Pub Date : 2023-09-04DOI: 10.1038/s42254-023-00638-4
We ask how peer review will adapt as the ways physicists work undergo rapid changes.
我们想知道，随着物理学家工作方式的快速变化，同行评审将如何进行调整。
{"title":"Peer review in a changing world","authors":"","doi":"10.1038/s42254-023-00638-4","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s42254-023-00638-4","url":null,"abstract":"We ask how peer review will adapt as the ways physicists work undergo rapid changes.","PeriodicalId":19024,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Physics","volume":"5 9","pages":"497-497"},"PeriodicalIF":38.5,"publicationDate":"2023-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s42254-023-00638-4.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42949268","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-22DOI: 10.1038/s42254-023-00630-y
Samuel L. Braunstein, Mir Faizal, Lawrence M. Krauss, Francesco Marino, Naveed A. Shah
Technological advances in controlling and manipulating fluids have enabled the experimental realization of acoustic analogues of gravitational black holes. A flowing fluid provides an effective curved spacetime on which sound waves can propagate, allowing the simulation of gravitational geometries and related phenomena. The past decade has witnessed various hydrodynamic experiments testing disparate aspects of black-hole physics culminating with experimental evidence of Hawking radiation and Penrose superradiance. In this Perspective article, we discuss the potential use of analogue hydrodynamic systems beyond classical general relativity towards the exploration of quantum gravitational effects. These include possible insights into the information-loss paradox, black-hole physics with Planck-scale quantum corrections, emergent gravity scenarios and the regularization of curvature singularities. We aim at bridging the gap between the non-overlapping communities of experimentalists working with classical and quantum fluids and quantum-gravity theorists, by illustrating the opportunities made possible by the latest experimental and theoretical developments in these areas. Experiments in fluids have enabled the simulation of several aspects of black holes and quantum field theory in curved spacetime. This Perspective article discusses possible hydrodynamic simulators of quantum gravitational effects, ranging from the resolution of curvature singularities to the emergence of spacetime geometry from quantum degrees of freedom.
{"title":"Analogue simulations of quantum gravity with fluids","authors":"Samuel L. Braunstein, Mir Faizal, Lawrence M. Krauss, Francesco Marino, Naveed A. Shah","doi":"10.1038/s42254-023-00630-y","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s42254-023-00630-y","url":null,"abstract":"Technological advances in controlling and manipulating fluids have enabled the experimental realization of acoustic analogues of gravitational black holes. A flowing fluid provides an effective curved spacetime on which sound waves can propagate, allowing the simulation of gravitational geometries and related phenomena. The past decade has witnessed various hydrodynamic experiments testing disparate aspects of black-hole physics culminating with experimental evidence of Hawking radiation and Penrose superradiance. In this Perspective article, we discuss the potential use of analogue hydrodynamic systems beyond classical general relativity towards the exploration of quantum gravitational effects. These include possible insights into the information-loss paradox, black-hole physics with Planck-scale quantum corrections, emergent gravity scenarios and the regularization of curvature singularities. We aim at bridging the gap between the non-overlapping communities of experimentalists working with classical and quantum fluids and quantum-gravity theorists, by illustrating the opportunities made possible by the latest experimental and theoretical developments in these areas. Experiments in fluids have enabled the simulation of several aspects of black holes and quantum field theory in curved spacetime. This Perspective article discusses possible hydrodynamic simulators of quantum gravitational effects, ranging from the resolution of curvature singularities to the emergence of spacetime geometry from quantum degrees of freedom.","PeriodicalId":19024,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Physics","volume":"5 10","pages":"612-622"},"PeriodicalIF":38.5,"publicationDate":"2023-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44174043","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-22DOI: 10.1038/s42254-023-00626-8
John O. Dabiri, Michael F. Howland, Matthew K. Fu, Roni H. Goldshmid
Accurate measurements of atmospheric flows at metre-scale resolution are essential for many sustainability applications, including optimal design of wind and solar farms, navigation and control of air flows in the built environment, monitoring of environmental phenomena such as wildfires and air pollution dispersal, and data assimilation into weather and climate models. Measurement of the relevant multiscale wind flows is inherently challenged by the optical transparency of the wind. This Perspective article explores new ways in which physics can be leveraged to ‘see’ environmental flows non-intrusively, that is, without the need to place measurement instruments directly in the flows of interest. Specifically, although wind itself is transparent, its effect can be seen in the motion of objects embedded in the environment and subjected to wind — swaying trees and flapping flags are commonly encountered examples. We survey emerging efforts to accomplish visual anemometry, the task of quantitatively inferring local wind conditions on the basis of the physics of observed flow–structure interactions. Approaches based on first-principles physics as well as data-driven, machine learning methods will be described, and remaining obstacles to fully generalizable visual anemometry are discussed. Visual anemometry measures winds using observations of associated environmental flow–structure interactions such as swaying trees and flapping flags. This Perspective article outlines opportunities for physics and data science to further develop visual anemometry for renewable energy, urban sustainability and environmental science.
