Molecular Carcinogenesis最新文献

Cancer represents a major global public health burden, with new cases estimated to increase from 14 million in 2012 to 24 million by 2035. Primary prevention is an effective strategy to reduce the costs associated with cancer burden. For example, measures to ban tobacco consumption have dramatically decreased lung cancer incidence and vaccination against human papillomavirus can prevent cervical cancer development. Unfortunately, the etiological factors of many cancer types are not completely clear or are difficult to actively control; therefore, the primary prevention of such cancers is not practical. In this review, we update the progress on precision therapy by targeting the whole carcinogenesis process, especially for three high-risk groups: (1) those with chronic inflammation, (2) those with inherited germline mutations, and (3) those with precancerous lesions like polyps, gastritis, actinic keratosis or dysplasia. We believe that attenuating chronic inflammation, treating precancerous lesions, and removing high-risk tissues harboring germline mutations are precision methods for cancer prevention.

The regulatory mechanisms underlying bone metastasis in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) are not yet fully understood despite the frequent occurrence of bone involvement. This study aimed to examine the involvement and mechanism of integrin subunit beta 3 (ITGB3) in the process of LUAD bone metastasis. Our findings indicate that ITGB3 facilitates the migration and invasion of LUAD cells in vitro and metastasis to the bone in vivo. Furthermore, ITGB3 stimulates osteoclast production and activation, thereby expediting osteolytic lesion progression. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) isolated from the conditioned medium (CM) of LUAD cells overexpressing ITGB3 determined that ITGB3 facilitates osteoclastogenesis and enhances osteoclast activity by utilizing EVs-mediated transport to RAW264.7 cells. Our in vivo findings demonstrated that ITGB3-EVs augmented the population of osteoclasts, thereby establishing an osteoclastic pre-metastatic niche (PMN) conducive to the colonization and subsequent growth of LUAD cells in the bone. ITGB3 is enriched in serum EVs of patients diagnosed with LUAD bone metastasis, potentially facilitating osteoclast differentiation and activation in vitro. Our research illustrates that ITGB3-EVs derived from LUAD cells facilitate osteoclast differentiation and activation by modulating the phosphorylation level of p38 MAPK. This process ultimately leads to the generation of osteolytic PMN and accelerates the progression of bone metastasis.

Lung squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC) is one of the most common malignant tumors of the respiratory. Pyroptosis plays an essential role in cancer, but there is limited research investigating pyroptosis in LUSC. In this study, pyroptosis-related genes were observed to have extensive multiomics alterations in LUSC through analysis of the TCGA database. Utilizing machine learning for selection and verifying expression levels, GSDMC was chosen as the critical gene for further experiments. Our research found that GSDMC is overexpressed in LUSC tissues and cells, and is associated with poor prognosis. Knockdown of GSDMC in LUSC inhibits cell proliferation, invasion, metastasis, chemotherapeutic sensitivity, and reduced tumor formation in nude mice, accompanied by downregulation of proliferative and EMT-related protein expression. However, these effects were counteracted in cells where GSDMC is overexpressed. Mechanistically, the oncogenic role of GSDMC is primarily achieved through the activation of the AKT/mTOR pathway, and this effect can be significantly reversed by rapamycin. Finally, SMAD4's interaction with the promoter region of GSDMC results in the suppression of GSDMC expression. In summary, our study through bioinformatics and experimental approaches not only proves that SMAD4 regulates the protumorigenic role of GSDMC through transcriptional targeting, but also indicates the possibility of developing the SMAD4/GSDMC/AKT/mTOR signaling axis as a potential biomarker and treatment target for LUSC.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most prevalent and highly recurrent malignancies worldwide and currently ranks as the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths. The high degree of morbidity and mortality associated with CRC is primarily attributed to the limited effectiveness of current therapeutic approaches and the emergence of chemoresistance to standard treatment modalities. Recent research indicates that several natural products, including Aronia berry extracts (ABE) and oligomeric proanthocyanidins (OPCs), might offer a safe, cost-effective, and multitargeted adjunctive role to cancer treatment. Herein, we hypothesized a combined treatment with ABE and OPCs could synergistically modulate multiple oncogenic pathways in CRC, thereby enhancing their anticancer activity. We initially conducted a series of in vitro experiments to assess the synergistic anticancer effects of ABE and OPCs on CRC cell lines. We demonstrate that these two compounds exhibited a superior synergistic anticancer potential versus individual treatments in enhancing the ability to inhibit cell viability, suppress colony formation, and induce apoptosis (p < 0.05). Consistent with our in vitro findings, we validated this combinatorial anticancer effect in tumor-derived 3D organoids (PDOs; p < 0.01). Using genome-wide transcriptomic profiling, we identified that a specific gene, LMNB1, associated with the cell apoptosis pathway, was found to play a crucial role in exhibiting anticancer effects with these two products. Furthermore, the combined treatment of ABE and OPCs significantly impacted the expression of key proteins involved in apoptosis, including suppressed expression levels of LMNB1 in CRC cell lines (p < 0.05), which resulted in inhibiting downstream AKT phosphorylation. In conclusion, our study provides novel evidence of the synergistic anticancer effects of ABE and OPCs in CRC cells, partially mediated through the regulation of apoptosis and the oncogene LMNB1 within the AKT signaling pathway. These findings have the potential to better appreciate the anticancer potential of natural products in CRC and help improve treatment outcomes in this malignancy.

