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Hospitality and Amnesty: Aravind Adiga’s Narrative of Legal Liminality 好客与特赦:阿拉温德·阿迪加对法律限制的叙述
Pub Date : 2022-07-19 DOI: 10.1080/1369801X.2022.2099940
Ana Cristina Mendes, Lisa Lau
Amnesty continues several of the social justice themes of precarity and subalternity (at times, a violent subaltern agency) of Aravind Adiga’s fiction, and its literary narrative centres again on criminal acts and the moral dilemma the protagonist faces over whether to report a murder and expose his illegality to do “the right thing.” Offering a postcolonial reading of Amnesty supported by concepts from migration, citizenship, and human rights studies, this essay discusses the novel’s representation of the inhospitable conditions experienced by migrants victimized by the precarity of their status, whether discursively categorized as illegal, irregular, undocumented, unauthorized, or unlawful; by the consequent exploitations and abuse without recourse to justice; and by the suspension of their human rights. The theme of illegality is approached in Adiga’s narrative from a more radical perspective of liminality – the state of “legal liminality” in which irregular migrants find themselves when longing to belong in the host country, or at least be legalized, while gripped and besieged by myriad daily fears and anxieties that their legal status will be discovered, compounded by a resolute refusal to leave the host country. Adiga forces this theoretical question of legal liminality to an extreme by presenting a protagonist who, as an irregular migrant, has committed the political crime of illegally overstaying in the host country. The central question of amnesty is raised when the protagonist faces the dilemma of stepping up to civic responsibilities without having been conceded participatory rights.
大赦国际延续了Aravind Adiga小说中关于不稳定和次等(有时是一个暴力的次等机构)的几个社会正义主题,其文学叙事再次以犯罪行为和主人公面临的道德困境为中心,即是否报告谋杀并揭露他的非法行为,以做“正确的事情”。本文以移民、公民身份和人权研究的概念为基础,对《大赦国际》进行了后殖民解读,讨论了小说对移民因身份不稳定而遭受的恶劣环境的表现,无论是在话语上被归类为非法、非正规、无证、未经授权还是非法;在没有诉诸司法的情况下,由此产生的剥削和虐待;还被剥夺了人权。在阿迪加的叙述中,非法的主题是从一个更激进的阈限视角来探讨的——在“合法阈限”的状态下,非正规移民发现自己渴望属于东道国,或者至少被合法化,同时被无数的日常恐惧和焦虑所困扰,担心他们的合法身份会被发现,并坚决拒绝离开东道国。阿迪加把这个法律限制的理论问题推向了一个极端,他提出了一个主人公,作为一个非正规移民,在东道国犯下了非法逾期居留的政治罪行。当主人公面临在不放弃参与权利的情况下加紧履行公民责任的困境时,大赦的核心问题就出现了。
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引用次数: 0
Neither Black Nor White: Colonial Myths, Irish Women, and Chinese Men’s Quest for Respectability 非黑非白:殖民神话、爱尔兰女性和中国男性对体面的追求
Pub Date : 2022-07-19 DOI: 10.1080/1369801X.2022.2099946
Maria Elena Indelicato
Settler colonies such as those in Australia during the nineteenth century were rife with myths. One myth in particular bears witness to a complex matrix of colonial relations, in which race and gender intersected in the definition of who could be counted as a “respectable” member of the settler population. “Neither black nor white,” the Chinese were invariably disliked by Aboriginal peoples. The present essay takes this myth of racial antagonism as the starting point for an analysis that disentangles the discursive strategies that white settlers adopted to assuage anxieties concerning their identity from the practices that Chinese migrants adopted to uphold their right to settle (in) Victoria. To do so, this essay first charts the liberal, British, imperial order that enabled the mass migration of Chinese men to Victoria, and then maps the counter discourses that were mobilized against the unbridled movement of those men. Second, it examines the measures that were taken to curtail Chinese arrivals (1854–1863) and, by using gender as heuristic, it deconstructs the concomitant myth that the Chinese were “sojourners.” Last, by approaching settler colonialism as a regime that capitalizes upon the aspirations of oppressed groups, this essay illustrates the ways in which ordinary Chinese men turned their characterization as passive recipients of violence into respectability by contraposing themselves against a third racialised and gendered population group: Irish women.
