Pub Date : 2024-11-25DOI: 10.1038/s42254-024-00782-5
Yanlin Ye, Xiaofei Yang, Hiroyoshi Sakurai, Baishan Hu
The past three decades have witnessed the emergence of exotic structures and dynamics in weakly bound unstable nuclei located in the rapidly expanding nuclear chart. Examples include halo and cluster structures, shell evolution incorporating the shift of the nuclear magic numbers, new modes of collective motion, strong coupling to the continuum and new reaction–decay mechanisms. The progress in this fast-evolving field and its deep impacts on several key interdisciplinary realms will be reviewed in this article, together with perspectives for the future exploration of the heavier neutron-rich region. This article reviews the exotic structures and dynamics that emerge in weakly bound unstable nuclei, highlighting their deep impacts on several key interdisciplinary fields. Additionally, it outlines prospects for future exploration of the heavier neutron-rich region.
{"title":"Physics of exotic nuclei","authors":"Yanlin Ye, Xiaofei Yang, Hiroyoshi Sakurai, Baishan Hu","doi":"10.1038/s42254-024-00782-5","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s42254-024-00782-5","url":null,"abstract":"The past three decades have witnessed the emergence of exotic structures and dynamics in weakly bound unstable nuclei located in the rapidly expanding nuclear chart. Examples include halo and cluster structures, shell evolution incorporating the shift of the nuclear magic numbers, new modes of collective motion, strong coupling to the continuum and new reaction–decay mechanisms. The progress in this fast-evolving field and its deep impacts on several key interdisciplinary realms will be reviewed in this article, together with perspectives for the future exploration of the heavier neutron-rich region. This article reviews the exotic structures and dynamics that emerge in weakly bound unstable nuclei, highlighting their deep impacts on several key interdisciplinary fields. Additionally, it outlines prospects for future exploration of the heavier neutron-rich region.","PeriodicalId":19024,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Physics","volume":"7 1","pages":"21-37"},"PeriodicalIF":44.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142939471","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-21DOI: 10.1038/s42254-024-00781-6
Maayan Vizner Stern, Simon Salleh Atri, Moshe Ben Shalom
Compared with electronic phase transitions, structural phase transitions of crystals are challenging to control owing to the energy cost of breaking dense solid bonds. Recently, electric field switching of stacking configuration between honeycomb layers, held together by relatively weak van der Waals attractions, has been demonstrated. Different structural configurations — or polytypes — of 2D van der Waals materials host diverse electronic orders such as intrinsic polarizations and magnetism. In this Perspective, we discuss stacking energies, symmetries and orbital overlaps that underlie the band structures and internal charge distributions of these polytypes and their effect on properties such as interfacial ferroelectricity, ladder-like cumulative polarization, superconductivity and orbital magnetic orders. We also identify the challenges of harnessing these switching mechanisms for rapid, local and practical multiferroic devices. van der Waals polytypes are a class of periodic crystals that differ in their stacking configurations and can transform from one to another by discrete interlayer shifts. This Perspective discusses recent reports of the properties, structural stabilities and switching responses of polytypes and highlights challenges towards multiferroic opportunities.
{"title":"Sliding van der Waals polytypes","authors":"Maayan Vizner Stern, Simon Salleh Atri, Moshe Ben Shalom","doi":"10.1038/s42254-024-00781-6","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s42254-024-00781-6","url":null,"abstract":"Compared with electronic phase transitions, structural phase transitions of crystals are challenging to control owing to the energy cost of breaking dense solid bonds. Recently, electric field switching of stacking configuration between honeycomb layers, held together by relatively weak van der Waals attractions, has been demonstrated. Different structural configurations — or polytypes — of 2D van der Waals materials host diverse electronic orders such as intrinsic polarizations and magnetism. In this Perspective, we discuss stacking energies, symmetries and orbital overlaps that underlie the band structures and internal charge distributions of these polytypes and their effect on properties such as interfacial ferroelectricity, ladder-like cumulative polarization, superconductivity and orbital magnetic orders. We also identify the challenges of harnessing these switching mechanisms for rapid, local and practical multiferroic devices. van der Waals polytypes are a class of periodic crystals that differ in their stacking configurations and can transform from one to another by discrete interlayer shifts. This Perspective discusses recent reports of the properties, structural stabilities and switching responses of polytypes and highlights challenges towards multiferroic opportunities.","PeriodicalId":19024,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Physics","volume":"7 1","pages":"50-61"},"PeriodicalIF":44.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142939458","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-20DOI: 10.1038/s42254-024-00789-y
May Chiao
With its capability to observe faint objects from the distant past, JWST is discovering objects that were thought to be rare; for example, compact objects that appear as little red dots are more than they seem.
