Pub Date : 2024-06-26DOI: 10.1038/s42254-024-00732-1
Joseph D. Martin
Condensed matter is one of the largest and most prolific areas of physics, but it looms small in the public imagination. In this Comment, historian Joseph D. Martin argues that its relationship with technology might be to blame.
凝聚态物质是物理学中规模最大、成果最多的领域之一，但它在公众心目中的地位却很低。在这篇评论中，历史学家约瑟夫-马丁（Joseph D. Martin）认为，这可能要归咎于它与技术的关系。
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Pub Date : 2024-06-25DOI: 10.1038/s42254-024-00729-w
Karin Everschor-Sitte, Atreya Majumdar, Katharina Wolk, Dennis Meier
Topological spin textures in magnetic materials and arrangements of electric dipoles in ferroelectrics are considered to be promising candidates for next-generation information technology and unconventional computing. Exciting examples are magnetic skyrmions and ferroelectric domain walls. We discuss how the physical properties of these topological nanoscale systems can be leveraged for reservoir computing, that is, for translating non-linear problems into linearly solvable ones. They fulfill the requirements for non-linearity, complexity, short-term memory and reproducibility, giving new opportunities for the downscaling of devices, enhanced complexity and versatile input and readout options. We also discuss the practical challenges and opportunities for exploiting the unique properties of these systems. This Perspective explores how the physical properties of these topological nanoscale systems, such as magnetic skyrmions and ferroelectric domain walls, can be leveraged for reservoir computing.
{"title":"Topological magnetic and ferroelectric systems for reservoir computing","authors":"Karin Everschor-Sitte, Atreya Majumdar, Katharina Wolk, Dennis Meier","doi":"10.1038/s42254-024-00729-w","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s42254-024-00729-w","url":null,"abstract":"Topological spin textures in magnetic materials and arrangements of electric dipoles in ferroelectrics are considered to be promising candidates for next-generation information technology and unconventional computing. Exciting examples are magnetic skyrmions and ferroelectric domain walls. We discuss how the physical properties of these topological nanoscale systems can be leveraged for reservoir computing, that is, for translating non-linear problems into linearly solvable ones. They fulfill the requirements for non-linearity, complexity, short-term memory and reproducibility, giving new opportunities for the downscaling of devices, enhanced complexity and versatile input and readout options. We also discuss the practical challenges and opportunities for exploiting the unique properties of these systems. This Perspective explores how the physical properties of these topological nanoscale systems, such as magnetic skyrmions and ferroelectric domain walls, can be leveraged for reservoir computing.","PeriodicalId":19024,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Physics","volume":"6 7","pages":"455-462"},"PeriodicalIF":44.8,"publicationDate":"2024-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141503547","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-21DOI: 10.1038/s42254-024-00736-x
Iulia Georgescu
50 years ago Roger Penrose described a set of aperiodic tilings, now named after him, that have fascinated artists, mathematicians and physicists ever since.
{"title":"50 years of Penrose tilings","authors":"Iulia Georgescu","doi":"10.1038/s42254-024-00736-x","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s42254-024-00736-x","url":null,"abstract":"50 years ago Roger Penrose described a set of aperiodic tilings, now named after him, that have fascinated artists, mathematicians and physicists ever since.","PeriodicalId":19024,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Physics","volume":"6 7","pages":"408-408"},"PeriodicalIF":44.8,"publicationDate":"2024-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141503548","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-21DOI: 10.1038/s42254-024-00734-z
Jaco de Swart, Ann C. Thresher, Carlos A. Argüelles
Making physics more sustainable raises complex interdisciplinary questions. Answering them needs input from the humanities and social sciences.
