Photodetection over a broad spectral range is necessary for multispectral sensing and imaging. Despite the fact that broadband single-element detectors with high performance have been demonstrated with various low-dimensional materials, broadband focal plane array imagers have been rarely reported. Here we propose a stacked lead sulfide/mercury telluride colloidal quantum dot photodetector configuration with optimized graded energy gaps. This architecture allows for ultrabroadband spectral response from 0.4 to 5.0 µm, with responsivity values of 0.23, 0.31, 0.83 and 0.71 A W−1 at 0.4, 0.7, 2.2 and 4.2 µm, respectively. We also fabricate a focal plane array imager with a resolution of 640 × 512, a low photoresponse non-uniformity down to 6% and a noise equivalent temperature difference as low as 34 mK. We demonstrate broadband imaging by simultaneously capturing both short-wave infrared and mid-wave infrared information, as well as multispectral imaging in the red, green, blue, short-wave infrared and mid-wave infrared channels, using a set of optical filters. Graded-energy-gap lead sulfide/mercury telluride stacked quantum dots enable photodetection and imaging in a focal plane array configuration from the visible (0.4 µm) to the mid-wave infrared (about 5 µm) region.
{"title":"Visible to mid-wave infrared PbS/HgTe colloidal quantum dot imagers","authors":"Ge Mu, Yimei Tan, Cheng Bi, Yanfei Liu, Qun Hao, Xin Tang","doi":"10.1038/s41566-024-01492-1","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41566-024-01492-1","url":null,"abstract":"Photodetection over a broad spectral range is necessary for multispectral sensing and imaging. Despite the fact that broadband single-element detectors with high performance have been demonstrated with various low-dimensional materials, broadband focal plane array imagers have been rarely reported. Here we propose a stacked lead sulfide/mercury telluride colloidal quantum dot photodetector configuration with optimized graded energy gaps. This architecture allows for ultrabroadband spectral response from 0.4 to 5.0 µm, with responsivity values of 0.23, 0.31, 0.83 and 0.71 A W−1 at 0.4, 0.7, 2.2 and 4.2 µm, respectively. We also fabricate a focal plane array imager with a resolution of 640 × 512, a low photoresponse non-uniformity down to 6% and a noise equivalent temperature difference as low as 34 mK. We demonstrate broadband imaging by simultaneously capturing both short-wave infrared and mid-wave infrared information, as well as multispectral imaging in the red, green, blue, short-wave infrared and mid-wave infrared channels, using a set of optical filters. Graded-energy-gap lead sulfide/mercury telluride stacked quantum dots enable photodetection and imaging in a focal plane array configuration from the visible (0.4 µm) to the mid-wave infrared (about 5 µm) region.","PeriodicalId":18926,"journal":{"name":"Nature Photonics","volume":"18 11","pages":"1147-1154"},"PeriodicalIF":32.3,"publicationDate":"2024-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141891891","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-02DOI: 10.1038/s41566-024-01481-4
Niels Radmacher, Oleksii Nevskyi, José Ignacio Gallea, Jan Christoph Thiele, Ingo Gregor, Silvio O. Rizzoli, Jörg Enderlein
In this study, we integrate a single-photon detector array into a confocal laser scanning microscope, enabling the combination of fluorescence-lifetime single-molecule localization microscopy with image scanning microscopy. This unique combination delivers a twofold improvement in lateral localization accuracy for single-molecule localization microscopy (SMLM) and maintains its simplicity. Moreover, the addition of lifetime information from our confocal laser scanning microscope eliminates chromatic aberration, particularly crucial for achieving few-nanometre resolution in SMLM. Our approach, named fluorescence-lifetime image scanning microscopy SMLM, is demonstrated through direct stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy and DNA point accumulation for imaging in nanoscale topography experiments on fluorescently labelled cells, showcasing both resolution enhancement and fluorescence-lifetime multiplexing capabilities. The integration of a single-photon detector array and imaging scanning microscopy in a confocal scanning microscope enables doubling the resolution of single-molecule localization microscopy.
