Pub Date : 2024-09-30DOI: 10.1038/s42254-024-00766-5
Yihong Du, Enrico Calzavarini, Chao Sun
Ice in the environment plays a central role in both global-scale processes on Earth and many human activities. Issues related to its description, including the modelling of natural ice dynamics from the smallest to the largest scales, are of great importance. In the natural environment, melting or freezing processes are typically coupled to those of fluid flows. Therefore, the interplay between fluid mechanics and phase-change thermodynamics is a highly topical problem. In recent years, fluid–ice interface problems have been studied via not only field measurements but also laboratory experiments, numerical simulations and theoretical analyses. This Perspective considers the state-of-the-art knowledge of the phenomenology of fluid–ice coupling processes in standardized configurations. These include freezing and melting in thermally stratified natural convection of fresh water, double-diffusive convection and convection in the mushy ice of salty water in confined systems, as well as imposed flows moving along an ice layer or surrounding dispersed ice bodies. It also highlights open questions of geophysical interest that could benefit from fundamental studies with a physical and fluid dynamic approach. The dynamics of water freezing and ice melting in natural environments involves many intricate fluid mechanics processes. To tackle these complexities, examining them in well-controlled laboratory settings proves highly advantageous.
{"title":"The physics of freezing and melting in the presence of flows","authors":"Yihong Du, Enrico Calzavarini, Chao Sun","doi":"10.1038/s42254-024-00766-5","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s42254-024-00766-5","url":null,"abstract":"Ice in the environment plays a central role in both global-scale processes on Earth and many human activities. Issues related to its description, including the modelling of natural ice dynamics from the smallest to the largest scales, are of great importance. In the natural environment, melting or freezing processes are typically coupled to those of fluid flows. Therefore, the interplay between fluid mechanics and phase-change thermodynamics is a highly topical problem. In recent years, fluid–ice interface problems have been studied via not only field measurements but also laboratory experiments, numerical simulations and theoretical analyses. This Perspective considers the state-of-the-art knowledge of the phenomenology of fluid–ice coupling processes in standardized configurations. These include freezing and melting in thermally stratified natural convection of fresh water, double-diffusive convection and convection in the mushy ice of salty water in confined systems, as well as imposed flows moving along an ice layer or surrounding dispersed ice bodies. It also highlights open questions of geophysical interest that could benefit from fundamental studies with a physical and fluid dynamic approach. The dynamics of water freezing and ice melting in natural environments involves many intricate fluid mechanics processes. To tackle these complexities, examining them in well-controlled laboratory settings proves highly advantageous.","PeriodicalId":19024,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Physics","volume":"6 11","pages":"676-690"},"PeriodicalIF":44.8,"publicationDate":"2024-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142579819","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-25DOI: 10.1038/s42254-024-00765-6
The history of particle physics is one of the great scientific stories of the 20th century, and a key player in that story is CERN. As the laboratory celebrates its 70th anniversary, there are challenges ahead.
{"title":"70 years of CERN","authors":"","doi":"10.1038/s42254-024-00765-6","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s42254-024-00765-6","url":null,"abstract":"The history of particle physics is one of the great scientific stories of the 20th century, and a key player in that story is CERN. As the laboratory celebrates its 70th anniversary, there are challenges ahead.","PeriodicalId":19024,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Physics","volume":"6 10","pages":"577-577"},"PeriodicalIF":44.8,"publicationDate":"2024-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s42254-024-00765-6.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142377209","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-23DOI: 10.1038/s42254-024-00763-8
Dino Habibović, Kathryn R. Hamilton, Ofer Neufeld, Laura Rego
Ultrashort laser pulses are unique tools to trigger and probe the fastest charge dynamics in matter, allowing the investigation of fundamental physical phenomena with unprecedented resolution in space, time and energy. One of the most fascinating opportunities that ultrashort pulses offer is the possibility of modulating and investigating symmetries by tailoring the properties of the laser beam in the spatial and polarization domains, effectively controlling symmetry breaking on multiple levels. In particular, this allows the probing of chiral matter and ultrafast chiral dynamics. In recent years, the development of highly sensitive approaches for studying chirality has been a hot topic in physics and chemistry that has developed largely separately from the field of tailored light. This Perspective discusses the individual and joint evolution of these fields, with an emphasis on how the fields have already cross-fertilized, opening new opportunities in science. We outline a future outlook of how the topics are expected to fully merge and mutually evolve, emphasizing open issues. This Perspective explores the potential of using tailored fields to investigate chiral matter and ultrafast chiral dynamics. Light fields with well-defined symmetry properties can open new opportunities for research in chiral light–matter interactions.