像19世纪的澳大利亚这样的移民殖民地充斥着神话。有一个神话特别证明了殖民关系的复杂矩阵,其中种族和性别在定义谁可以算作移民人口中“受人尊敬”的成员时交织在一起。“既非黑人也非白人”,华人总是被土著居民所厌恶。本文将这种种族对立的神话作为分析的起点,将白人定居者为缓解对他们身份的焦虑而采取的话语策略与中国移民为维护他们在维多利亚定居的权利而采取的做法分开。为了做到这一点,本文首先描绘了自由的、英国的、帝国的秩序,它使中国男人大规模移民到维多利亚,然后描绘了反对这些男人肆无忌惮的运动的反话语。其次,它考察了为减少中国移民而采取的措施(1854年至1863年),并通过使用性别作为启发式,解构了伴随而来的中国人是“外来者”的神话。最后,通过将移民殖民主义视为一种利用被压迫群体愿望的政权,本文说明了普通中国男性如何通过与第三个种族化和性别化的人口群体——爱尔兰女性——对立,将自己作为被动暴力接受者的特征转变为受人尊敬的方式。
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引用次数: 0
Beyond Tourism: Alternative Futures in Contemporary Caribbean Poetry 超越旅游:当代加勒比诗歌的另类未来
Pub Date : 2022-07-19 DOI: 10.1080/1369801X.2022.2080575
Maria Grau Perejoan
This essay analyses contemporary Anglophone Caribbean poetry which, in contrast to mainstream representations mostly tailored for a western readership, advances an optimistic, yet non-idealised and incisive, perspective on the region. These poetics resist the pervasiveness of the colonial construction of Caribbean island spaces as tourist havens, addressing the profound impact and overpowering influence of tourism in the region. This essay focuses on two island-based writers, Bahamian poet Sonia Farmer and Saint Lucian poet Kendel Hippolyte, whose poetry highlights and condemns the continuities between colonialism and the tourist industry, as well as the social and psychological effects of the region’s economic subjugation and overall neo-colonial status. Their poetry does not only debunk the myths of island isolation and statism, but also advances new visions for the region which call for the recognition of grassroots alternatives to the present milieu.
这篇文章分析了当代以英语为母语的加勒比诗歌,这些诗歌与主要为西方读者量身定制的主流表现形式相反,对该地区提出了一种乐观,但非理想化和深刻的观点。这些诗学抵制了加勒比岛屿空间作为旅游天堂的殖民建设的普遍存在,解决了旅游业在该地区的深刻影响和压倒性影响。本文聚焦于两位岛上作家,巴哈马诗人Sonia Farmer和圣卢西亚诗人Kendel Hippolyte,他们的诗歌强调并谴责殖民主义与旅游业之间的连续性,以及该地区经济征服和整体新殖民主义地位的社会和心理影响。他们的诗歌不仅揭穿了岛国孤立和国家主义的神话,而且为该地区提出了新的愿景,呼吁承认当前环境的基层选择。
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引用次数: 1
The Un-Human Beings 非人类
Pub Date : 2022-07-19 DOI: 10.1080/1369801X.2022.2099942
Mithilesh Kumar, Kasia Narkowicz
This essay traces the political and legal discourses around migrants and refugees in two distinct conditions: the postcolonial and the postsocialist of India and Poland, respectively. The two countries have recently turned to nationalist right-wing politics with an increasingly hostile focus on foreign Others, particularly Muslims. In the context of increased global surveillance and criminalization of Muslims, we show how the bodies of Muslim migrants are dehumanized and constructed as threats, denying their humanity in the process. We do this through the two cases of Ayub and Ameer, two Muslim men navigating their “illegality” in two different contexts in India and Poland. This essay is a contribution to the literature on postcolonial and postsocialist theories and critical debates about the possibilities of dialogue between postsocialist and postcolonial geographies. The examples we use demonstrate that the postcolonial and postsocialist nation-states respond to global phenomena such as migration and Islamophobia in ways that have discernible traces of their histories and are constituted distinctively from the western metropoles.
