Pub Date : 2026-01-08DOI: 10.1038/s42254-025-00913-6
Review articles often celebrate the wins of a research field, but they can also play a crucial role in highlighting limitations to bring realistic opportunities into focus.
{"title":"Let’s talk about limitations","authors":"","doi":"10.1038/s42254-025-00913-6","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s42254-025-00913-6","url":null,"abstract":"Review articles often celebrate the wins of a research field, but they can also play a crucial role in highlighting limitations to bring realistic opportunities into focus.","PeriodicalId":19024,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Physics","volume":"8 1","pages":"1-1"},"PeriodicalIF":39.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.comhttps://www.nature.com/articles/s42254-025-00913-6.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145916064","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-05DOI: 10.1038/s42254-025-00912-7
May Chiao
Kelly Fast, Acting Planetary Defense Officer for NASA, describes the global network working to detect and assess asteroids that could potentially threaten Earth.
美国国家航空航天局代理行星防御官凯利·法斯特描述了探测和评估可能威胁地球的小行星的全球网络。
{"title":"Inside the International Asteroid Warning Network","authors":"May Chiao","doi":"10.1038/s42254-025-00912-7","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s42254-025-00912-7","url":null,"abstract":"Kelly Fast, Acting Planetary Defense Officer for NASA, describes the global network working to detect and assess asteroids that could potentially threaten Earth.","PeriodicalId":19024,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Physics","volume":"8 2","pages":"66-67"},"PeriodicalIF":39.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146148335","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-16DOI: 10.1038/s42254-025-00897-3
J. Albrecht, J. Becker Tjus, N. Behling, J. Blazek, M. Bleicher, J. Boelhauve, L. Cazon, R. Conceição, H. Dembinski, L. Dietrich, J. Ebr, J. Ellbracht, R. Engel, A. Fedynitch, M. Fieg, M. V. Garzelli, C. Gaudu, G. Graziani, P. Gutjahr, A. Haungs, T. Huege, K. Hymon, M. Hünnefeld, K.-H. Kampert, L. Kardum, L. Kolk, N. Korneeva, K. Kröninger, A. Maire, H. Menjo, L. Morejon, S. Ostapchenko, P. Paakkinen, T. Pierog, P. Plotko, A. Prosekin, L. Pyras, T. Pöschl, J. Rautenberg, M. Reininghaus, W. Rhode, F. Riehn, M. Roth, A. Sandrock, I. Sarcevic, M. Schmelling, G. Sigl, T. Sjöstrand, D. Soldin, M. Unger, M. Utheim, J. Vícha, K. Werner, M. E. Windau, V. Zhukov
In high-energy and astroparticle physics, event generators have an essential role, even in the simplest data analyses. Physical processes occurring in hadronic collisions are simulated within a Monte Carlo framework but a major challenge remains modelling of hadron dynamics at low momentum transfer, which includes the initial and final phases of every hadronic collision. Phenomenological models inspired by quantum chromodynamics used for these phases cannot guarantee completeness or correctness over the full phase space. These models usually include parameters which must be tuned to suitable experimental data. Until now, event generators have primarily been developed and tuned based on data from high-energy physics experiments at accelerators. However, in many cases, they have been found to not satisfactorily describe data from astroparticle experiments, which provide sensitivity especially to hadrons produced nearly parallel to the collision axis and cover centre-of-mass energies up to several hundred tera-electronvolts, well beyond those reached at colliders so far. Here, we address the complementarity of these two sets of data and present a roadmap for a unified tuning of event generators with accelerator-based and astroparticle data. Event generators are used to simulate and describe hadronic collisions in accelerator experiments, but often struggle to describe data from astroparticle experiments that probe hadronic collisions at extreme energies. This Review highlights the complementarity between accelerator and astroparticle experiments that can be exploited, to gain new insights into the nature of hadronic collisions and increase model accuracy across both domains.