在这项研究中，我们将单光子探测器阵列集成到共聚焦激光扫描显微镜中，实现了荧光-寿命单分子定位显微镜与图像扫描显微镜的结合。这种独特的组合使单分子定位显微镜（SMLM）的横向定位精度提高了两倍，并保持了其简便性。此外，共焦激光扫描显微镜提供的寿命信息消除了色差，这对实现单分子定位显微镜的几纳米分辨率尤为重要。我们的方法被命名为荧光-寿命图像扫描显微镜 SMLM，它通过直接随机光学重建显微镜和 DNA 点积累技术在荧光标记细胞的纳米级形貌实验中进行成像，展示了分辨率增强和荧光-寿命多路复用能力。
{"title":"Doubling the resolution of fluorescence-lifetime single-molecule localization microscopy with image scanning microscopy","authors":"Niels Radmacher, Oleksii Nevskyi, José Ignacio Gallea, Jan Christoph Thiele, Ingo Gregor, Silvio O. Rizzoli, Jörg Enderlein","doi":"10.1038/s41566-024-01481-4","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41566-024-01481-4","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, we integrate a single-photon detector array into a confocal laser scanning microscope, enabling the combination of fluorescence-lifetime single-molecule localization microscopy with image scanning microscopy. This unique combination delivers a twofold improvement in lateral localization accuracy for single-molecule localization microscopy (SMLM) and maintains its simplicity. Moreover, the addition of lifetime information from our confocal laser scanning microscope eliminates chromatic aberration, particularly crucial for achieving few-nanometre resolution in SMLM. Our approach, named fluorescence-lifetime image scanning microscopy SMLM, is demonstrated through direct stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy and DNA point accumulation for imaging in nanoscale topography experiments on fluorescently labelled cells, showcasing both resolution enhancement and fluorescence-lifetime multiplexing capabilities. The integration of a single-photon detector array and imaging scanning microscopy in a confocal scanning microscope enables doubling the resolution of single-molecule localization microscopy.","PeriodicalId":18926,"journal":{"name":"Nature Photonics","volume":"18 10","pages":"1059-1066"},"PeriodicalIF":32.3,"publicationDate":"2024-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141877509","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-02DOI: 10.1038/s41566-024-01483-2
Hui Li, Fei Chen, Haoyuan Jia, Ziyu Ye, Hang Zhou, Song Luo, Junheng Shi, Zhenrong Sun, Huailiang Xu, Hongxing Xu, Tim Byrnes, Zhanghai Chen, Jian Wu
Exciton polaritons—quasi-particle excitations consisting of strongly coupled photons and excitons—present fascinating possibilities for photonic circuits, owing to their strong nonlinearity, ultrafast reaction times and their ability to form macroscopic quantum states at room temperature via non-equilibrium condensation. Past implementations of transistors and logic gates with exciton polaritons have been mostly realized using the spatial propagation of polariton fluids, which place high demands on the fabrication of the microcavities and typically require complex manipulations. In this work we have implemented the full set of logical gate functionalities (that is, temporal AND, OR and NOT gates) in localized exciton polaritons at room temperature, on the basis of precisely controlling the interplay between polariton condensate and exciton reservoir dynamics, using a two-pulse excitation scheme. The dynamics intrinsically covers the cascadability required by the logical operations, enabling efficient information processing without the need for spatial flow. The temporal polariton logic gates demonstrate advantages in ultrafast switching, universality and simplified compatibility with other dimensional controls, showing great potential for building polariton logic networks in strongly coupled light–matter systems. Researchers have achieved AND, OR and NOT gates, using localized exciton polaritons at room temperature. The logic is based on temporal gates, rather than relying on the usual spatial propagation approaches.