本文分别在印度和波兰的后殖民主义和后社会主义两种不同的条件下,追溯了围绕移民和难民的政治和法律话语。这两个国家最近都转向了民族主义右翼政治,对外国人,尤其是穆斯林,越来越充满敌意。在全球日益加强对穆斯林的监视和刑事定罪的背景下,我们展示了穆斯林移民的尸体是如何被非人化并被构建为威胁的,在这个过程中否认了他们的人性。我们通过Ayub和Ameer的两个案例来说明这一点,这两个穆斯林男子在印度和波兰的两个不同背景下进行“非法行为”。这篇文章是对后殖民和后社会主义理论以及关于后社会主义和后殖民地理学之间对话可能性的批判性辩论的文献的贡献。我们使用的例子表明,后殖民和后社会主义民族国家对移民和伊斯兰恐惧症等全球现象的反应方式具有可识别的历史痕迹,并且与西方大都市截然不同。
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引用次数: 0
Informal Street Vending in Harare 哈拉雷的非正规街头贩卖
Pub Date : 2022-07-19 DOI: 10.1080/1369801X.2022.2099938
Ishmael Bhila, Edson Chiwenga
The informal street vendor in Zimbabwe has become a subject of abuse and neglect. The condition of subalternity suffered by blacks under colonial structures has been transferred to the vendor in the postcolonial epoch. The apparatus used by colonial regimes to keep the blacks at the peripheries of the city-scape are the ones now used to keep the vendor in subalternity – a condition where the vendor is a subject robbed of a voice, agency and visibility. In this study we situate the position of the subalternised vendor, showing how an intersection of identities of vulnerability subjugate the vendor to a neglected place at the periphery of economic society. Using sociological and postcolonial analysis we show how the position of the informal vendor in Harare as a subaltern has led policy makers in Zimbabwe to turn a blind eye to their plight and to treat them as a nuisance and as enemies.
在津巴布韦,非正式的街头小贩已经成为被虐待和忽视的对象。在后殖民时代,黑人在殖民结构下所遭受的次等地位已经转移到卖主身上。殖民政权用来将黑人置于城市边缘的工具,现在被用来使卖主处于次等地位——在这种情况下,卖主是一个被剥夺了发言权、能动性和可见度的主体。在这项研究中,我们定位了次级供应商的位置,展示了脆弱性身份的交集如何使供应商屈服于经济社会边缘被忽视的地方。通过社会学和后殖民分析,我们展示了哈拉雷非正式小贩作为次等人的地位如何导致津巴布韦的政策制定者对他们的困境视而不见,并将他们视为滋扰和敌人。
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引用次数: 0
A Ciné-Geography of Militant Cinema in the age of Three Worlds. Making Global History Appear in the Long 1960s 三个世界时代的战斗电影地理。让全球历史出现在漫长的20世纪60年代
Pub Date : 2022-07-18 DOI: 10.1080/1369801X.2022.2099943
Luís Trindade
This essay questions the historical narrative of liberation struggles in the long 1960s by looking into two documentary films: La Hora de los Hornos, by Fernando Solanas and Octavio Getino (Argentina 1968), and Le Fond de L’Air est Rouge, by Chris Marker (France 1977). A comparative analysis of the two films – two long narratives of neocolonialism and anti-imperialism – will allow us not only to revisit the periodization of the sixties, but also the ability of militant cinema to overcome the shortcomings of traditional historiography to render the global geopolitics of its struggles. More specifically, the deployment of montage in La Hora decentred the political hierarchies of the capitalist world-system from the perspective of the third world, thus opening history to a global approach of the long 1960s; as for Le Fond, the film can be seen as a global archive of images reinforcing the worldwide scope of the period’s struggles while simultaneously giving it a sense of historical closure. The formal experiments in La Hora and Le Fond allow us to reflect on these films’ status as forms of historical mediation. Showing 1960s political struggles through the formal procedures of film, however, challenges traditional history in fundamental ways. Accordingly, the essay concludes with a reflection on the historicity of film narratives. In particular, it will try to point to how film montage and duration may constitute appropriate narrative forms to come to terms with some of the major challenges currently put to historiography: the global circulation in the history of capitalism and the temporality of the end of communism.
