystalline micro-prisms.
{"title":"Driven by feedback, unlimited by diffraction","authors":"Fatih Ömer Ilday","doi":"10.1038/s41566-024-01485-0","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41566-024-01485-0","url":null,"abstract":"By exploiting nonlinear feedback arising from the interaction of ultrafast laser pulses, self-organized nanolines that appear to defy the limits of diffraction are shown to cut, dice, and structure optical materials, fabricating true zero-order sapphire waveplates and crystalline micro-prisms.","PeriodicalId":18926,"journal":{"name":"Nature Photonics","volume":"18 8","pages":"771-772"},"PeriodicalIF":32.3,"publicationDate":"2024-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141891736","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-05DOI: 10.1038/s41566-024-01487-y
Su-Hyun Gong, Je-Hyung Kim
A plasmonic platform and a dual gate are integrated in a single-photon emitter made of two-dimensional materials. The combination enables engineered radiative and nonradiative decays, leading to a device quantum efficiency of up to 90%.
{"title":"A leap to highly efficient 2D quantum emitters","authors":"Su-Hyun Gong, Je-Hyung Kim","doi":"10.1038/s41566-024-01487-y","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41566-024-01487-y","url":null,"abstract":"A plasmonic platform and a dual gate are integrated in a single-photon emitter made of two-dimensional materials. The combination enables engineered radiative and nonradiative decays, leading to a device quantum efficiency of up to 90%.","PeriodicalId":18926,"journal":{"name":"Nature Photonics","volume":"18 8","pages":"773-774"},"PeriodicalIF":32.3,"publicationDate":"2024-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141891566","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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