Pub Date : 2026-02-09DOI: 10.1038/s42254-026-00920-1
As chatbots become more ubiquitous in our everyday lives, we remind our readers that good writing comes from knowing what you want to say.
随着聊天机器人在我们的日常生活中变得越来越普遍，我们提醒我们的读者，好的写作来自于知道你想说什么。
{"title":"Writing in the age of chatbots","authors":"","doi":"10.1038/s42254-026-00920-1","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s42254-026-00920-1","url":null,"abstract":"As chatbots become more ubiquitous in our everyday lives, we remind our readers that good writing comes from knowing what you want to say.","PeriodicalId":19024,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Physics","volume":"8 2","pages":"65-65"},"PeriodicalIF":39.5,"publicationDate":"2026-02-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.comhttps://www.nature.com/articles/s42254-026-00920-1.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146148336","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-12DOI: 10.1038/s42254-025-00909-2
Michael R. Douglas
The Yang–Mills Millennium Prize problem is one of the great challenges of mathematical physics. In the quarter century since it was set, what progress has been made? This Review outlines the problem from a physics point of view, gives its physical background, explains its nature and significance as a problem in mathematics and surveys promising approaches from recent years. Yang–Mills theory is the basis of the standard model of particle physics. The Yang–Mills Millennium Prize problem, to show that the theory is mathematically well defined and that it has the mass gap property, is one of the great challenges of mathematical physics. This Review explores the problem from both physical and mathematical points of view and surveys promising approaches from recent years.
{"title":"The Yang–Mills Millennium problem","authors":"Michael R. Douglas","doi":"10.1038/s42254-025-00909-2","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s42254-025-00909-2","url":null,"abstract":"The Yang–Mills Millennium Prize problem is one of the great challenges of mathematical physics. In the quarter century since it was set, what progress has been made? This Review outlines the problem from a physics point of view, gives its physical background, explains its nature and significance as a problem in mathematics and surveys promising approaches from recent years. Yang–Mills theory is the basis of the standard model of particle physics. The Yang–Mills Millennium Prize problem, to show that the theory is mathematically well defined and that it has the mass gap property, is one of the great challenges of mathematical physics. This Review explores the problem from both physical and mathematical points of view and surveys promising approaches from recent years.","PeriodicalId":19024,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Physics","volume":"8 2","pages":"86-97"},"PeriodicalIF":39.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146148367","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-09DOI: 10.1038/s42254-025-00906-5
Dario Ferraro, Fabio Cavaliere, Marco G. Genoni, Giuliano Benenti, Maura Sassetti
Quantum batteries harness the principles of quantum mechanics to transfer, store and release energy within quantum systems on demand. Emerging from foundational research at the intersection of quantum physics, thermodynamics and information theory, the field of quantum batteries introduces new principles for energy manipulation rooted in quantum mechanics. This rapidly expanding field of research spans foundational studies on the thermodynamic limits of battery performance and the potential for quantum advantage, alongside the development of theoretical models and the design of innovative architectures for experimental proof-of-principle demonstrations. In this Perspective, we aim to introduce the core concepts, survey the current theoretical and experimental landscape, and highlight opportunities and challenges in the pursuit of more efficient and scalable quantum energy storage devices. Quantum batteries are miniaturized energy storage devices that exploit the laws of quantum mechanics. This Perspective highlights major theoretical and experimental advances, promising directions and key challenges in this emerging field.
{"title":"Opportunities and challenges of quantum batteries","authors":"Dario Ferraro, Fabio Cavaliere, Marco G. Genoni, Giuliano Benenti, Maura Sassetti","doi":"10.1038/s42254-025-00906-5","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s42254-025-00906-5","url":null,"abstract":"Quantum batteries harness the principles of quantum mechanics to transfer, store and release energy within quantum systems on demand. Emerging from foundational research at the intersection of quantum physics, thermodynamics and information theory, the field of quantum batteries introduces new principles for energy manipulation rooted in quantum mechanics. This rapidly expanding field of research spans foundational studies on the thermodynamic limits of battery performance and the potential for quantum advantage, alongside the development of theoretical models and the design of innovative architectures for experimental proof-of-principle demonstrations. In this Perspective, we aim to introduce the core concepts, survey the current theoretical and experimental landscape, and highlight opportunities and challenges in the pursuit of more efficient and scalable quantum energy storage devices. Quantum batteries are miniaturized energy storage devices that exploit the laws of quantum mechanics. This Perspective highlights major theoretical and experimental advances, promising directions and key challenges in this emerging field.","PeriodicalId":19024,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Physics","volume":"8 2","pages":"115-127"},"PeriodicalIF":39.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146148368","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-08DOI: 10.1038/s42254-025-00913-6
Review articles often celebrate the wins of a research field, but they can also play a crucial role in highlighting limitations to bring realistic opportunities into focus.