{"title":"Global tuning of hadronic interaction models with accelerator-based and astroparticle data","authors":"J. Albrecht, J. Becker Tjus, N. Behling, J. Blazek, M. Bleicher, J. Boelhauve, L. Cazon, R. Conceição, H. Dembinski, L. Dietrich, J. Ebr, J. Ellbracht, R. Engel, A. Fedynitch, M. Fieg, M. V. Garzelli, C. Gaudu, G. Graziani, P. Gutjahr, A. Haungs, T. Huege, K. Hymon, M. Hünnefeld, K.-H. Kampert, L. Kardum, L. Kolk, N. Korneeva, K. Kröninger, A. Maire, H. Menjo, L. Morejon, S. Ostapchenko, P. Paakkinen, T. Pierog, P. Plotko, A. Prosekin, L. Pyras, T. Pöschl, J. Rautenberg, M. Reininghaus, W. Rhode, F. Riehn, M. Roth, A. Sandrock, I. Sarcevic, M. Schmelling, G. Sigl, T. Sjöstrand, D. Soldin, M. Unger, M. Utheim, J. Vícha, K. Werner, M. E. Windau, V. Zhukov","doi":"10.1038/s42254-025-00897-3","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s42254-025-00897-3","url":null,"abstract":"In high-energy and astroparticle physics, event generators have an essential role, even in the simplest data analyses. Physical processes occurring in hadronic collisions are simulated within a Monte Carlo framework but a major challenge remains modelling of hadron dynamics at low momentum transfer, which includes the initial and final phases of every hadronic collision. Phenomenological models inspired by quantum chromodynamics used for these phases cannot guarantee completeness or correctness over the full phase space. These models usually include parameters which must be tuned to suitable experimental data. Until now, event generators have primarily been developed and tuned based on data from high-energy physics experiments at accelerators. However, in many cases, they have been found to not satisfactorily describe data from astroparticle experiments, which provide sensitivity especially to hadrons produced nearly parallel to the collision axis and cover centre-of-mass energies up to several hundred tera-electronvolts, well beyond those reached at colliders so far. Here, we address the complementarity of these two sets of data and present a roadmap for a unified tuning of event generators with accelerator-based and astroparticle data. Event generators are used to simulate and describe hadronic collisions in accelerator experiments, but often struggle to describe data from astroparticle experiments that probe hadronic collisions at extreme energies. This Review highlights the complementarity between accelerator and astroparticle experiments that can be exploited, to gain new insights into the nature of hadronic collisions and increase model accuracy across both domains.","PeriodicalId":19024,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Physics","volume":"8 2","pages":"98-114"},"PeriodicalIF":39.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146148370","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-12DOI: 10.1038/s42254-025-00908-3
Josephine Hunout, Shey Dylan Lovett, Jessica Wade, Isabella von Holstein
Quantum education in the UK is fragmented and poorly advertised. Raising awareness of available training and career pathways will expand and strengthen the quantum workforce and is essential to meeting national quantum ambitions.
{"title":"Quantum training in the UK needs better visibility","authors":"Josephine Hunout, Shey Dylan Lovett, Jessica Wade, Isabella von Holstein","doi":"10.1038/s42254-025-00908-3","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s42254-025-00908-3","url":null,"abstract":"Quantum education in the UK is fragmented and poorly advertised. Raising awareness of available training and career pathways will expand and strengthen the quantum workforce and is essential to meeting national quantum ambitions.","PeriodicalId":19024,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Physics","volume":"8 1","pages":"2-4"},"PeriodicalIF":39.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145916059","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-12DOI: 10.1038/s42254-025-00898-2
Pascal Puphal, Thomas Schäfer, Bernhard Keimer, Matthias Hepting
Superconducting nickelates have emerged as a new platform for exploring unconventional superconductivity and correlated-electron phenomena. Although predicted for Ni-based systems decades ago, superconductivity was only observed in 2019 in infinite-layer nickelate thin films. More recently, superconductivity with transition temperatures exceeding 80 K was discovered in Ruddlesden–Popper nickelates under high pressure. Despite these advances, both nickelate classes face major experimental challenges in synthesis and sample quality, which limits the application of various experimental techniques needed for a comprehensive understanding of the nature of their superconductivity. In this Review, we summarize recent progress in research on infinite-layer and Ruddlesden–Popper nickelates as well as their structural subcategories, outlining the theoretical foundations and key experimental findings on their electronic and magnetic properties. Additionally, we discuss the major synthesis challenges, identify open questions and future research directions and compare nickelates with other unconventional superconductors, including cuprates and iron pnictides. Nickelates have recently joined the cuprates and iron pnictides as unconventional superconductors with transition temperatures above 80 K. This Review looks for their shared superconducting mechanisms for building a coherent theoretical framework.