{"title":"Visual anemometry for physics-informed inference of wind","authors":"John O. Dabiri, Michael F. Howland, Matthew K. Fu, Roni H. Goldshmid","doi":"10.1038/s42254-023-00626-8","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s42254-023-00626-8","url":null,"abstract":"Accurate measurements of atmospheric flows at metre-scale resolution are essential for many sustainability applications, including optimal design of wind and solar farms, navigation and control of air flows in the built environment, monitoring of environmental phenomena such as wildfires and air pollution dispersal, and data assimilation into weather and climate models. Measurement of the relevant multiscale wind flows is inherently challenged by the optical transparency of the wind. This Perspective article explores new ways in which physics can be leveraged to ‘see’ environmental flows non-intrusively, that is, without the need to place measurement instruments directly in the flows of interest. Specifically, although wind itself is transparent, its effect can be seen in the motion of objects embedded in the environment and subjected to wind — swaying trees and flapping flags are commonly encountered examples. We survey emerging efforts to accomplish visual anemometry, the task of quantitatively inferring local wind conditions on the basis of the physics of observed flow–structure interactions. Approaches based on first-principles physics as well as data-driven, machine learning methods will be described, and remaining obstacles to fully generalizable visual anemometry are discussed. Visual anemometry measures winds using observations of associated environmental flow–structure interactions such as swaying trees and flapping flags. This Perspective article outlines opportunities for physics and data science to further develop visual anemometry for renewable energy, urban sustainability and environmental science.","PeriodicalId":19024,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Physics","volume":"5 10","pages":"597-611"},"PeriodicalIF":38.5,"publicationDate":"2023-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43675470","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-22DOI: 10.1038/s42254-023-00633-9
Tamara Ben-Ari
Labos 1point5 is a nationwide action-research project that so far about half of research units in France have used to assess their carbon footprint. Tamara Ben-Ari describes some of the scientific findings from the resulting dataset and what they show about how to change the scientific system.
{"title":"How research can steer academia towards a low-carbon future","authors":"Tamara Ben-Ari","doi":"10.1038/s42254-023-00633-9","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s42254-023-00633-9","url":null,"abstract":"Labos 1point5 is a nationwide action-research project that so far about half of research units in France have used to assess their carbon footprint. Tamara Ben-Ari describes some of the scientific findings from the resulting dataset and what they show about how to change the scientific system.","PeriodicalId":19024,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Physics","volume":"5 10","pages":"551-552"},"PeriodicalIF":38.5,"publicationDate":"2023-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47404406","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-21DOI: 10.1038/s42254-023-00636-6
Silvia Conti
Papers in Science Advances and Science present strategies for autonomous control of robots.