激子极化子--由强耦合光子和激子组成的准粒子激发--由于其强烈的非线性、超快的反应时间以及在室温下通过非平衡凝聚形成宏观量子态的能力，为光子电路带来了迷人的可能性。以往利用激子极化子实现晶体管和逻辑门的方法大多是利用极化子流体的空间传播，这对微腔的制造提出了很高的要求，通常需要复杂的操作。在这项工作中，我们利用双脉冲激发方案，在精确控制极化子凝聚态和激子储库动态之间相互作用的基础上，在室温下实现了局部激子极化子的全套逻辑门功能（即时序 AND、OR 和 NOT 门）。该动力学本质上涵盖了逻辑运算所需的级联性，无需空间流即可实现高效的信息处理。时态极化子逻辑门在超快开关、通用性和与其他维度控制的简化兼容性方面表现出优势，显示出在强耦合光物质系统中构建极化子逻辑网络的巨大潜力。
{"title":"All-optical temporal logic gates in localized exciton polaritons","authors":"Hui Li, Fei Chen, Haoyuan Jia, Ziyu Ye, Hang Zhou, Song Luo, Junheng Shi, Zhenrong Sun, Huailiang Xu, Hongxing Xu, Tim Byrnes, Zhanghai Chen, Jian Wu","doi":"10.1038/s41566-024-01483-2","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41566-024-01483-2","url":null,"abstract":"Exciton polaritons—quasi-particle excitations consisting of strongly coupled photons and excitons—present fascinating possibilities for photonic circuits, owing to their strong nonlinearity, ultrafast reaction times and their ability to form macroscopic quantum states at room temperature via non-equilibrium condensation. Past implementations of transistors and logic gates with exciton polaritons have been mostly realized using the spatial propagation of polariton fluids, which place high demands on the fabrication of the microcavities and typically require complex manipulations. In this work we have implemented the full set of logical gate functionalities (that is, temporal AND, OR and NOT gates) in localized exciton polaritons at room temperature, on the basis of precisely controlling the interplay between polariton condensate and exciton reservoir dynamics, using a two-pulse excitation scheme. The dynamics intrinsically covers the cascadability required by the logical operations, enabling efficient information processing without the need for spatial flow. The temporal polariton logic gates demonstrate advantages in ultrafast switching, universality and simplified compatibility with other dimensional controls, showing great potential for building polariton logic networks in strongly coupled light–matter systems. Researchers have achieved AND, OR and NOT gates, using localized exciton polaritons at room temperature. The logic is based on temporal gates, rather than relying on the usual spatial propagation approaches.","PeriodicalId":18926,"journal":{"name":"Nature Photonics","volume":"18 8","pages":"864-869"},"PeriodicalIF":32.3,"publicationDate":"2024-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41566-024-01483-2.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141877557","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-02DOI: 10.1038/s41566-024-01474-3
M. Galletti, R. Assmann, M. E. Couprie, M. Ferrario, L. Giannessi, A. Irman, R. Pompili, W. Wang
Plasma-wakefield-based acceleration technology has the potential to revolutionize the field of particle accelerators. By providing acceleration gradients orders of magnitude larger than conventional radiofrequency particle accelerators, this technology allows accelerators to be reduced to the centimetre length scale. It also provides a new compact approach for driving free-electron lasers, a valuable source of high-brilliance ultrashort coherent radiation within the infrared to X-ray spectral range for the study of subatomic matter, ultrafast dynamics of complex systems and X-ray nonlinear optics, among other applications. Several laboratories around the world are working on the realization of these new light sources, exploring different configurations for the plasma wakefield driver beam, plasma stage design and operational regime. This Review describes the operating principles of plasma accelerators, an overview of recent experimental milestones for plasma-driven free-electron lasers in self-amplified spontaneous emission and seeded configurations, and highlights the remaining major challenges in the field. This Review examines the principles of operation and progress made in developing free-electron lasers that feature plasma-wakefield-acceleration technology.