{"title":"Emerging tailored light sources for studying chirality and symmetry","authors":"Dino Habibović, Kathryn R. Hamilton, Ofer Neufeld, Laura Rego","doi":"10.1038/s42254-024-00763-8","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s42254-024-00763-8","url":null,"abstract":"Ultrashort laser pulses are unique tools to trigger and probe the fastest charge dynamics in matter, allowing the investigation of fundamental physical phenomena with unprecedented resolution in space, time and energy. One of the most fascinating opportunities that ultrashort pulses offer is the possibility of modulating and investigating symmetries by tailoring the properties of the laser beam in the spatial and polarization domains, effectively controlling symmetry breaking on multiple levels. In particular, this allows the probing of chiral matter and ultrafast chiral dynamics. In recent years, the development of highly sensitive approaches for studying chirality has been a hot topic in physics and chemistry that has developed largely separately from the field of tailored light. This Perspective discusses the individual and joint evolution of these fields, with an emphasis on how the fields have already cross-fertilized, opening new opportunities in science. We outline a future outlook of how the topics are expected to fully merge and mutually evolve, emphasizing open issues. This Perspective explores the potential of using tailored fields to investigate chiral matter and ultrafast chiral dynamics. Light fields with well-defined symmetry properties can open new opportunities for research in chiral light–matter interactions.","PeriodicalId":19024,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Physics","volume":"6 11","pages":"663-675"},"PeriodicalIF":44.8,"publicationDate":"2024-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142579813","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-19DOI: 10.1038/s42254-024-00758-5
Oliver Brüning, Max Klein, Stephen Myers, Lucio Rossi
Over the first 70 years of its existence, CERN has created an impressive portfolio of accelerators, many of which are still in operation today. The ‘jewel in the crown’ of the complex is certainly the 27-km tunnel and its infrastructure, built approximately 100 m underground between the Jura mountains and Lake Geneva on the French–Swiss border. In that tunnel, two energy-frontier machines — the Large Electron–Positron Collider and the Large Hadron Collider — have, for the past 35 years, shaped the landscape of high-energy physics. The tunnel could also house future accelerator complexes that have the potential of further defining that landscape for decades to come. CERN marks this year a major anniversary, of 70 years at the forefront of accelerator technology for high-energy physics. The story of its accelerator complex and 27-km tunnel — a major achievement in engineering and physics — is still unfolding.
{"title":"70 years at the high-energy frontier with the CERN accelerator complex","authors":"Oliver Brüning, Max Klein, Stephen Myers, Lucio Rossi","doi":"10.1038/s42254-024-00758-5","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s42254-024-00758-5","url":null,"abstract":"Over the first 70 years of its existence, CERN has created an impressive portfolio of accelerators, many of which are still in operation today. The ‘jewel in the crown’ of the complex is certainly the 27-km tunnel and its infrastructure, built approximately 100 m underground between the Jura mountains and Lake Geneva on the French–Swiss border. In that tunnel, two energy-frontier machines — the Large Electron–Positron Collider and the Large Hadron Collider — have, for the past 35 years, shaped the landscape of high-energy physics. The tunnel could also house future accelerator complexes that have the potential of further defining that landscape for decades to come. CERN marks this year a major anniversary, of 70 years at the forefront of accelerator technology for high-energy physics. The story of its accelerator complex and 27-km tunnel — a major achievement in engineering and physics — is still unfolding.","PeriodicalId":19024,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Physics","volume":"6 10","pages":"628-637"},"PeriodicalIF":44.8,"publicationDate":"2024-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s42254-024-00758-5.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142257068","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-17DOI: 10.1038/s42254-024-00768-3
Alison Wright
20 years ago, the Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to David Gross, Frank Wilczek and David Politzer.
20 年前，诺贝尔物理学奖授予了戴维-格罗斯、弗兰克-威尔切克和戴维-波利策。
{"title":"Nobel 2004: freedom for quarks!","authors":"Alison Wright","doi":"10.1038/s42254-024-00768-3","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s42254-024-00768-3","url":null,"abstract":"20 years ago, the Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to David Gross, Frank Wilczek and David Politzer.","PeriodicalId":19024,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Physics","volume":"6 10","pages":"581-581"},"PeriodicalIF":44.8,"publicationDate":"2024-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142257110","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-17DOI: 10.1038/s42254-024-00762-9
Federica Riti, Philipp Gadow, David Walter, Maria Vieites Diaz, Barbara Maria Latacz, Luigi Dello Stritto, Petar Bokan
Over the past 70 years, CERN’s accelerators and experiments have delivered some remarkable results and discoveries, owing to the efforts of generations of physicists. We asked seven of the new generation — all CERN Fellows, in the early stages of their career — to tell us about some of the milestone achievements in the history of their laboratory.