{"title":"Let’s talk about limitations","authors":"","doi":"10.1038/s42254-025-00913-6","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s42254-025-00913-6","url":null,"abstract":"Review articles often celebrate the wins of a research field, but they can also play a crucial role in highlighting limitations to bring realistic opportunities into focus.","PeriodicalId":19024,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Physics","volume":"8 1","pages":"1-1"},"PeriodicalIF":39.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.comhttps://www.nature.com/articles/s42254-025-00913-6.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145916064","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-05DOI: 10.1038/s42254-025-00912-7
May Chiao
Kelly Fast, Acting Planetary Defense Officer for NASA, describes the global network working to detect and assess asteroids that could potentially threaten Earth.
美国国家航空航天局代理行星防御官凯利·法斯特描述了探测和评估可能威胁地球的小行星的全球网络。
{"title":"Inside the International Asteroid Warning Network","authors":"May Chiao","doi":"10.1038/s42254-025-00912-7","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s42254-025-00912-7","url":null,"abstract":"Kelly Fast, Acting Planetary Defense Officer for NASA, describes the global network working to detect and assess asteroids that could potentially threaten Earth.","PeriodicalId":19024,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Physics","volume":"8 2","pages":"66-67"},"PeriodicalIF":39.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146148335","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-16DOI: 10.1038/s42254-025-00897-3
J. Albrecht, J. Becker Tjus, N. Behling, J. Blazek, M. Bleicher, J. Boelhauve, L. Cazon, R. Conceição, H. Dembinski, L. Dietrich, J. Ebr, J. Ellbracht, R. Engel, A. Fedynitch, M. Fieg, M. V. Garzelli, C. Gaudu, G. Graziani, P. Gutjahr, A. Haungs, T. Huege, K. Hymon, M. Hünnefeld, K.-H. Kampert, L. Kardum, L. Kolk, N. Korneeva, K. Kröninger, A. Maire, H. Menjo, L. Morejon, S. Ostapchenko, P. Paakkinen, T. Pierog, P. Plotko, A. Prosekin, L. Pyras, T. Pöschl, J. Rautenberg, M. Reininghaus, W. Rhode, F. Riehn, M. Roth, A. Sandrock, I. Sarcevic, M. Schmelling, G. Sigl, T. Sjöstrand, D. Soldin, M. Unger, M. Utheim, J. Vícha, K. Werner, M. E. Windau, V. Zhukov
In high-energy and astroparticle physics, event generators have an essential role, even in the simplest data analyses. Physical processes occurring in hadronic collisions are simulated within a Monte Carlo framework but a major challenge remains modelling of hadron dynamics at low momentum transfer, which includes the initial and final phases of every hadronic collision. Phenomenological models inspired by quantum chromodynamics used for these phases cannot guarantee completeness or correctness over the full phase space. These models usually include parameters which must be tuned to suitable experimental data. Until now, event generators have primarily been developed and tuned based on data from high-energy physics experiments at accelerators. However, in many cases, they have been found to not satisfactorily describe data from astroparticle experiments, which provide sensitivity especially to hadrons produced nearly parallel to the collision axis and cover centre-of-mass energies up to several hundred tera-electronvolts, well beyond those reached at colliders so far. Here, we address the complementarity of these two sets of data and present a roadmap for a unified tuning of event generators with accelerator-based and astroparticle data. Event generators are used to simulate and describe hadronic collisions in accelerator experiments, but often struggle to describe data from astroparticle experiments that probe hadronic collisions at extreme energies. This Review highlights the complementarity between accelerator and astroparticle experiments that can be exploited, to gain new insights into the nature of hadronic collisions and increase model accuracy across both domains.