基于等离子唤醒场的加速技术有可能彻底改变粒子加速器领域。通过提供比传统射频粒子加速器大几个数量级的加速梯度，该技术可将加速器的长度缩减到厘米级。它还为驱动自由电子激光器提供了一种新的紧凑型方法，而自由电子激光器是红外至 X 射线光谱范围内高亮度超短相干辐射的重要来源，可用于研究亚原子物质、复杂系统的超快动力学和 X 射线非线性光学等应用。世界各地的一些实验室正在努力实现这些新光源，探索等离子体汪场驱动光束的不同配置、等离子体平台设计和运行机制。本综述介绍了等离子体加速器的工作原理，概述了自放大自发辐射和种子配置等离子体驱动自由电子激光器的最新实验里程碑，并重点介绍了该领域仍然存在的主要挑战。
{"title":"Prospects for free-electron lasers powered by plasma-wakefield-accelerated beams","authors":"M. Galletti, R. Assmann, M. E. Couprie, M. Ferrario, L. Giannessi, A. Irman, R. Pompili, W. Wang","doi":"10.1038/s41566-024-01474-3","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41566-024-01474-3","url":null,"abstract":"Plasma-wakefield-based acceleration technology has the potential to revolutionize the field of particle accelerators. By providing acceleration gradients orders of magnitude larger than conventional radiofrequency particle accelerators, this technology allows accelerators to be reduced to the centimetre length scale. It also provides a new compact approach for driving free-electron lasers, a valuable source of high-brilliance ultrashort coherent radiation within the infrared to X-ray spectral range for the study of subatomic matter, ultrafast dynamics of complex systems and X-ray nonlinear optics, among other applications. Several laboratories around the world are working on the realization of these new light sources, exploring different configurations for the plasma wakefield driver beam, plasma stage design and operational regime. This Review describes the operating principles of plasma accelerators, an overview of recent experimental milestones for plasma-driven free-electron lasers in self-amplified spontaneous emission and seeded configurations, and highlights the remaining major challenges in the field. This Review examines the principles of operation and progress made in developing free-electron lasers that feature plasma-wakefield-acceleration technology.","PeriodicalId":18926,"journal":{"name":"Nature Photonics","volume":"18 8","pages":"780-791"},"PeriodicalIF":32.3,"publicationDate":"2024-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141877508","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-02DOI: 10.1038/s41566-024-01496-x
Jisu Yoo, Kyunghoon Lee, U. Jeong Yang, Hyeon Hwa Song, Jae Hong Jang, Gwang Heon Lee, Megalamane S. Bootharaju, Jun Hee Kim, Kiwook Kim, Soo Ik Park, Jung Duk Seo, Shi Li, Won Seok Yu, Jong Ik Kwon, Myoung Hoon Song, Taeghwan Hyeon, Jiwoong Yang, Moon Kee Choi
Highly efficient and high-definition displays with deformable form factors are highly desirable for next-generation electronic devices. Despite the unique advantages of quantum dots (QDs), including high photoluminescence quantum yield, wide colour range and high colour purity, developing a QD patterning process for high-definition pixels and efficient QD light-emitting diodes (QLEDs) is in its early stages. Here we present highly efficient QLEDs through ultrahigh-definition double-layer transfer printing of a QD/ZnO film. Surface engineering of viscoelastic stamps enables double-layer transfer printing that can create RGB pixelated patterns with 2,565 pixels per inch and monochromic QD patterns with ~20,526 pixels per inch. The close packing of both QDs and ZnO nanoparticles by double-layer transfer printing substantially minimizes the leakage current, enhancing the external quantum efficiency of our devices to 23.3%. Furthermore, we demonstrate highly efficient wearable QLEDs fabricated by our technique. This study paves the way for the development of highly efficient, full-colour QD displays via the transfer printing technique, demonstrating great promise for next-generation display technologies. Transfer printing of a quantum dot–ZnO film with a surface-functionalized viscoelastic stamp enables the realization of RGB QLED pixels with a resolution of 2,500 pixels per inch and a peak external quantum efficiency of 23.3% for green-emitting devices.