{"title":"A history of CERN in seven physics milestones","authors":"Federica Riti, Philipp Gadow, David Walter, Maria Vieites Diaz, Barbara Maria Latacz, Luigi Dello Stritto, Petar Bokan","doi":"10.1038/s42254-024-00762-9","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s42254-024-00762-9","url":null,"abstract":"Over the past 70 years, CERN’s accelerators and experiments have delivered some remarkable results and discoveries, owing to the efforts of generations of physicists. We asked seven of the new generation — all CERN Fellows, in the early stages of their career — to tell us about some of the milestone achievements in the history of their laboratory.","PeriodicalId":19024,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Physics","volume":"6 10","pages":"582-586"},"PeriodicalIF":44.8,"publicationDate":"2024-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s42254-024-00762-9.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142257067","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-16DOI: 10.1038/s42254-024-00756-7
Noah Schlossberger, Nikunjkumar Prajapati, Samuel Berweger, Andrew P. Rotunno, Alexandra B. Artusio-Glimpse, Matthew T. Simons, Abrar A. Sheikh, Eric B. Norrgard, Stephen P. Eckel, Christopher L. Holloway
Rydberg states of alkali atoms are highly sensitive to electric fields because their electron wavefunction has a large spatial extent, leading to large polarizabilities for static fields and large transition dipole moments for time-varying fields. Over the past few years, Rydberg atoms have been used as sensitive probes for performing self-calibrated and SI-traceable electric field measurements. In this Technical Review, we introduce and examine the current state of Rydberg atom-based electrometry in room-temperature atomic vapours. We cover the fundamental principles, experimental techniques, recent advancements, and applications of this field, providing a comprehensive resource for researchers interested in utilizing Rydberg atoms for precise electric field measurements. Rydberg atoms are sensitive to radio frequency electric fields, which make them useful as sensors. This Technical Review discusses Rydberg sensors that measure the amplitude and phase of electric fields at frequencies from d.c. to THz, as well as technological applications of these sensors.
碱原子的雷德贝格态对电场高度敏感，因为它们的电子波函数具有很大的空间范围，导致静态电场的极化率很大，而时变电场的过渡偶极矩很大。在过去的几年中，雷德贝格原子已被用作进行自校准和 SI 可追溯电场测量的灵敏探针。在本技术综述中，我们将介绍和研究室温原子蒸汽中基于里德伯原子的电学现状。我们涵盖了这一领域的基本原理、实验技术、最新进展和应用，为有兴趣利用雷德贝格原子进行精确电场测量的研究人员提供了全面的资源。
{"title":"Rydberg states of alkali atoms in atomic vapour as SI-traceable field probes and communications receivers","authors":"Noah Schlossberger, Nikunjkumar Prajapati, Samuel Berweger, Andrew P. Rotunno, Alexandra B. Artusio-Glimpse, Matthew T. Simons, Abrar A. Sheikh, Eric B. Norrgard, Stephen P. Eckel, Christopher L. Holloway","doi":"10.1038/s42254-024-00756-7","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s42254-024-00756-7","url":null,"abstract":"Rydberg states of alkali atoms are highly sensitive to electric fields because their electron wavefunction has a large spatial extent, leading to large polarizabilities for static fields and large transition dipole moments for time-varying fields. Over the past few years, Rydberg atoms have been used as sensitive probes for performing self-calibrated and SI-traceable electric field measurements. In this Technical Review, we introduce and examine the current state of Rydberg atom-based electrometry in room-temperature atomic vapours. We cover the fundamental principles, experimental techniques, recent advancements, and applications of this field, providing a comprehensive resource for researchers interested in utilizing Rydberg atoms for precise electric field measurements. Rydberg atoms are sensitive to radio frequency electric fields, which make them useful as sensors. This Technical Review discusses Rydberg sensors that measure the amplitude and phase of electric fields at frequencies from d.c. to THz, as well as technological applications of these sensors.","PeriodicalId":19024,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Physics","volume":"6 10","pages":"606-620"},"PeriodicalIF":44.8,"publicationDate":"2024-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142257111","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-12DOI: 10.1038/s42254-024-00748-7
Daniel Nettels, Nicola Galvanetto, Miloš T. Ivanović, Mark Nüesch, Tianjin Yang, Benjamin Schuler
Single-molecule spectroscopy is a powerful method for studying the physics of molecular systems, particularly biomolecules, such as proteins and nucleic acids. By avoiding ensemble averaging, single-molecule techniques can resolve structural distributions and fluctuations even for complex and conformationally heterogeneous systems; they also reveal the close link between biological function and the statistical mechanics of the underlying processes. The combination of single-molecule fluorescence detection with Förster resonance energy transfer has become an essential tool for probing biomolecular dynamics on timescales ranging from nanoseconds to days. This Review briefly outlines the state of the art of single-molecule Förster resonance energy transfer spectroscopy and then highlights some of the most important physics-based developments that are expected to further expand the scope of the technique. Key areas of progress include improved time resolution, access to nonequilibrium dynamics and synergies with advances in data analysis and simulations. These developments create new opportunities for attaining a comprehensive understanding of the dynamics and functional mechanisms of biological processes at the nanoscale. The combination of single-molecule fluorescence detection with Förster resonance energy transfer provides a powerful probe of biomolecular dynamics on timescales ranging from nanoseconds to days. This Review outlines single-molecule Förster resonance energy transfer spectroscopy with a focus on dynamics and highlights future developments and enhanced capabilities.