使物理学更具可持续性提出了复杂的跨学科问题。回答这些问题需要人文和社会科学的参与。
{"title":"The humanities can help make physics greener","authors":"Jaco de Swart, Ann C. Thresher, Carlos A. Argüelles","doi":"10.1038/s42254-024-00734-z","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s42254-024-00734-z","url":null,"abstract":"Making physics more sustainable raises complex interdisciplinary questions. Answering them needs input from the humanities and social sciences.","PeriodicalId":19024,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Physics","volume":"6 7","pages":"404-405"},"PeriodicalIF":44.8,"publicationDate":"2024-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141503549","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-17DOI: 10.1038/s42254-024-00728-x
T. Latychevskaia, D. A. Bandurin, K. S. Novoselov
Recently synthesized MoSi2N4 is the first septuple-layer two-dimensional material, which does not naturally occur as a layered crystal, and has been obtained with chemical vapour deposition growth. It can be considered as MoN2 crystal (with a crystal structure of MoS2) intercalating Si2N2 two-dimensional layer (with the structure similar to InSe). The discovery of this material has spurred on research into its electronic properties, and also to the prediction and classification of dozens of other members of the family. Whereas the originally synthesized MoSi2N4 is a semiconductor, some of the members of the family are also metallic, some are magnetic, some showing remarkable properties, such as very high room-temperature electron mobilities. The major interest towards these materials is coming from the septuple-layer structure, which allows not only multiple crystal phases but also complex compositions, in particular those with broken mirror-reflection symmetry against the layer of metal atoms. In this Review, we provide a profile of this new family of materials and discuss the possibilities they open up towards new physics and applications. A new class of septuple-layer 2D materials has been identified, with the first two members already synthesized: MoSi2N4 and WSi2N4. The possible variation of compositions and crystal structures make the new family of 2D materials very versatile and extremely attractive for research and applications.
{"title":"A new family of septuple-layer 2D materials of MoSi2N4-like crystals","authors":"T. Latychevskaia, D. A. Bandurin, K. S. Novoselov","doi":"10.1038/s42254-024-00728-x","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s42254-024-00728-x","url":null,"abstract":"Recently synthesized MoSi2N4 is the first septuple-layer two-dimensional material, which does not naturally occur as a layered crystal, and has been obtained with chemical vapour deposition growth. It can be considered as MoN2 crystal (with a crystal structure of MoS2) intercalating Si2N2 two-dimensional layer (with the structure similar to InSe). The discovery of this material has spurred on research into its electronic properties, and also to the prediction and classification of dozens of other members of the family. Whereas the originally synthesized MoSi2N4 is a semiconductor, some of the members of the family are also metallic, some are magnetic, some showing remarkable properties, such as very high room-temperature electron mobilities. The major interest towards these materials is coming from the septuple-layer structure, which allows not only multiple crystal phases but also complex compositions, in particular those with broken mirror-reflection symmetry against the layer of metal atoms. In this Review, we provide a profile of this new family of materials and discuss the possibilities they open up towards new physics and applications. A new class of septuple-layer 2D materials has been identified, with the first two members already synthesized: MoSi2N4 and WSi2N4. The possible variation of compositions and crystal structures make the new family of 2D materials very versatile and extremely attractive for research and applications.","PeriodicalId":19024,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Physics","volume":"6 7","pages":"426-438"},"PeriodicalIF":44.8,"publicationDate":"2024-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141503552","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-13DOI: 10.1038/s42254-024-00731-2
Iulia Georgescu, Erica Goldman
Erica Goldman, Director of Day One and Policy Entrepreneurship at the Federation of American Scientists, discusses how scientists can go from communicating science to advocating for science and doing policy entrepreneurship.
{"title":"Engagement opportunities on the continuum between science and policy","authors":"Iulia Georgescu, Erica Goldman","doi":"10.1038/s42254-024-00731-2","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s42254-024-00731-2","url":null,"abstract":"Erica Goldman, Director of Day One and Policy Entrepreneurship at the Federation of American Scientists, discusses how scientists can go from communicating science to advocating for science and doing policy entrepreneurship.","PeriodicalId":19024,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Physics","volume":"6 7","pages":"406-407"},"PeriodicalIF":44.8,"publicationDate":"2024-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141347407","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-10DOI: 10.1038/s42254-024-00724-1
Frank Stefani
Recent decades have seen enormous progress in the experimental investigation of fundamental processes that are relevant to geophysical and astrophysical fluid dynamics. Liquid metals have proven particularly suited for such studies, partly owing to their small Prandtl numbers that are comparable to those in planetary cores and stellar convection zones, partly owing to their high electrical conductivity that allows the study of various magnetohydrodynamic phenomena. After introducing the theoretical basics and the key dimensionless parameters, we discuss some of the most important liquid-metal experiments on Rayleigh–Bénard convection, Alfvén waves, magnetically triggered flow instabilities such as the magnetorotational and Tayler instability, and the dynamo effect. Finally, we summarize what has been learned so far from those recent experiments and what could be expected from future ones. The understanding of fluid flows and their interaction with magnetic fields in planetary and stellar cores or accretion disks represents a challenge for geophysical and astrophysical research. This Review covers recent liquid-metal experiments on the underlying processes, such as convection, Alfvén waves, the magnetorotational instability and the dynamo effect.