{"title":"Highly efficient printed quantum dot light-emitting diodes through ultrahigh-definition double-layer transfer printing","authors":"Jisu Yoo, Kyunghoon Lee, U. Jeong Yang, Hyeon Hwa Song, Jae Hong Jang, Gwang Heon Lee, Megalamane S. Bootharaju, Jun Hee Kim, Kiwook Kim, Soo Ik Park, Jung Duk Seo, Shi Li, Won Seok Yu, Jong Ik Kwon, Myoung Hoon Song, Taeghwan Hyeon, Jiwoong Yang, Moon Kee Choi","doi":"10.1038/s41566-024-01496-x","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41566-024-01496-x","url":null,"abstract":"Highly efficient and high-definition displays with deformable form factors are highly desirable for next-generation electronic devices. Despite the unique advantages of quantum dots (QDs), including high photoluminescence quantum yield, wide colour range and high colour purity, developing a QD patterning process for high-definition pixels and efficient QD light-emitting diodes (QLEDs) is in its early stages. Here we present highly efficient QLEDs through ultrahigh-definition double-layer transfer printing of a QD/ZnO film. Surface engineering of viscoelastic stamps enables double-layer transfer printing that can create RGB pixelated patterns with 2,565 pixels per inch and monochromic QD patterns with ~20,526 pixels per inch. The close packing of both QDs and ZnO nanoparticles by double-layer transfer printing substantially minimizes the leakage current, enhancing the external quantum efficiency of our devices to 23.3%. Furthermore, we demonstrate highly efficient wearable QLEDs fabricated by our technique. This study paves the way for the development of highly efficient, full-colour QD displays via the transfer printing technique, demonstrating great promise for next-generation display technologies. Transfer printing of a quantum dot–ZnO film with a surface-functionalized viscoelastic stamp enables the realization of RGB QLED pixels with a resolution of 2,500 pixels per inch and a peak external quantum efficiency of 23.3% for green-emitting devices.","PeriodicalId":18926,"journal":{"name":"Nature Photonics","volume":"18 10","pages":"1105-1112"},"PeriodicalIF":32.3,"publicationDate":"2024-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141877510","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-31DOI: 10.1038/s41566-024-01493-0
Fei Xia, Kyungduk Kim, Yaniv Eliezer, SeungYun Han, Liam Shaughnessy, Sylvain Gigan, Hui Cao
Optical information processing and computing can potentially offer enhanced performance, scalability and energy efficiency. However, achieving nonlinearity—a critical component of computation—remains challenging in the optical domain. Here we introduce a design that leverages a multiple-scattering cavity to passively induce optical nonlinear random mapping with a continuous-wave laser at a low power. Each scattering event effectively mixes information from different areas of a spatial light modulator, resulting in a highly nonlinear mapping between the input data and output pattern. We demonstrate that our design retains vital information even when the readout dimensionality is reduced, thereby enabling optical data compression. This capability allows our optical platforms to offer efficient optical information processing solutions across applications. We demonstrate our design’s efficacy across tasks, including classification, image reconstruction, keypoint detection and object detection, all of which are achieved through optical data compression combined with a digital decoder. In particular, high performance at extreme compression ratios is observed in real-time pedestrian detection. Our findings open pathways for novel algorithms and unconventional architectural designs for optical computing. An optical accelerator is designed to leverage a multiple-scattering cavity to passively induce optical nonlinear random mapping with a continuous-wave laser at a constant low power (~21 mW), providing a new avenue for optical computing.