科学进展》和《科学》杂志上的论文介绍了机器人自主控制策略。
{"title":"How redundancy and distributed control are helping make robots autonomous","authors":"Silvia Conti","doi":"10.1038/s42254-023-00636-6","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s42254-023-00636-6","url":null,"abstract":"Papers in Science Advances and Science present strategies for autonomous control of robots.","PeriodicalId":19024,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Physics","volume":"5 9","pages":"501-501"},"PeriodicalIF":38.5,"publicationDate":"2023-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44819723","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-21DOI: 10.1038/s42254-023-00637-5
Iulia Georgescu
Astroparticle physicists met for the 38th edition of the biennial series of the International Cosmic Ray Conference (ICRC2023), which took place in late July in Nagoya, Japan.
{"title":"A festival of cosmic fireworks","authors":"Iulia Georgescu","doi":"10.1038/s42254-023-00637-5","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s42254-023-00637-5","url":null,"abstract":"Astroparticle physicists met for the 38th edition of the biennial series of the International Cosmic Ray Conference (ICRC2023), which took place in late July in Nagoya, Japan.","PeriodicalId":19024,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Physics","volume":"5 9","pages":"500-500"},"PeriodicalIF":38.5,"publicationDate":"2023-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41560724","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-11DOI: 10.1038/s42254-023-00631-x
Ankita Anirban
Raphaël Lévy, one of the principal investigators of NanoBubbles — an interdisciplinary project that explores how, when and why science fails to correct itself, talks about the importance of questioning and correcting the scientific record.
{"title":"How can we make science more rigorous?","authors":"Ankita Anirban","doi":"10.1038/s42254-023-00631-x","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s42254-023-00631-x","url":null,"abstract":"Raphaël Lévy, one of the principal investigators of NanoBubbles — an interdisciplinary project that explores how, when and why science fails to correct itself, talks about the importance of questioning and correcting the scientific record.","PeriodicalId":19024,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Physics","volume":"5 9","pages":"498-499"},"PeriodicalIF":38.5,"publicationDate":"2023-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44692597","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-10DOI: 10.1038/s42254-023-00617-9
Jidong Zhao, Shiwei Zhao, Stefan Luding
Granular matter is ubiquitous in nature and is present in diverse forms in important engineering, industrial and natural processes. Particle-based computational modelling has become indispensable to understand and predict the complex behaviour of granular matter in these processes. The success of modern computational models requires realistic and efficient consideration of particle shape. Realistic particle shapes in naturally occurring and engineered materials offer diverse challenges owing to their multiscale nature in both length and time. Furthermore, the complex interactions with other materials, such as interstitial fluids, are highly nonlinear and commonly involve multiphysics coupling. This Technical Review presents a comprehensive appraisal of state-of-the-art computational models for granular particles of either naturally occurring shapes or engineered geometries. It focuses on particle shape characterization, representation and implementation, as well as its important effects. In addition, the particles may be hard, highly deformable, crushable or phase transformable; they might change their behaviour in the presence of interstitial fluids and are sensitive to density, confining stress and flow state. We describe generic methodologies that capture the universal features of granular matter and some unique approaches developed for special but important applications. Granular matter is ubiquitous in engineering, industrial and natural processes. This Technical Review overviews the latest developments in computational modelling of granular matter with a focus on the role of particle shape and discusses pertaining future challenges.
