Pub Date : 2024-10-09DOI: 10.1038/s42254-024-00774-5
Benjamin K. Sovacool
Sociotechnical visions of the future can motivate researchers to create a better world, but as social scientist Benjamin K. Sovacool argues, they can also blind the scientific community to potential downsides.
对未来的社会技术愿景可以激励研究人员创造一个更美好的世界，但正如社会科学家本杰明-K-索瓦库尔（Benjamin K. Sovacool）所言，这些愿景也会让科学界看不到潜在的弊端。
{"title":"The promise and peril of sociotechnical visions of the future","authors":"Benjamin K. Sovacool","doi":"10.1038/s42254-024-00774-5","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s42254-024-00774-5","url":null,"abstract":"Sociotechnical visions of the future can motivate researchers to create a better world, but as social scientist Benjamin K. Sovacool argues, they can also blind the scientific community to potential downsides.","PeriodicalId":19024,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Physics","volume":"6 11","pages":"642-643"},"PeriodicalIF":44.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142579800","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-08DOI: 10.1038/s42254-024-00778-1
Noah Schlossberger, Nikunjkumar Prajapati, Samuel Berweger, Andrew P. Rotunno, Alexandra B. Artusio-Glimpse, Matthew T. Simons, Abrar A. Sheikh, Eric B. Norrgard, Stephen P. Eckel, Christopher L. Holloway
{"title":"Publisher Correction: Rydberg states of alkali atoms in atomic vapour as SI-traceable field probes and communications receivers","authors":"Noah Schlossberger, Nikunjkumar Prajapati, Samuel Berweger, Andrew P. Rotunno, Alexandra B. Artusio-Glimpse, Matthew T. Simons, Abrar A. Sheikh, Eric B. Norrgard, Stephen P. Eckel, Christopher L. Holloway","doi":"10.1038/s42254-024-00778-1","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s42254-024-00778-1","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19024,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Physics","volume":"6 11","pages":"705-705"},"PeriodicalIF":44.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s42254-024-00778-1.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142579818","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-07DOI: 10.1038/s42254-024-00769-2
Lidice Cruz-Rodriguez, Diptesh Dey, Antonia Freibert, Philipp Stammer
The ability to manipulate and observe phenomena on attosecond timescales has yielded groundbreaking insights into electron dynamics and the behaviour of matter exposed to intense light fields. The interdisciplinary field of attosecond science connects various research areas, including quantum optics, quantum chemistry and quantum information science. However, the intrinsic quantum effects in attosecond science have been largely ignored. In this Perspective, we discuss the latest theoretical and experimental advances in exploring and understanding quantum phenomena within attosecond science. We focus on distinguishing genuinely quantum observations from classical phenomena in the context of high-harmonic generation and above-threshold ionization. Additionally, we illuminate the often overlooked yet important role of entanglement in attosecond processes, elucidating its influence on experimental outcomes. Attosecond science is a versatile discipline for studying ultrafast dynamics in matter on the microscopic scale. This Perspective explores the theoretical and experimental developments in this field focusing on distinguishing genuinely quantum observations from classical phenomena.
{"title":"Quantum phenomena in attosecond science","authors":"Lidice Cruz-Rodriguez, Diptesh Dey, Antonia Freibert, Philipp Stammer","doi":"10.1038/s42254-024-00769-2","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s42254-024-00769-2","url":null,"abstract":"The ability to manipulate and observe phenomena on attosecond timescales has yielded groundbreaking insights into electron dynamics and the behaviour of matter exposed to intense light fields. The interdisciplinary field of attosecond science connects various research areas, including quantum optics, quantum chemistry and quantum information science. However, the intrinsic quantum effects in attosecond science have been largely ignored. In this Perspective, we discuss the latest theoretical and experimental advances in exploring and understanding quantum phenomena within attosecond science. We focus on distinguishing genuinely quantum observations from classical phenomena in the context of high-harmonic generation and above-threshold ionization. Additionally, we illuminate the often overlooked yet important role of entanglement in attosecond processes, elucidating its influence on experimental outcomes. Attosecond science is a versatile discipline for studying ultrafast dynamics in matter on the microscopic scale. This Perspective explores the theoretical and experimental developments in this field focusing on distinguishing genuinely quantum observations from classical phenomena.","PeriodicalId":19024,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Physics","volume":"6 11","pages":"691-704"},"PeriodicalIF":44.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142579817","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-07DOI: 10.1038/s42254-024-00772-7
Savannah Thais
Understanding what cutting-edge AI models are doing ‘under the hood’ requires not just theoretical research but also well-controlled computational experiments. Savannah Thais explains why physics datasets may be the testing ground that AI developers need and how physicists can play a critical role in developing trustworthy AI.