{"title":"Nonlinear optical encoding enabled by recurrent linear scattering","authors":"Fei Xia, Kyungduk Kim, Yaniv Eliezer, SeungYun Han, Liam Shaughnessy, Sylvain Gigan, Hui Cao","doi":"10.1038/s41566-024-01493-0","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41566-024-01493-0","url":null,"abstract":"Optical information processing and computing can potentially offer enhanced performance, scalability and energy efficiency. However, achieving nonlinearity—a critical component of computation—remains challenging in the optical domain. Here we introduce a design that leverages a multiple-scattering cavity to passively induce optical nonlinear random mapping with a continuous-wave laser at a low power. Each scattering event effectively mixes information from different areas of a spatial light modulator, resulting in a highly nonlinear mapping between the input data and output pattern. We demonstrate that our design retains vital information even when the readout dimensionality is reduced, thereby enabling optical data compression. This capability allows our optical platforms to offer efficient optical information processing solutions across applications. We demonstrate our design’s efficacy across tasks, including classification, image reconstruction, keypoint detection and object detection, all of which are achieved through optical data compression combined with a digital decoder. In particular, high performance at extreme compression ratios is observed in real-time pedestrian detection. Our findings open pathways for novel algorithms and unconventional architectural designs for optical computing. An optical accelerator is designed to leverage a multiple-scattering cavity to passively induce optical nonlinear random mapping with a continuous-wave laser at a constant low power (~21 mW), providing a new avenue for optical computing.","PeriodicalId":18926,"journal":{"name":"Nature Photonics","volume":"18 10","pages":"1067-1075"},"PeriodicalIF":32.3,"publicationDate":"2024-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41566-024-01493-0.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141857712","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-31DOI: 10.1038/s41566-024-01486-z
Robin R. Jones, John F. Kerr, Hyunah Kwon, Samuel R. Clowes, Ruidong Ji, Emilija Petronijevic, Liwu Zhang, G. Dan Pantoș, Brian Smith, Tim Batten, Peer Fischer, Daniel Wolverson, David L. Andrews, Ventsislav K. Valev
Chirality conferral is fundamental for understanding the origin of life, and it is of direct importance for synthesizing new pharmaceuticals in the face of growing antibiotic resistance. Human-made, self-assembling nanostructures replicate the biological chirality conferral processes utilizing covalent and non-covalent bonds. However, chirality conferral from one form of matter to another via electromagnetic fields is more subtle and less explored. Here we report chirality conferral between gold nanohelices and achiral molecules (crystal violet). This conferral enables the experimental observation of a physical effect predicted in 1979—hyper-Raman optical activity. To benefit from Fermi’s golden rule, the chirality conferral system was designed as doubly resonant, with the nanohelices and molecules resonating at the fundamental frequency and at the second-harmonic, respectively. We provide a theoretical framework for our results that expands the original mathematical formalism to include surface-enhanced hyper-Raman scattering and the chirality conferral process. Our results demonstrate that field-driven chirality conferral mechanisms are opening up entire fields of research, as exemplified by the discovery of a physical phenomenon. Theoretically predicted in 1979, hyper-Raman optical activity is now experimentally observed through chirality conferral from the electromagnetic field of chiral plasmonic gold nanohelices to crystal violet molecules that are achiral, sparking new science at the organic–inorganic interface.
{"title":"Chirality conferral enables the observation of hyper-Raman optical activity","authors":"Robin R. Jones, John F. Kerr, Hyunah Kwon, Samuel R. Clowes, Ruidong Ji, Emilija Petronijevic, Liwu Zhang, G. Dan Pantoș, Brian Smith, Tim Batten, Peer Fischer, Daniel Wolverson, David L. Andrews, Ventsislav K. Valev","doi":"10.1038/s41566-024-01486-z","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41566-024-01486-z","url":null,"abstract":"Chirality conferral is fundamental for understanding the origin of life, and it is of direct importance for synthesizing new pharmaceuticals in the face of growing antibiotic resistance. Human-made, self-assembling nanostructures replicate the biological chirality conferral processes utilizing covalent and non-covalent bonds. However, chirality conferral from one form of matter to another via electromagnetic fields is more subtle and less explored. Here we report chirality conferral between gold nanohelices and achiral molecules (crystal violet). This conferral enables the experimental observation of a physical effect predicted in 1979—hyper-Raman optical activity. To benefit from Fermi’s golden rule, the chirality conferral system was designed as doubly resonant, with the nanohelices and molecules resonating at the fundamental frequency and at the second-harmonic, respectively. We provide a theoretical framework for our results that expands the original mathematical formalism to include surface-enhanced hyper-Raman scattering and the chirality conferral process. Our results demonstrate that field-driven chirality conferral mechanisms are opening up entire fields of research, as exemplified by the discovery of a physical phenomenon. Theoretically predicted in 1979, hyper-Raman optical activity is now experimentally observed through chirality conferral from the electromagnetic field of chiral plasmonic gold nanohelices to crystal violet molecules that are achiral, sparking new science at the organic–inorganic interface.","PeriodicalId":18926,"journal":{"name":"Nature Photonics","volume":"18 9","pages":"982-989"},"PeriodicalIF":32.3,"publicationDate":"2024-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41566-024-01486-z.