本文通过考察两部纪录片,对漫长的20世纪60年代解放斗争的历史叙述提出了质疑:费尔南多·索拉纳斯和奥克塔维奥·盖蒂诺的《阳光之光》(1968年阿根廷)和克里斯·马克的《红色之风》(1977年法国)。对两部电影——两部关于新殖民主义和反帝国主义的长篇叙事——进行比较分析,不仅可以让我们重新审视六十年代的年代化,还可以让我们看到激进电影克服传统史学缺点的能力,从而呈现出其斗争的全球地缘政治。更具体地说,从第三世界的角度来看,蒙太奇在《La Hora》中的运用使资本主义世界体系的政治等级偏离了中心,从而为漫长的20世纪60年代的全球途径打开了历史的大门;至于勒方德,这部电影可以被看作是一个全球影像档案,强化了那个时期斗争的全球范围,同时给人一种历史终结的感觉。《La Hora》和《Le Fond》的形式实验让我们反思这些电影作为历史调解形式的地位。然而,通过电影的形式程序来表现20世纪60年代的政治斗争,从根本上挑战了传统历史。因此,本文最后对电影叙事的历史性进行了反思。特别是,它将试图指出电影蒙太奇和持续时间如何构成适当的叙事形式,以应对目前对史学提出的一些主要挑战:资本主义历史中的全球循环和共产主义结束的暂时性。
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引用次数: 1
Offshore Islands in Aotearoa New Zealand: Robin Hyde, Janet Frame and the “Other” TRADITION 新西兰奥特罗阿的近海岛屿:罗宾·海德,珍妮特·弗雷姆和“其他”传统
Pub Date : 2022-06-16 DOI: 10.1080/1369801X.2022.2080576
Janet M. Wilson
Islands offshore in Aotearoa New Zealand are locations for experimental fictions that approach the issues of exclusion/inclusion through “cast off” perspectives. This essay examines – from a historical materialist perspective – novels by writers from the mid-twentieth century: Robin Hyde (Wednesday’s Children, 1937) and Janet Frame (A State of Siege, 1966), whose island locations expand the national imaginary with interrogations of female subjectivity, landscape and society. Drawing on Etienne Balibar’s concept of homo nationalis (i.e. the national being or citizen as subject), it claims that islands are sites for new start-ups in their fiction: they enable alternative representations of the female artist within the nation-state that nevertheless show reduced connectedness to national frameworks that shape social identities. The isolated spinster hero interrogates her self-construction, undergoes loss of the boundaries of self/other, inside/outside, and belonging/non-belonging, leading to self-fragmentation and dissolution.
新西兰奥特罗阿的近海岛屿是实验性小说的创作地点,这些小说通过“被抛弃”的视角来处理排斥/包容问题。本文从历史唯物主义的角度考察了20世纪中期作家的小说:罗宾·海德(《星期三的孩子》,1937年)和珍妮特·弗莱姆(《围城状态》,1966年),他们的岛屿背景通过对女性主体性、风景和社会的质疑扩展了民族想象。借鉴Etienne Balibar的“民族人”概念(即作为主体的国家存在或公民),它声称岛屿是小说中新创业的场所:它们使女性艺术家在民族国家内的另类表现成为可能,但却显示出与塑造社会身份的国家框架之间的联系减少了。孤立的老处女主人公对自我建构的质疑,自我/他者、内在/外在、归属/非归属的界限丧失,导致自我破碎和解体。
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引用次数: 0
Insolence, Indolence, and the Ayitian free Black 傲慢,懒惰,和自由的黑人
Pub Date : 2022-06-16 DOI: 10.1080/1369801X.2022.2080573
Dixa Ramírez-D’Oleo
This essay argues that “insolence” and “indolence” define two sides of the coin that is the figure of the free black on the island that now encompasses both Haiti and the Dominican Republic. On one side of the coin is the insolent free black, who laughed in the face of colonial commonsense through exorbitant physical and geographic movement. On the other side is the indolent free black, whose stillness is suspicious and seems to hide malevolence. Either insolent or indolent, the free black on this island emerges in various cultural and historical texts as untethered to the fungible and laboring function of blackness in the Americas, occasioning horror and suspicion. This essay has three main goals. The first is to show that the anxieties that free blacks on this island instigated for the European colonizer emerged in relation to both French Saint-Domingue or present-day Haiti and Spanish Santo Domingo, or present-day Dominican Republic. The second is to illustrate how the colonial mind has innovated methods to repress, discipline, or compartmentalize the terror that the figure of the free black, especially on this island, occasioned. The essay explores the figure of the insolent free black through the historical case of a serial killer terrorizing the Spanish colony of Santo Domingo in the early 1790s and who became known as El Negro Incógnito, or The Unknown Black (Man). It then turns to the figure of the indolent free black through the appearance of Carrefour, a character in the 1943 film I Walked With a Zombie. Finally, it places in conversation mostly historical and anthropological scholarship about free blacks in the island of Haiti/Hispaniola with more recent, usually U.S.-focused theoretical works of critical black thought on blackness and liberal humanism.