{"title":"Physics and the empirical gap of trustworthy AI","authors":"Savannah Thais","doi":"10.1038/s42254-024-00772-7","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s42254-024-00772-7","url":null,"abstract":"Understanding what cutting-edge AI models are doing ‘under the hood’ requires not just theoretical research but also well-controlled computational experiments. Savannah Thais explains why physics datasets may be the testing ground that AI developers need and how physicists can play a critical role in developing trustworthy AI.","PeriodicalId":19024,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Physics","volume":"6 11","pages":"640-641"},"PeriodicalIF":44.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142579806","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Nobel 1924: the physics of precision","authors":"Ghada Badawy","doi":"10.1038/s42254-024-00752-x","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s42254-024-00752-x","url":null,"abstract":"99 years ago, the 1924 Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded — one year late — to Karl Manne Siegbahn.","PeriodicalId":19024,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Physics","volume":"6 10","pages":"578-578"},"PeriodicalIF":44.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142377204","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-04DOI: 10.1038/s42254-024-00751-y
Chenyu Wang
80 years ago, the Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to Isidor Isaac Rabi.
80 年前，诺贝尔物理学奖授予了伊西多尔-艾萨克-拉比。
{"title":"Nobel 1944: resonance method for measuring nuclear magnetic moments","authors":"Chenyu Wang","doi":"10.1038/s42254-024-00751-y","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s42254-024-00751-y","url":null,"abstract":"80 years ago, the Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to Isidor Isaac Rabi.","PeriodicalId":19024,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Physics","volume":"6 10","pages":"579-579"},"PeriodicalIF":44.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142377224","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-04DOI: 10.1038/s42254-024-00767-4
Hannah Hatcher
60 years ago, the Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to Charles Townes, Nicolay Basov and Aleksandr Prokhorov.
60 年前，诺贝尔物理学奖授予了查尔斯-汤斯、尼古拉-巴索夫和亚历山大-普罗霍罗夫。
{"title":"Nobel 1964: masers and lasers","authors":"Hannah Hatcher","doi":"10.1038/s42254-024-00767-4","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s42254-024-00767-4","url":null,"abstract":"60 years ago, the Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to Charles Townes, Nicolay Basov and Aleksandr Prokhorov.","PeriodicalId":19024,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Physics","volume":"6 10","pages":"580-580"},"PeriodicalIF":44.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142377238","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-03DOI: 10.1038/s42254-024-00764-7
Christian Heide, Phillip D. Keathley, Matthias F. Kling
Petahertz, or lightwave, electronics uses tailored optical waveforms to control charge carriers in an electronic circuit at petahertz frequencies. This may enable faster processing than conventional pulsed electronics, which cannot be scaled beyond gigahertz frequencies. In recent years, petahertz-scale currents driven by optical fields have been measured in solid-state systems and nanoscale structures, with several proof-of-principle demonstrations of sub-optical-cycle current generation and optical-field-resolved waveform detection at the sub-femtosecond to few-femtosecond scale. Recent work has taken the first steps towards digital and quantum operation by exploring optical-field-driven logic and memory functionality. In this Review, we discuss the progress towards sub-cycle field-driven current injection, highlighting key theoretical concepts, experimental milestones, and questions remaining as we push towards realizing petahertz electronics for ultrafast optical waveform analysis, digital logic, communications, and quantum computation. Petahertz electronics uses sub-cycle currents from tailored optical waveforms for high-speed signal processing. This Review discusses progress towards the analogue age of petahertz electronics for optical waveform analysis and communication and provides an outlook toward digital petahertz electronics for classical and quantum computing.