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141857603","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Deep neural networks have achieved remarkable breakthroughs by leveraging multiple layers of data processing to extract hidden representations, albeit at the cost of large electronic computing power. To enhance energy efficiency and speed, the optical implementation of neural networks aims to harness the advantages of optical bandwidth and the energy efficiency of optical interconnections. In the absence of low-power optical nonlinearities, the challenge in the implementation of multilayer optical networks lies in realizing multiple optical layers without resorting to electronic components. Here we present a novel framework that uses multiple scattering, and which is capable of synthesizing programmable linear and nonlinear transformations concurrently at low optical power by leveraging the nonlinear relationship between the scattering potential, represented by data, and the scattered field. Theoretical and experimental investigations show that repeating the data by multiple scattering enables nonlinear optical computing with low-power continuous-wave light. Moreover, we empirically find that scaling of this optical framework follows a power law. Multiple scattering capable of synthesizing programmable linear and nonlinear transformations concurrently at low optical power in the order of milliwatts continuous-wave power for optical computing is demonstrated, paving the way for ultra-efficient, low-power all-optical neural networks.
{"title":"Nonlinear processing with linear optics","authors":"Mustafa Yildirim, Niyazi Ulas Dinc, Ilker Oguz, Demetri Psaltis, Christophe Moser","doi":"10.1038/s41566-024-01494-z","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41566-024-01494-z","url":null,"abstract":"Deep neural networks have achieved remarkable breakthroughs by leveraging multiple layers of data processing to extract hidden representations, albeit at the cost of large electronic computing power. To enhance energy efficiency and speed, the optical implementation of neural networks aims to harness the advantages of optical bandwidth and the energy efficiency of optical interconnections. In the absence of low-power optical nonlinearities, the challenge in the implementation of multilayer optical networks lies in realizing multiple optical layers without resorting to electronic components. Here we present a novel framework that uses multiple scattering, and which is capable of synthesizing programmable linear and nonlinear transformations concurrently at low optical power by leveraging the nonlinear relationship between the scattering potential, represented by data, and the scattered field. Theoretical and experimental investigations show that repeating the data by multiple scattering enables nonlinear optical computing with low-power continuous-wave light. Moreover, we empirically find that scaling of this optical framework follows a power law. Multiple scattering capable of synthesizing programmable linear and nonlinear transformations concurrently at low optical power in the order of milliwatts continuous-wave power for optical computing is demonstrated, paving the way for ultra-efficient, low-power all-optical neural networks.","PeriodicalId":18926,"journal":{"name":"Nature Photonics","volume":"18 10","pages":"1076-1082"},"PeriodicalIF":32.3,"publicationDate":"2024-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41566-024-01494-z.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141857602","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Halide perovskites have shown great potential for X-ray detection in medical imaging and product inspection applications. However, the ion migration in perovskites causes large noise and baseline drift, deteriorating the X-ray detection and imaging performance. Here we adopt the atmosphere-controlled edge-defined film-fed growth (EFG) method to grow high-quality shape-controlled CsPbBr3 single crystals (SCs) in an Ar and HBr mixed atmosphere. Compared with the vertical Bridgman (VB)-CsPbBr3 SCs, the EFG-CsPbBr3 SCs show a much lower trap density, a higher resistivity (1.61 × 1010 Ω cm) and a larger ion migration activation energy (0.378 eV), decreasing the leakage current and baseline drift. An X-ray detector based on EFG-CsPbBr3 SCs hence exhibits outstanding balanced performance, with a negligible dark-current drift of 1.68 × 10−9 μA cm−1 s−1 V−1, an incredibly low detection limit of 10.81 nGyair s−1 and a sensitivity of 46,180 μC Gyair−1 cm−2 under a high electric field of 5,000 V cm−1. Furthermore, the detector maintains a stable response for 30 days. Our work provides an effective strategy to improve lead-halide perovskite SCs for high-performance X-ray detection and imaging. The researchers improve the properties of halide perovskite for high-performance X-ray detection by edge-defined film-fed crystal growth. In particular, high resistivity, low trap density, suppressed ion migration and reduced leakage current are demonstrated. They enable detectors with an extremely low detection limit and high sensitivity.