{"title":"Superconductivity in infinite-layer and Ruddlesden–Popper nickelates","authors":"Pascal Puphal, Thomas Schäfer, Bernhard Keimer, Matthias Hepting","doi":"10.1038/s42254-025-00898-2","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s42254-025-00898-2","url":null,"abstract":"Superconducting nickelates have emerged as a new platform for exploring unconventional superconductivity and correlated-electron phenomena. Although predicted for Ni-based systems decades ago, superconductivity was only observed in 2019 in infinite-layer nickelate thin films. More recently, superconductivity with transition temperatures exceeding 80 K was discovered in Ruddlesden–Popper nickelates under high pressure. Despite these advances, both nickelate classes face major experimental challenges in synthesis and sample quality, which limits the application of various experimental techniques needed for a comprehensive understanding of the nature of their superconductivity. In this Review, we summarize recent progress in research on infinite-layer and Ruddlesden–Popper nickelates as well as their structural subcategories, outlining the theoretical foundations and key experimental findings on their electronic and magnetic properties. Additionally, we discuss the major synthesis challenges, identify open questions and future research directions and compare nickelates with other unconventional superconductors, including cuprates and iron pnictides. Nickelates have recently joined the cuprates and iron pnictides as unconventional superconductors with transition temperatures above 80 K. This Review looks for their shared superconducting mechanisms for building a coherent theoretical framework.","PeriodicalId":19024,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Physics","volume":"8 2","pages":"70-85"},"PeriodicalIF":39.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146148382","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-05DOI: 10.1038/s42254-025-00896-4
Yi Cui (, ), Zewen Zhang, Robert Sinclair, Wah Chiu, Yi Cui (, )
In the life sciences, cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM) has revolutionized structure determination by providing atomic-resolution structures of biomolecules in their native environment and in multiple conformational states. The applications of cryo-EM techniques have been extended from structural biology, which mainly focuses on structural information, to materials science, where chemical and physical information are equally important. In this Technical Review, we focus on sample preparation methods and imaging strategies to enable high-resolution imaging of beam-sensitive materials while avoiding electron-beam damage. We also survey emerging methods and applications, with an emphasis on energy materials. This Technical Review highlights advances in cryo-electron microscopy for materials science, covering sample preparation, low-dose imaging and analytical scanning transmission electron microscopy techniques. It discusses strategies to mitigate electron-beam damage and enable high-resolution 2D and 3D imaging of beam-sensitive energy materials.
{"title":"Cryogenic electron microscopy and tomography for beam-sensitive materials","authors":"Yi Cui \u0000 (, ), Zewen Zhang, Robert Sinclair, Wah Chiu, Yi Cui \u0000 (, )","doi":"10.1038/s42254-025-00896-4","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s42254-025-00896-4","url":null,"abstract":"In the life sciences, cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM) has revolutionized structure determination by providing atomic-resolution structures of biomolecules in their native environment and in multiple conformational states. The applications of cryo-EM techniques have been extended from structural biology, which mainly focuses on structural information, to materials science, where chemical and physical information are equally important. In this Technical Review, we focus on sample preparation methods and imaging strategies to enable high-resolution imaging of beam-sensitive materials while avoiding electron-beam damage. We also survey emerging methods and applications, with an emphasis on energy materials. This Technical Review highlights advances in cryo-electron microscopy for materials science, covering sample preparation, low-dose imaging and analytical scanning transmission electron microscopy techniques. It discusses strategies to mitigate electron-beam damage and enable high-resolution 2D and 3D imaging of beam-sensitive energy materials.","PeriodicalId":19024,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Physics","volume":"8 1","pages":"40-54"},"PeriodicalIF":39.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145916057","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-03DOI: 10.1038/s42254-025-00910-9
Rebekah Higgitt
Over its 350 years of history, the establishment and evolution of the Royal Observatory, Greenwich, reflects the history of scientific institutions in Britain.