{"title":"JWST sees little red dots","authors":"May Chiao","doi":"10.1038/s42254-024-00789-y","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s42254-024-00789-y","url":null,"abstract":"With its capability to observe faint objects from the distant past, JWST is discovering objects that were thought to be rare; for example, compact objects that appear as little red dots are more than they seem.","PeriodicalId":19024,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Physics","volume":"6 12","pages":"713-713"},"PeriodicalIF":44.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142762966","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-20DOI: 10.1038/s42254-024-00790-5
May Chiao
Trained as a particle physicist, Yangyang Cheng now works as a researcher on the history of science in China and US–China relations. She contextualizes the current tensions between the two superpowers.
{"title":"US–China relations in a historical context","authors":"May Chiao","doi":"10.1038/s42254-024-00790-5","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s42254-024-00790-5","url":null,"abstract":"Trained as a particle physicist, Yangyang Cheng now works as a researcher on the history of science in China and US–China relations. She contextualizes the current tensions between the two superpowers.","PeriodicalId":19024,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Physics","volume":"6 12","pages":"710-711"},"PeriodicalIF":44.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142762931","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-14DOI: 10.1038/s42254-024-00785-2
Alison Wright
{"title":"W boson mass is worth the wait","authors":"Alison Wright","doi":"10.1038/s42254-024-00785-2","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s42254-024-00785-2","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19024,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Physics","volume":"6 12","pages":"717-717"},"PeriodicalIF":44.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142762912","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-12DOI: 10.1038/s42254-024-00783-4
Nina Baker, Graeme Gooday, Eleanor Peters
On the centenary of the founding of the Electrical Association for Women , three historians of science and technology reflect on the impact of bringing physics literacy into our daily lives.
{"title":"How promoting domestic electricity became physics outreach","authors":"Nina Baker, Graeme Gooday, Eleanor Peters","doi":"10.1038/s42254-024-00783-4","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s42254-024-00783-4","url":null,"abstract":"On the centenary of the founding of the Electrical Association for Women , three historians of science and technology reflect on the impact of bringing physics literacy into our daily lives.","PeriodicalId":19024,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Physics","volume":"6 12","pages":"708-709"},"PeriodicalIF":44.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142762905","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-11DOI: 10.1038/s42254-024-00775-4
Jared Rovny, Sarang Gopalakrishnan, Ania C. Bleszynski Jayich, Patrick Maletinsky, Eugene Demler, Nathalie P. de Leon
Nitrogen vacancy (NV) centre quantum sensors provide unique opportunities in studying condensed matter systems, as they are quantitative, non-invasive, physically robust, offer nanoscale resolution and may be used across a wide range of temperatures. These properties have been exploited in recent years to obtain nanoscale resolution measurements of static magnetic fields arising from spin order and current flow in condensed matter systems. Compared with other nanoscale magnetic-field sensors, NV centres have the advantage that they can probe quantities that go beyond average magnetic fields. Leveraging techniques from magnetic resonance, NV centres can perform high-precision noise sensing and have given access to diverse systems, such as fluctuating electrical currents in simple metals and graphene, as well as magnetic dynamics in yttrium iron garnet. In this Technical Review, we provide an overview of NV sensing platforms and modalities and discuss the connections between specific NV measurements and important physical characteristics in condensed matter, such as correlation functions and order parameters, that are inaccessible by other techniques. We conclude with our perspectives on the new insights that may be opened up by NV sensing in condensed matter. Nitrogen vacancy centre quantum sensors are quantitative, non-invasive and physically robust probes of condensed matter systems that offer nanoscale resolution across a wide range of temperatures. This Technical Review discusses the connections between NV measurements and important physical characteristics in condensed matter.