{"title":"Global tuning of hadronic interaction models with accelerator-based and astroparticle data","authors":"J. Albrecht, J. Becker Tjus, N. Behling, J. Blazek, M. Bleicher, J. Boelhauve, L. Cazon, R. Conceição, H. Dembinski, L. Dietrich, J. Ebr, J. Ellbracht, R. Engel, A. Fedynitch, M. Fieg, M. V. Garzelli, C. Gaudu, G. Graziani, P. Gutjahr, A. Haungs, T. Huege, K. Hymon, M. Hünnefeld, K.-H. Kampert, L. Kardum, L. Kolk, N. Korneeva, K. Kröninger, A. Maire, H. Menjo, L. Morejon, S. Ostapchenko, P. Paakkinen, T. Pierog, P. Plotko, A. Prosekin, L. Pyras, T. Pöschl, J. Rautenberg, M. Reininghaus, W. Rhode, F. Riehn, M. Roth, A. Sandrock, I. Sarcevic, M. Schmelling, G. Sigl, T. Sjöstrand, D. Soldin, M. Unger, M. Utheim, J. Vícha, K. Werner, M. E. Windau, V. Zhukov","doi":"10.1038/s42254-025-00897-3","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s42254-025-00897-3","url":null,"abstract":"In high-energy and astroparticle physics, event generators have an essential role, even in the simplest data analyses. Physical processes occurring in hadronic collisions are simulated within a Monte Carlo framework but a major challenge remains modelling of hadron dynamics at low momentum transfer, which includes the initial and final phases of every hadronic collision. Phenomenological models inspired by quantum chromodynamics used for these phases cannot guarantee completeness or correctness over the full phase space. These models usually include parameters which must be tuned to suitable experimental data. Until now, event generators have primarily been developed and tuned based on data from high-energy physics experiments at accelerators. However, in many cases, they have been found to not satisfactorily describe data from astroparticle experiments, which provide sensitivity especially to hadrons produced nearly parallel to the collision axis and cover centre-of-mass energies up to several hundred tera-electronvolts, well beyond those reached at colliders so far. Here, we address the complementarity of these two sets of data and present a roadmap for a unified tuning of event generators with accelerator-based and astroparticle data. Event generators are used to simulate and describe hadronic collisions in accelerator experiments, but often struggle to describe data from astroparticle experiments that probe hadronic collisions at extreme energies. This Review highlights the complementarity between accelerator and astroparticle experiments that can be exploited, to gain new insights into the nature of hadronic collisions and increase model accuracy across both domains.","PeriodicalId":19024,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Physics","volume":"8 2","pages":"98-114"},"PeriodicalIF":39.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146148370","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-12DOI: 10.1038/s42254-025-00908-3
Josephine Hunout, Shey Dylan Lovett, Jessica Wade, Isabella von Holstein
Quantum education in the UK is fragmented and poorly advertised. Raising awareness of available training and career pathways will expand and strengthen the quantum workforce and is essential to meeting national quantum ambitions.
{"title":"Quantum training in the UK needs better visibility","authors":"Josephine Hunout, Shey Dylan Lovett, Jessica Wade, Isabella von Holstein","doi":"10.1038/s42254-025-00908-3","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s42254-025-00908-3","url":null,"abstract":"Quantum education in the UK is fragmented and poorly advertised. Raising awareness of available training and career pathways will expand and strengthen the quantum workforce and is essential to meeting national quantum ambitions.","PeriodicalId":19024,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Physics","volume":"8 1","pages":"2-4"},"PeriodicalIF":39.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145916059","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-12DOI: 10.1038/s42254-025-00898-2
Pascal Puphal, Thomas Schäfer, Bernhard Keimer, Matthias Hepting
Superconducting nickelates have emerged as a new platform for exploring unconventional superconductivity and correlated-electron phenomena. Although predicted for Ni-based systems decades ago, superconductivity was only observed in 2019 in infinite-layer nickelate thin films. More recently, superconductivity with transition temperatures exceeding 80 K was discovered in Ruddlesden–Popper nickelates under high pressure. Despite these advances, both nickelate classes face major experimental challenges in synthesis and sample quality, which limits the application of various experimental techniques needed for a comprehensive understanding of the nature of their superconductivity. In this Review, we summarize recent progress in research on infinite-layer and Ruddlesden–Popper nickelates as well as their structural subcategories, outlining the theoretical foundations and key experimental findings on their electronic and magnetic properties. Additionally, we discuss the major synthesis challenges, identify open questions and future research directions and compare nickelates with other unconventional superconductors, including cuprates and iron pnictides. Nickelates have recently joined the cuprates and iron pnictides as unconventional superconductors with transition temperatures above 80 K. This Review looks for their shared superconducting mechanisms for building a coherent theoretical framework.