Many studies have shown that tumor cells that survive radiotherapy are more likely to metastasize, but the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Here we aimed to identify epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-related key genes, which associated with prognosis and radiosensitivity in rectal cancer. First, we obtained differentially expressed genes by analyzing the RNA expression profiles of rectal cancer retrieved from The Cancer Genome Atlas database, EMT-related genes, and radiotherapy-related databases, respectively. Then, Lasso and Cox regression analyses were used to establish an EMT-related prognosis model (EMTPM) based on the identified independent protective factor Fibulin5 (FBLN5) and independent risk gene EHMT2. The high-EMTPM group exhibited significantly poorer prognosis. Then, we evaluated the signature in an external clinical validation cohort. Through in vivo experiments, we further demonstrated that EMTPM effectively distinguishes radioresistant from radiosensitive patients with rectal cancer. Moreover, individuals in the high-EMTPM group showed increased expression of immune checkpoints compared to their counterparts. Finally, pan-cancer analysis of the EMTPM model also indicated its potential for predicting the prognosis of lung squamous cell carcinoma and breast cancer patients undergoing radiotherapy. In summary, we established a novel predictive model for rectal cancer prognosis and radioresistance based on FBLN5 and EHMT2 expressions, and suggested that immune microenvironment may be involved in the process of radioresistance. This predictive model could be used to select management strategies for rectal cancer.

Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most common primary malignant tumor of bone. The aim of this study was to investigate the regulatory mechanisms of M2 macrophage exosomes (M2-Exos) in ferroptosis in OS. A mouse model was established to investigate the in vivo role of M2-Exos. We investigated their effects on ferroptosis in OS using erastin, a ferroptosis activator, and deferoxamine mesylate, an iron chelator. In vitro, we investigated whether the Apoc1/Acyl-CoA Synthetase Family Member 2 (ACSF2) axis mediates these effects, using shApoc1 and shACSF2. The mechanisms whereby Apoc1 regulates ACSF2 were examined using cyclohexanone, a protein synthesis inhibitor, and MG132, a proteasomal inhibitor. M2-Exos reversed the inhibitory effects of erastin on OS cells, thus enhancing their viability, migration, invasion, proliferation, and reducing ferroptosis. Apoc1 was highly expressed in M2-Exos, and interfering with this expression reversed the effects of M2-Exos on OS cells. ACSF2 mediated the effects of M2-Exos-derived Apoc1. Apoc1 interacted with ACSF2, which, in turn, interacted with USP40. Apoc1 overexpression increased ACSF2 ubiquitination, promoting its degradation, whereas USP40 overexpression inhibited ACSF2 ubiquitination and promoted its expression. Apoc1 overexpression inhibited ACSF2 binding to USP40. M2-Exos-derived Apoc1 promoted ferroptosis resistance by inhibiting USP40 binding to ACSF2 and promoting ACSF2 ubiquitination and degradation, thus enhancing OS development.