{"title":"Nanoscale diamond quantum sensors for many-body physics","authors":"Jared Rovny, Sarang Gopalakrishnan, Ania C. Bleszynski Jayich, Patrick Maletinsky, Eugene Demler, Nathalie P. de Leon","doi":"10.1038/s42254-024-00775-4","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s42254-024-00775-4","url":null,"abstract":"Nitrogen vacancy (NV) centre quantum sensors provide unique opportunities in studying condensed matter systems, as they are quantitative, non-invasive, physically robust, offer nanoscale resolution and may be used across a wide range of temperatures. These properties have been exploited in recent years to obtain nanoscale resolution measurements of static magnetic fields arising from spin order and current flow in condensed matter systems. Compared with other nanoscale magnetic-field sensors, NV centres have the advantage that they can probe quantities that go beyond average magnetic fields. Leveraging techniques from magnetic resonance, NV centres can perform high-precision noise sensing and have given access to diverse systems, such as fluctuating electrical currents in simple metals and graphene, as well as magnetic dynamics in yttrium iron garnet. In this Technical Review, we provide an overview of NV sensing platforms and modalities and discuss the connections between specific NV measurements and important physical characteristics in condensed matter, such as correlation functions and order parameters, that are inaccessible by other techniques. We conclude with our perspectives on the new insights that may be opened up by NV sensing in condensed matter. Nitrogen vacancy centre quantum sensors are quantitative, non-invasive and physically robust probes of condensed matter systems that offer nanoscale resolution across a wide range of temperatures. This Technical Review discusses the connections between NV measurements and important physical characteristics in condensed matter.","PeriodicalId":19024,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Physics","volume":"6 12","pages":"753-768"},"PeriodicalIF":44.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142762973","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-11DOI: 10.1038/s42254-024-00776-3
Annalisa Bracco, Julien Brajard, Henk A. Dijkstra, Pedram Hassanzadeh, Christian Lessig, Claire Monteleoni
Climate science has been revolutionized by the combined effects of an exponential growth in computing power, which has enabled more sophisticated and higher-resolution simulations to be made of the climate system, and an exponential increase in observations since the first weather satellite was put in orbit. Big data and associated algorithms, coalesced under the field of machine learning (ML), offer the opportunity to study the physics of the climate system in ways, and with an amount of detail, that were previously infeasible. Additionally, ML can ask causal questions to determine whether one or more variables cause or affect one or more outcomes and improve prediction skills beyond classical limits. Furthermore, when paired with modelling experiments or robust research on model parameterizations, ML can accelerate computations, increasing accuracy and generating very large ensembles with a fraction of the computational cost of traditional systems. In this Review, we outline the accomplishments of ML in climate physics. We discuss how ML has been used to tackle long-standing problems in the reconstruction of observational data, representation of sub-grid-scale phenomena and climate (and weather) prediction. Finally, we consider the benefits and major challenges of exploiting ML in studying complex systems. Artificial intelligence techniques, specifically machine learning, are being increasingly applied to climate physics owing to the growing availability of big data and increasing computational power. This Review focuses on key results obtained with machine learning in reconstruction, sub-grid-scale parameterization, and weather or climate prediction.