这篇文章认为,“傲慢”和“懒惰”定义了硬币的两面,这是岛上自由黑人的形象,现在包括海地和多米尼加共和国。硬币的一面是傲慢的自由黑人,他们通过过度的身体和地理移动,嘲笑殖民地的常识。另一边是懒散的自由黑人,他的寂静令人怀疑,似乎隐藏着恶意。无论是傲慢还是懒惰,这个岛上的自由黑人出现在各种文化和历史文本中,不受美洲黑人可替代和劳动功能的束缚,引起恐惧和怀疑。这篇文章有三个主要目标。第一个是表明这个岛上的自由黑人对欧洲殖民者的焦虑出现在法国的圣多明各或今天的海地和西班牙的圣多明各,或今天的多米尼加共和国之间。第二是说明殖民思想如何创新方法来镇压、约束或区分自由黑人的形象,特别是在这个岛上,所引起的恐怖。这篇文章通过18世纪90年代早期恐吓西班牙殖民地圣多明各的连环杀手的历史案例探讨了傲慢的自由黑人的形象,他被称为El Negro Incógnito,或未知的黑人(人)。然后,通过1943年电影《我与僵尸同行》中的角色家乐福的出现,影片转向了懒散的自由黑人形象。最后,它将大部分关于海地/伊斯帕尼奥拉岛自由黑人的历史和人类学研究与最近的,通常以美国为中心的关于黑人和自由人文主义的批判性黑人思想的理论著作放在一起。
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引用次数: 0
Anticolonial Aesthetics: Towards Eco-Cinema 反殖民美学:走向生态电影
Pub Date : 2022-06-16 DOI: 10.1080/1369801X.2022.2054007
Matthias De Groof
As the colonial roots of the ecological crisis become ever more apparent and its colonial present (in the form of environmental racism, climate apartheid, and green imperialism) also increasingly evident, one might consider climate activism and its aesthetics to be anticolonial. In this essay I discuss the aesthetics of eco-cinema from the “Global South” in terms of both artistic expression and activist uses of the medium, and examine how they propose new ways of producing films as well as alternative forms of imagination to what I will call “monoculture.” Through a reappraisal of what anticolonial aesthetics have historically entailed, and by recognizing these aesthetics in contemporary eco-films from the South, I intend to contribute to a reconsideration of the terms “anticolonial” and “aesthetics,” as well as of the relationship between the two as politics of transformation.
随着生态危机的殖民根源变得越来越明显,其殖民表现(以环境种族主义、气候种族隔离和绿色帝国主义的形式)也越来越明显,人们可能会认为气候行动主义及其美学是反殖民的。在这篇文章中,我从艺术表达和媒体的积极使用两方面讨论了来自“全球南方”的生态电影美学,并研究了他们如何提出新的电影制作方式,以及我称之为“单一文化”的替代想象形式。通过对反殖民主义美学在历史上所带来的影响的重新评估,并通过在来自南方的当代生态电影中认识到这些美学,我打算为重新思考“反殖民主义”和“美学”这两个术语以及两者之间作为转型政治的关系做出贡献。
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引用次数: 0
An Island Under Siege: Negative Australian Media Narratives of Asylum Seekers and the Opportunity for Counter-Discourses 一个被围困的岛屿:澳大利亚媒体对寻求庇护者的负面叙述和反话语的机会
Pub Date : 2022-06-07 DOI: 10.1080/1369801X.2022.2080578
M. Leroy
Asylum seekers to Australia in the early twenty-first century have been largely depicted in the national press as an anonymous threat demanding military action and offshore detention. Australia’s responses to asylum seekers have taken place within a paranoid atmosphere of a nation under siege. This essay examines the negative narratives regarding asylum seekers in Australia and the historical and cultural structures they are built upon. The essay suggests eyewitness accounts as a way to pierce the blanketing anonymity of asylum seekers in the media and traces some of the methods made possible by social media and corresponding networks to bring these narratives to the public at large.
在21世纪初,澳大利亚的寻求庇护者在国内媒体上大多被描述为要求采取军事行动和离岸拘留的匿名威胁。澳大利亚对寻求庇护者的回应是在一个被围困的国家的偏执气氛中进行的。本文探讨了关于澳大利亚寻求庇护者的负面叙述以及他们所建立的历史和文化结构。这篇文章认为,目击者的叙述是一种方式,可以穿透媒体对寻求庇护者的掩盖性匿名,并追溯了社交媒体和相应网络使这些叙述成为可能的一些方法,将这些叙述带给广大公众。
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引用次数: 0
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Molecular interventions
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