{"title":"The role of particle shape in computational modelling of granular matter","authors":"Jidong Zhao, Shiwei Zhao, Stefan Luding","doi":"10.1038/s42254-023-00617-9","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s42254-023-00617-9","url":null,"abstract":"Granular matter is ubiquitous in nature and is present in diverse forms in important engineering, industrial and natural processes. Particle-based computational modelling has become indispensable to understand and predict the complex behaviour of granular matter in these processes. The success of modern computational models requires realistic and efficient consideration of particle shape. Realistic particle shapes in naturally occurring and engineered materials offer diverse challenges owing to their multiscale nature in both length and time. Furthermore, the complex interactions with other materials, such as interstitial fluids, are highly nonlinear and commonly involve multiphysics coupling. This Technical Review presents a comprehensive appraisal of state-of-the-art computational models for granular particles of either naturally occurring shapes or engineered geometries. It focuses on particle shape characterization, representation and implementation, as well as its important effects. In addition, the particles may be hard, highly deformable, crushable or phase transformable; they might change their behaviour in the presence of interstitial fluids and are sensitive to density, confining stress and flow state. We describe generic methodologies that capture the universal features of granular matter and some unique approaches developed for special but important applications. Granular matter is ubiquitous in engineering, industrial and natural processes. This Technical Review overviews the latest developments in computational modelling of granular matter with a focus on the role of particle shape and discusses pertaining future challenges.","PeriodicalId":19024,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Physics","volume":"5 9","pages":"505-525"},"PeriodicalIF":38.5,"publicationDate":"2023-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41766816","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-10DOI: 10.1038/s42254-023-00622-y
Ricardo Vinuesa, Steven L. Brunton, Beverley J. McKeon
The field of machine learning (ML) has rapidly advanced the state of the art in many fields of science and engineering, including experimental fluid dynamics, which is one of the original big-data disciplines. This Perspective article highlights several aspects of experimental fluid mechanics that stand to benefit from progress in ML, including augmenting the fidelity and quality of measurement techniques, improving experimental design and surrogate digital-twin models and enabling real-time estimation and control. In each case, we discuss recent success stories and ongoing challenges, along with caveats and limitations, and outline the potential for new avenues of ML-augmented and ML-enabled experimental fluid mechanics. Recent advances in machine learning are enabling progress in several aspects of experimental fluid mechanics. This Perspective article focuses on augmenting the quality of measurement techniques, improving experimental design and enabling real-time estimation and control.
机器学习（ML）领域迅速提升了许多科学和工程领域的技术水平，包括作为原始大数据学科之一的实验流体力学。这篇 "视角 "文章重点介绍了实验流体力学中能够从机器学习进步中受益的几个方面，包括提高测量技术的保真度和质量、改进实验设计和代用数字孪生模型，以及实现实时估算和控制。在每种情况下，我们都会讨论最近的成功案例和正在面临的挑战，以及注意事项和局限性，并概述 ML 增强和 ML 支持的实验流体力学新途径的潜力。机器学习的最新进展推动了实验流体力学多个方面的进步。这篇 "视角 "文章的重点是提高测量技术的质量、改进实验设计以及实现实时估算和控制。
{"title":"The transformative potential of machine learning for experiments in fluid mechanics","authors":"Ricardo Vinuesa, Steven L. Brunton, Beverley J. McKeon","doi":"10.1038/s42254-023-00622-y","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s42254-023-00622-y","url":null,"abstract":"The field of machine learning (ML) has rapidly advanced the state of the art in many fields of science and engineering, including experimental fluid dynamics, which is one of the original big-data disciplines. This Perspective article highlights several aspects of experimental fluid mechanics that stand to benefit from progress in ML, including augmenting the fidelity and quality of measurement techniques, improving experimental design and surrogate digital-twin models and enabling real-time estimation and control. In each case, we discuss recent success stories and ongoing challenges, along with caveats and limitations, and outline the potential for new avenues of ML-augmented and ML-enabled experimental fluid mechanics. Recent advances in machine learning are enabling progress in several aspects of experimental fluid mechanics. This Perspective article focuses on augmenting the quality of measurement techniques, improving experimental design and enabling real-time estimation and control.","PeriodicalId":19024,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Physics","volume":"5 9","pages":"536-545"},"PeriodicalIF":38.5,"publicationDate":"2023-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41846243","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-10DOI: 10.1038/s42254-023-00634-8
Kody A. Acosta, Helen C. Walker, Allyson M. Fry-Petit
{"title":"Author Correction: Optimizing the dynamic pair distribution function method for inelastic neutron spectrometry","authors":"Kody A. Acosta, Helen C. Walker, Allyson M. Fry-Petit","doi":"10.1038/s42254-023-00634-8","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s42254-023-00634-8","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19024,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Physics","volume":"5 9","pages":"546-546"},"PeriodicalIF":38.5,"publicationDate":"2023-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s42254-023-00634-8.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48333515","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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