{"title":"Petahertz electronics","authors":"Christian Heide, Phillip D. Keathley, Matthias F. Kling","doi":"10.1038/s42254-024-00764-7","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s42254-024-00764-7","url":null,"abstract":"Petahertz, or lightwave, electronics uses tailored optical waveforms to control charge carriers in an electronic circuit at petahertz frequencies. This may enable faster processing than conventional pulsed electronics, which cannot be scaled beyond gigahertz frequencies. In recent years, petahertz-scale currents driven by optical fields have been measured in solid-state systems and nanoscale structures, with several proof-of-principle demonstrations of sub-optical-cycle current generation and optical-field-resolved waveform detection at the sub-femtosecond to few-femtosecond scale. Recent work has taken the first steps towards digital and quantum operation by exploring optical-field-driven logic and memory functionality. In this Review, we discuss the progress towards sub-cycle field-driven current injection, highlighting key theoretical concepts, experimental milestones, and questions remaining as we push towards realizing petahertz electronics for ultrafast optical waveform analysis, digital logic, communications, and quantum computation. Petahertz electronics uses sub-cycle currents from tailored optical waveforms for high-speed signal processing. This Review discusses progress towards the analogue age of petahertz electronics for optical waveform analysis and communication and provides an outlook toward digital petahertz electronics for classical and quantum computing.","PeriodicalId":19024,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Physics","volume":"6 11","pages":"648-662"},"PeriodicalIF":44.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142579823","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-30DOI: 10.1038/s42254-024-00766-5
Yihong Du, Enrico Calzavarini, Chao Sun
Ice in the environment plays a central role in both global-scale processes on Earth and many human activities. Issues related to its description, including the modelling of natural ice dynamics from the smallest to the largest scales, are of great importance. In the natural environment, melting or freezing processes are typically coupled to those of fluid flows. Therefore, the interplay between fluid mechanics and phase-change thermodynamics is a highly topical problem. In recent years, fluid–ice interface problems have been studied via not only field measurements but also laboratory experiments, numerical simulations and theoretical analyses. This Perspective considers the state-of-the-art knowledge of the phenomenology of fluid–ice coupling processes in standardized configurations. These include freezing and melting in thermally stratified natural convection of fresh water, double-diffusive convection and convection in the mushy ice of salty water in confined systems, as well as imposed flows moving along an ice layer or surrounding dispersed ice bodies. It also highlights open questions of geophysical interest that could benefit from fundamental studies with a physical and fluid dynamic approach. The dynamics of water freezing and ice melting in natural environments involves many intricate fluid mechanics processes. To tackle these complexities, examining them in well-controlled laboratory settings proves highly advantageous.
{"title":"The physics of freezing and melting in the presence of flows","authors":"Yihong Du, Enrico Calzavarini, Chao Sun","doi":"10.1038/s42254-024-00766-5","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s42254-024-00766-5","url":null,"abstract":"Ice in the environment plays a central role in both global-scale processes on Earth and many human activities. Issues related to its description, including the modelling of natural ice dynamics from the smallest to the largest scales, are of great importance. In the natural environment, melting or freezing processes are typically coupled to those of fluid flows. Therefore, the interplay between fluid mechanics and phase-change thermodynamics is a highly topical problem. In recent years, fluid–ice interface problems have been studied via not only field measurements but also laboratory experiments, numerical simulations and theoretical analyses. This Perspective considers the state-of-the-art knowledge of the phenomenology of fluid–ice coupling processes in standardized configurations. These include freezing and melting in thermally stratified natural convection of fresh water, double-diffusive convection and convection in the mushy ice of salty water in confined systems, as well as imposed flows moving along an ice layer or surrounding dispersed ice bodies. It also highlights open questions of geophysical interest that could benefit from fundamental studies with a physical and fluid dynamic approach. The dynamics of water freezing and ice melting in natural environments involves many intricate fluid mechanics processes. To tackle these complexities, examining them in well-controlled laboratory settings proves highly advantageous.","PeriodicalId":19024,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Physics","volume":"6 11","pages":"676-690"},"PeriodicalIF":44.8,"publicationDate":"2024-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142579819","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-25DOI: 10.1038/s42254-024-00765-6
The history of particle physics is one of the great scientific stories of the 20th century, and a key player in that story is CERN. As the laboratory celebrates its 70th anniversary, there are challenges ahead.
{"title":"70 years of CERN","authors":"","doi":"10.1038/s42254-024-00765-6","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s42254-024-00765-6","url":null,"abstract":"The history of particle physics is one of the great scientific stories of the 20th century, and a key player in that story is CERN. As the laboratory celebrates its 70th anniversary, there are challenges ahead.","PeriodicalId":19024,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Physics","volume":"6 10","pages":"577-577"},"PeriodicalIF":44.8,"publicationDate":"2024-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s42254-024-00765-6.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142377209","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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