This study aims to investigate the regulatory effects of quercetin extracellular vesicles (EVs)-mediated expression of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2) in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)-derived circulating tumor cells (CTCs) and the underlying mechanisms. CTCs were isolated from patients with pathologically diagnosed HCC, with VEGFR2 expression visualized by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). The human HCC cell line Huh-7 and SK-HEP-1 were used for in vitro studies to assess EVs uptake, VEGFR2 mRNA transfer, invasion, migration, cancer stem cell (CSC) properties, and VEGF secretion. Results showed that VEGFR2 mRNA was commonly expressed in HCC-CTCs, with a higher incidence in biphenotypic CTCs. Its expression was limited in HCC cell lines, but present in certain liver cells. In vitro experiments confirmed that VEGFR2 mRNA could be transferred to HCC cells via EVs from primary tumor endothelial cells (PTECs), which was impaired by quercetin treatment. Quercetin significantly reduced VEGFR2 mRNA and protein expression in HCC cells, weakened their invasive and metastatic capacities, and diminished VEGFR2-mediated CSC properties. In vivo, quercetin reduced VEGF secretion, impaired angiogenesis, slowed tumor growth, and decreased the number and proportion of VEGFR2-positive CTCs. In summary, VEGFR2 mRNA is present in HCC-CTCs, potentially sourced from PTECs-derived EVs. Quercetin effectively inhibits VEGFR2 expression, impacting HCC cell invasion, metastasis, and CSC characteristics. Besides, it reduces VEGFR2-positive CTCs in vivo. These effects support its therapeutic potential in HCC treatment by targeting the angiogenesis and tumor dissemination pathway.

Vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) plays a critical role as a potent angiogenesis factor and is highly expressed in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Although the expression of VEGFA has been strongly linked to the aggressive nature of HCC, the specific posttranscriptional modifications that might contribute to VEGFA expression and HCC angiogenesis are not yet well understood. In this study, we aimed to investigate the epitranscriptome regulation of VEGFA in HCC. A comprehensive analysis integrating MeRIP-seq, RNA-seq, and crosslinking-immunprecipitation-seq data revealed that VEGFA was hypermethylated in HCC and identified the potential m6A regulators of VEGFA including a m6A methyltransferase complex component RBM15 and the two readers, YTHDF2 and IGF2BP3. Through rigorous cell and molecular biology experiments, RBM15 was validated as a key component of methyltransferase complex responsible for m6A methylation of VEGFA, which was subsequently recognized and stabilized by IGF2BP3 and YTHDF2, leading to enhanced VEGFA expression and VEGFA-related functions such as human umbilical vascular endothelial cells (HUVEC) migration and tube formation. In the HCC xenograft model, knockdown of RBM15, IGF2BP3, or YTHDF2 resulted in reduced expression of VEGFA, accompanied by significant inhibition of tumor growth closely associated with VEGFA expression and angiogenesis. Furthermore, our analysis of HCC clinical samples identified positive correlations between the expression levels of VEGFA and the regulators RBM15, IGF2BP3, and YTHDF2. Collectively, these findings offer novel insights into the posttranscriptional modulation of VEGFA and provide potential avenues for alternative approaches to antiangiogenesis therapy targeting VEGFA.

Delta-like homolog 2 (DLK2) plays a crucial role in adipogenesis, chondrogenic differentiation, and the progression of certain cancers. However, the key roles of DLK2 underlying the progression of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remain ambiguous. In the current study, we demonstrate that DLK2 is upregulated in HCC, significantly correlated with clinicopathological variables and serves as an independent diagnostic marker. Functional assays reveal that DLK2 facilitates malignant progression of HCC in vitro and in vivo models. Mechanistically, DLK2 binds to EGFR resulting in its auto-phosphorylation, which activates NK-κB pathway leading to P65-dependent transcriptional upregulation of PKM2. Furthermore, that elevates both enzyme-dependent and -independent activities of PKM2 contributing to cancer proliferation and metastasis. In summary, our findings demonstrate a novel pro-tumoral role and mechanism of DLK2 in the regulation of HCC malignant progression, suggesting its potential as a clinical diagnostic marker and therapeutic target.

Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) is an increasingly common malignancy of the skin and the leading cause of death from skin cancer in adults over the age of 85. Fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2) has been identified as an important effector of signaling pathways that lead to the growth and development of cSCC. In recent years, there have been numerous studies evaluating the role FGFR2 plays in multiple cancers, its contribution to resistance to anticancer therapy, and new drugs that may be used to inhibit FGFR2. This review will provide an overview of our current understanding of FGFR2 and potential mechanisms in which we can target FGFR2 in cSCC. The goals of this review are the following: (1) to highlight our current knowledge of the role of FGFR2 in healthy skin and contrast this with its role in the development of cancer; (2) to further explain the specific molecular mechanisms that FGFR2 uses to promote tumorigenesis; (3) to describe how FGFR2 contributes to more invasive disease; (4) to describe its immunosuppressive effects in skin; and (5) to evaluate its effect on current anticancer therapy and discuss therapies on the horizon to target FGFR2 related malignancy.