{"title":"Superconductivity in infinite-layer and Ruddlesden–Popper nickelates","authors":"Pascal Puphal, Thomas Schäfer, Bernhard Keimer, Matthias Hepting","doi":"10.1038/s42254-025-00898-2","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s42254-025-00898-2","url":null,"abstract":"Superconducting nickelates have emerged as a new platform for exploring unconventional superconductivity and correlated-electron phenomena. Although predicted for Ni-based systems decades ago, superconductivity was only observed in 2019 in infinite-layer nickelate thin films. More recently, superconductivity with transition temperatures exceeding 80 K was discovered in Ruddlesden–Popper nickelates under high pressure. Despite these advances, both nickelate classes face major experimental challenges in synthesis and sample quality, which limits the application of various experimental techniques needed for a comprehensive understanding of the nature of their superconductivity. In this Review, we summarize recent progress in research on infinite-layer and Ruddlesden–Popper nickelates as well as their structural subcategories, outlining the theoretical foundations and key experimental findings on their electronic and magnetic properties. Additionally, we discuss the major synthesis challenges, identify open questions and future research directions and compare nickelates with other unconventional superconductors, including cuprates and iron pnictides. Nickelates have recently joined the cuprates and iron pnictides as unconventional superconductors with transition temperatures above 80 K. This Review looks for their shared superconducting mechanisms for building a coherent theoretical framework.","PeriodicalId":19024,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Physics","volume":"8 2","pages":"70-85"},"PeriodicalIF":39.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146148382","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-05DOI: 10.1038/s42254-025-00896-4
Yi Cui (, ), Zewen Zhang, Robert Sinclair, Wah Chiu, Yi Cui (, )
In the life sciences, cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM) has revolutionized structure determination by providing atomic-resolution structures of biomolecules in their native environment and in multiple conformational states. The applications of cryo-EM techniques have been extended from structural biology, which mainly focuses on structural information, to materials science, where chemical and physical information are equally important. In this Technical Review, we focus on sample preparation methods and imaging strategies to enable high-resolution imaging of beam-sensitive materials while avoiding electron-beam damage. We also survey emerging methods and applications, with an emphasis on energy materials. This Technical Review highlights advances in cryo-electron microscopy for materials science, covering sample preparation, low-dose imaging and analytical scanning transmission electron microscopy techniques. It discusses strategies to mitigate electron-beam damage and enable high-resolution 2D and 3D imaging of beam-sensitive energy materials.
{"title":"Cryogenic electron microscopy and tomography for beam-sensitive materials","authors":"Yi Cui \u0000 (, ), Zewen Zhang, Robert Sinclair, Wah Chiu, Yi Cui \u0000 (, )","doi":"10.1038/s42254-025-00896-4","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s42254-025-00896-4","url":null,"abstract":"In the life sciences, cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM) has revolutionized structure determination by providing atomic-resolution structures of biomolecules in their native environment and in multiple conformational states. The applications of cryo-EM techniques have been extended from structural biology, which mainly focuses on structural information, to materials science, where chemical and physical information are equally important. In this Technical Review, we focus on sample preparation methods and imaging strategies to enable high-resolution imaging of beam-sensitive materials while avoiding electron-beam damage. We also survey emerging methods and applications, with an emphasis on energy materials. This Technical Review highlights advances in cryo-electron microscopy for materials science, covering sample preparation, low-dose imaging and analytical scanning transmission electron microscopy techniques. It discusses strategies to mitigate electron-beam damage and enable high-resolution 2D and 3D imaging of beam-sensitive energy materials.","PeriodicalId":19024,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Physics","volume":"8 1","pages":"40-54"},"PeriodicalIF":39.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145916057","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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