在其350年的历史中，格林威治皇家天文台的建立和演变反映了英国科学机构的历史。
{"title":"The Royal Observatory, Greenwich, and government-funded science","authors":"Rebekah Higgitt","doi":"10.1038/s42254-025-00910-9","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s42254-025-00910-9","url":null,"abstract":"Over its 350 years of history, the establishment and evolution of the Royal Observatory, Greenwich, reflects the history of scientific institutions in Britain.","PeriodicalId":19024,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Physics","volume":"8 1","pages":"5-6"},"PeriodicalIF":39.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145916061","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-03DOI: 10.1038/s42254-025-00903-8
Omokhuwele Umoru
Omokhuwele Umoru explains how generative adversarial networks can help to predict the phases of high-entropy alloys.
Omokhuwele Umoru解释了生成对抗网络如何帮助预测高熵合金的相。
{"title":"Predicting high-entropy alloy phases with machine learning","authors":"Omokhuwele Umoru","doi":"10.1038/s42254-025-00903-8","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s42254-025-00903-8","url":null,"abstract":"Omokhuwele Umoru explains how generative adversarial networks can help to predict the phases of high-entropy alloys.","PeriodicalId":19024,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Physics","volume":"8 2","pages":"68-68"},"PeriodicalIF":39.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146148337","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-02DOI: 10.1038/s42254-025-00904-7
As we close our seventh volume, we reflect on some of the highlights of the year.
在我们结束第七卷时，我们回顾了今年的一些亮点。
{"title":"2025 at Nature Reviews Physics","authors":"","doi":"10.1038/s42254-025-00904-7","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s42254-025-00904-7","url":null,"abstract":"As we close our seventh volume, we reflect on some of the highlights of the year.","PeriodicalId":19024,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Physics","volume":"7 12","pages":"671-671"},"PeriodicalIF":39.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.comhttps://www.nature.com/articles/s42254-025-00904-7.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145652862","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-02DOI: 10.1038/s42254-025-00893-7
Dominik Kraus, Thomas R. Preston, Ulf Zastrau
‘If you can measure it, it is not warm dense matter, and if you can compute it, it is not warm dense matter’ is a tongue-in-cheek aphorism for the peculiar state of matter between condensed matter and hot plasma. It is present in the interior of large planets, in small stars and transiently in inertial confinement fusion concepts. Owing to substantial developments in theoretical methods, computational capabilities and new experimental infrastructures, this definition has now become outdated. Hard X-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs) have proven an especially useful tool to advance the understanding of warm dense matter by allowing precision measurements that can benchmark atomistic simulations and macroscopic models with high resolution in space and time. In this Review, we provide an overview of experimental techniques and summarize the past decade of XFEL research on warm dense matter, which has been dominated by proof-of-principle experiments. Looking forward, we provide an outline of ongoing and expected facility developments in the context of prominent science goals, ranging from astrophysics to new high-performance materials and fusion energy. Warm dense matter — the peculiar state between condensed matter and hot plasma — can be studied with exceptional detail at X-ray free-electron laser facilities. This Review summarizes pioneering experiments and discusses the perspectives for the near and mid-term future.
{"title":"Warm dense matter studies with X-ray free-electron lasers","authors":"Dominik Kraus, Thomas R. Preston, Ulf Zastrau","doi":"10.1038/s42254-025-00893-7","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s42254-025-00893-7","url":null,"abstract":"‘If you can measure it, it is not warm dense matter, and if you can compute it, it is not warm dense matter’ is a tongue-in-cheek aphorism for the peculiar state of matter between condensed matter and hot plasma. It is present in the interior of large planets, in small stars and transiently in inertial confinement fusion concepts. Owing to substantial developments in theoretical methods, computational capabilities and new experimental infrastructures, this definition has now become outdated. Hard X-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs) have proven an especially useful tool to advance the understanding of warm dense matter by allowing precision measurements that can benchmark atomistic simulations and macroscopic models with high resolution in space and time. In this Review, we provide an overview of experimental techniques and summarize the past decade of XFEL research on warm dense matter, which has been dominated by proof-of-principle experiments. Looking forward, we provide an outline of ongoing and expected facility developments in the context of prominent science goals, ranging from astrophysics to new high-performance materials and fusion energy. Warm dense matter — the peculiar state between condensed matter and hot plasma — can be studied with exceptional detail at X-ray free-electron laser facilities. This Review summarizes pioneering experiments and discusses the perspectives for the near and mid-term future.","PeriodicalId":19024,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Physics","volume":"8 1","pages":"27-39"},"PeriodicalIF":39.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145916063","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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