卤化物包光体在医疗成像和产品检测应用中的 X 射线探测方面显示出巨大的潜力。然而，包晶中的离子迁移会导致较大的噪声和基线漂移，从而降低 X 射线检测和成像性能。在此，我们采用气氛控制的边缘薄膜生长（EFG）方法，在 Ar 和 HBr 混合气氛中生长出高质量形状可控的 CsPbBr3 单晶（SC）。与垂直布里奇曼（VB）-CsPbBr3 单晶相比，EFG-CsPbBr3 单晶具有更低的阱密度、更高的电阻率（1.61 × 1010 Ω cm）和更大的离子迁移活化能（0.378 eV），从而降低了泄漏电流和基线漂移。因此，基于 EFG-CsPbBr3 SCs 的 X 射线探测器具有出色的平衡性能，其暗电流漂移为 1.68 × 10-9 μA cm-1 s-1 V-1，可忽略不计；在 5,000 V cm-1 的高电场下，其探测极限低至 10.81 nGyair s-1，灵敏度高达 46,180 μC Gyair-1 cm-2。此外，该探测器还能在 30 天内保持稳定的响应。我们的工作为改进铅卤化物包晶SC以实现高性能X射线探测和成像提供了一种有效的策略。
{"title":"Suppressed ion migration for high-performance X-ray detectors based on atmosphere-controlled EFG-grown perovskite CsPbBr3 single crystals","authors":"Yunqiu Hua, Guodong Zhang, Xue Sun, Peng Zhang, Yingying Hao, Yadong Xu, Yujie Yang, Qianqian Lin, Xiang Li, Zhongjun Zhai, Fucai Cui, Hongjie Liu, Jiaxin Liu, Xutang Tao","doi":"10.1038/s41566-024-01480-5","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41566-024-01480-5","url":null,"abstract":"Halide perovskites have shown great potential for X-ray detection in medical imaging and product inspection applications. However, the ion migration in perovskites causes large noise and baseline drift, deteriorating the X-ray detection and imaging performance. Here we adopt the atmosphere-controlled edge-defined film-fed growth (EFG) method to grow high-quality shape-controlled CsPbBr3 single crystals (SCs) in an Ar and HBr mixed atmosphere. Compared with the vertical Bridgman (VB)-CsPbBr3 SCs, the EFG-CsPbBr3 SCs show a much lower trap density, a higher resistivity (1.61 × 1010 Ω cm) and a larger ion migration activation energy (0.378 eV), decreasing the leakage current and baseline drift. An X-ray detector based on EFG-CsPbBr3 SCs hence exhibits outstanding balanced performance, with a negligible dark-current drift of 1.68 × 10−9 μA cm−1 s−1 V−1, an incredibly low detection limit of 10.81 nGyair s−1 and a sensitivity of 46,180 μC Gyair−1 cm−2 under a high electric field of 5,000 V cm−1. Furthermore, the detector maintains a stable response for 30 days. Our work provides an effective strategy to improve lead-halide perovskite SCs for high-performance X-ray detection and imaging. The researchers improve the properties of halide perovskite for high-performance X-ray detection by edge-defined film-fed crystal growth. In particular, high resistivity, low trap density, suppressed ion migration and reduced leakage current are demonstrated. They enable detectors with an extremely low detection limit and high sensitivity.","PeriodicalId":18926,"journal":{"name":"Nature Photonics","volume":"18 8","pages":"870-877"},"PeriodicalIF":32.3,"publicationDate":"2024-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141790959","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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