{"title":"Liquid-metal experiments on geophysical and astrophysical phenomena","authors":"Frank Stefani","doi":"10.1038/s42254-024-00724-1","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s42254-024-00724-1","url":null,"abstract":"Recent decades have seen enormous progress in the experimental investigation of fundamental processes that are relevant to geophysical and astrophysical fluid dynamics. Liquid metals have proven particularly suited for such studies, partly owing to their small Prandtl numbers that are comparable to those in planetary cores and stellar convection zones, partly owing to their high electrical conductivity that allows the study of various magnetohydrodynamic phenomena. After introducing the theoretical basics and the key dimensionless parameters, we discuss some of the most important liquid-metal experiments on Rayleigh–Bénard convection, Alfvén waves, magnetically triggered flow instabilities such as the magnetorotational and Tayler instability, and the dynamo effect. Finally, we summarize what has been learned so far from those recent experiments and what could be expected from future ones. The understanding of fluid flows and their interaction with magnetic fields in planetary and stellar cores or accretion disks represents a challenge for geophysical and astrophysical research. This Review covers recent liquid-metal experiments on the underlying processes, such as convection, Alfvén waves, the magnetorotational instability and the dynamo effect.","PeriodicalId":19024,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Physics","volume":"6 7","pages":"409-425"},"PeriodicalIF":44.8,"publicationDate":"2024-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141360854","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-07DOI: 10.1038/s42254-024-00727-y
This month we discuss the growing concerns of industry’s influence and dominance in computation-based physics research. There are growing concerns about industry’s influence and dominance in computation-based physics research. Why is this so?
{"title":"Research needs both academia and industry","authors":"","doi":"10.1038/s42254-024-00727-y","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s42254-024-00727-y","url":null,"abstract":"This month we discuss the growing concerns of industry’s influence and dominance in computation-based physics research. There are growing concerns about industry’s influence and dominance in computation-based physics research. Why is this so?","PeriodicalId":19024,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Physics","volume":"6 6","pages":"341-341"},"PeriodicalIF":38.5,"publicationDate":"2024-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s42254-024-00727-y.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141292654","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Access to quantum computers has been democratized by the availability of cloud services from commercial providers, but the numbers of qubits users can exploit have remained modest, limited by noise and errors. What are these qubits used for and what can we expect next?
{"title":"Current numbers of qubits and their uses","authors":"Tsubasa Ichikawa, Hideaki Hakoshima, Koji Inui, Kosuke Ito, Ryo Matsuda, Kosuke Mitarai, Koichi Miyamoto, Wataru Mizukami, Kaoru Mizuta, Toshio Mori, Yuichiro Nakano, Akimoto Nakayama, Ken N. Okada, Takanori Sugimoto, Souichi Takahira, Nayuta Takemori, Satoyuki Tsukano, Hiroshi Ueda, Ryo Watanabe, Yuichiro Yoshida, Keisuke Fujii","doi":"10.1038/s42254-024-00725-0","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s42254-024-00725-0","url":null,"abstract":"Access to quantum computers has been democratized by the availability of cloud services from commercial providers, but the numbers of qubits users can exploit have remained modest, limited by noise and errors. What are these qubits used for and what can we expect next?","PeriodicalId":19024,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Physics","volume":"6 6","pages":"345-347"},"PeriodicalIF":38.5,"publicationDate":"2024-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141194412","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-30DOI: 10.1038/s42254-024-00730-3
May Chiao
90 years after Eugene Wigner predicted the formation of an ordered electron state, direct observations of a lattice of electrons in bilayer graphene not only verify the existence of a Wigner crystal but find unexpected physics.
{"title":"90 years of the Wigner crystal","authors":"May Chiao","doi":"10.1038/s42254-024-00730-3","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s42254-024-00730-3","url":null,"abstract":"90 years after Eugene Wigner predicted the formation of an ordered electron state, direct observations of a lattice of electrons in bilayer graphene not only verify the existence of a Wigner crystal but find unexpected physics.","PeriodicalId":19024,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Physics","volume":"6 6","pages":"348-348"},"PeriodicalIF":38.5,"publicationDate":"2024-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141194652","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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