{"title":"Machine learning for the physics of climate","authors":"Annalisa Bracco, Julien Brajard, Henk A. Dijkstra, Pedram Hassanzadeh, Christian Lessig, Claire Monteleoni","doi":"10.1038/s42254-024-00776-3","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s42254-024-00776-3","url":null,"abstract":"Climate science has been revolutionized by the combined effects of an exponential growth in computing power, which has enabled more sophisticated and higher-resolution simulations to be made of the climate system, and an exponential increase in observations since the first weather satellite was put in orbit. Big data and associated algorithms, coalesced under the field of machine learning (ML), offer the opportunity to study the physics of the climate system in ways, and with an amount of detail, that were previously infeasible. Additionally, ML can ask causal questions to determine whether one or more variables cause or affect one or more outcomes and improve prediction skills beyond classical limits. Furthermore, when paired with modelling experiments or robust research on model parameterizations, ML can accelerate computations, increasing accuracy and generating very large ensembles with a fraction of the computational cost of traditional systems. In this Review, we outline the accomplishments of ML in climate physics. We discuss how ML has been used to tackle long-standing problems in the reconstruction of observational data, representation of sub-grid-scale phenomena and climate (and weather) prediction. Finally, we consider the benefits and major challenges of exploiting ML in studying complex systems. Artificial intelligence techniques, specifically machine learning, are being increasingly applied to climate physics owing to the growing availability of big data and increasing computational power. This Review focuses on key results obtained with machine learning in reconstruction, sub-grid-scale parameterization, and weather or climate prediction.","PeriodicalId":19024,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Physics","volume":"7 1","pages":"6-20"},"PeriodicalIF":44.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142939475","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
After decades of improvements in cooling techniques of several atomic species and in finding methods for the achievement of stable quantum mixtures, the field is now ready for an extensive use of such a versatile experimental platform for the investigation of various physical problems. Among them, relevant examples are the dynamics of impurities in a quantum gas, the miscibility condition of different gases, the study of exotic topological structures, the interplay between magnetism and superfluidity, the formation of artificial molecules or new few-body states. We illustrate the differences among possible quantum mixtures — whether homonuclear spin mixtures or heteronuclear ones — and show how they can be exploited to investigate a plethora of topics from the few-body to the many-body regime. In particular, we discuss quantum mixtures of ultracold gases under three different perspectives: systems made of a few atoms of different kinds, single impurities immersed in a host quantum gas and quantum mixtures of two interacting gases. We restrict the discussion to single harmonic or flat traps, predominantly in a 3D configuration. A selection of results on recent experiments and possible interesting future directions are given. Three-dimensional, quantum mixtures of ultracold gases of neutral atoms are ideal platforms for probing the physics of many-body systems because the interparticle interactions can be fine-tuned externally. This Review introduces a range of active topics under investigation: topological defects, the interplay of superconductivity and magnetism, novel few-body states and more.
{"title":"Quantum mixtures of ultracold gases of neutral atoms","authors":"Cosetta Baroni, Giacomo Lamporesi, Matteo Zaccanti","doi":"10.1038/s42254-024-00773-6","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s42254-024-00773-6","url":null,"abstract":"After decades of improvements in cooling techniques of several atomic species and in finding methods for the achievement of stable quantum mixtures, the field is now ready for an extensive use of such a versatile experimental platform for the investigation of various physical problems. Among them, relevant examples are the dynamics of impurities in a quantum gas, the miscibility condition of different gases, the study of exotic topological structures, the interplay between magnetism and superfluidity, the formation of artificial molecules or new few-body states. We illustrate the differences among possible quantum mixtures — whether homonuclear spin mixtures or heteronuclear ones — and show how they can be exploited to investigate a plethora of topics from the few-body to the many-body regime. In particular, we discuss quantum mixtures of ultracold gases under three different perspectives: systems made of a few atoms of different kinds, single impurities immersed in a host quantum gas and quantum mixtures of two interacting gases. We restrict the discussion to single harmonic or flat traps, predominantly in a 3D configuration. A selection of results on recent experiments and possible interesting future directions are given. Three-dimensional, quantum mixtures of ultracold gases of neutral atoms are ideal platforms for probing the physics of many-body systems because the interparticle interactions can be fine-tuned externally. This Review introduces a range of active topics under investigation: topological defects, the interplay of superconductivity and magnetism, novel few-body states and more.","PeriodicalId":19024,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Physics","volume":"6 12","pages":"736-752"},"PeriodicalIF":44.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142762971","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-04DOI: 10.1038/s42254-024-00779-0
Many physicists are sceptical of hype, but there are also benefits to envisioning the future possibilities enabled by science. We explore the need for scientists to engage with visionary rhetoric.
{"title":"Science should inspire, but visions need nuance","authors":"","doi":"10.1038/s42254-024-00779-0","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s42254-024-00779-0","url":null,"abstract":"Many physicists are sceptical of hype, but there are also benefits to envisioning the future possibilities enabled by science. We explore the need for scientists to engage with visionary rhetoric.","PeriodicalId":19024,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Physics","volume":"6 11","pages":"639-639"},"PeriodicalIF":44.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s42254-024-00779-0.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142579824","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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