{"title":"Single-molecule FRET for probing nanoscale biomolecular dynamics","authors":"Daniel Nettels, Nicola Galvanetto, Miloš T. Ivanović, Mark Nüesch, Tianjin Yang, Benjamin Schuler","doi":"10.1038/s42254-024-00748-7","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s42254-024-00748-7","url":null,"abstract":"Single-molecule spectroscopy is a powerful method for studying the physics of molecular systems, particularly biomolecules, such as proteins and nucleic acids. By avoiding ensemble averaging, single-molecule techniques can resolve structural distributions and fluctuations even for complex and conformationally heterogeneous systems; they also reveal the close link between biological function and the statistical mechanics of the underlying processes. The combination of single-molecule fluorescence detection with Förster resonance energy transfer has become an essential tool for probing biomolecular dynamics on timescales ranging from nanoseconds to days. This Review briefly outlines the state of the art of single-molecule Förster resonance energy transfer spectroscopy and then highlights some of the most important physics-based developments that are expected to further expand the scope of the technique. Key areas of progress include improved time resolution, access to nonequilibrium dynamics and synergies with advances in data analysis and simulations. These developments create new opportunities for attaining a comprehensive understanding of the dynamics and functional mechanisms of biological processes at the nanoscale. The combination of single-molecule fluorescence detection with Förster resonance energy transfer provides a powerful probe of biomolecular dynamics on timescales ranging from nanoseconds to days. This Review outlines single-molecule Förster resonance energy transfer spectroscopy with a focus on dynamics and highlights future developments and enhanced capabilities.","PeriodicalId":19024,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Physics","volume":"6 10","pages":"587-605"},"PeriodicalIF":44.8,"publicationDate":"2024-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142204023","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-09DOI: 10.1038/s42254-024-00754-9
Terrance Barkan, Chirag R. Ratwani, Dexter Johnson, Kishan Thodkar, Cary Hill
20 years on from the isolation of graphene, over 150,000 graphene-related patents have been filed. Yet despite early promises of integration into semiconducting and photonic devices, the biggest applications to date have been in energy storage and polymers. This article analyses graphene commercialization over the past two decades and discusses the role of graphene in applications towards net-zero carbon.
{"title":"Mapping the landscape for graphene commercialization","authors":"Terrance Barkan, Chirag R. Ratwani, Dexter Johnson, Kishan Thodkar, Cary Hill","doi":"10.1038/s42254-024-00754-9","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s42254-024-00754-9","url":null,"abstract":"20 years on from the isolation of graphene, over 150,000 graphene-related patents have been filed. Yet despite early promises of integration into semiconducting and photonic devices, the biggest applications to date have been in energy storage and polymers. This article analyses graphene commercialization over the past two decades and discusses the role of graphene in applications towards net-zero carbon.","PeriodicalId":19024,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Physics","volume":"6 11","pages":"646-647"},"PeriodicalIF":44.8,"publicationDate":"2024-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142204024","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-05DOI: 10.1038/s42254-024-00761-w
Zoe Budrikis
A paper in Royal Society Open Science presents an Ising-like model to describe changes in land use.
英国皇家学会《开放科学》上的一篇论文提出了一个类似 Ising 的模型来描述土地利用的变化。
{"title":"A model for changing land use","authors":"Zoe Budrikis","doi":"10.1038/s42254-024-00761-w","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s42254-024-00761-w","url":null,"abstract":"A paper in Royal Society Open Science presents an Ising-like model to describe changes in land use.","PeriodicalId":19024,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Physics","volume":"6 9","pages":"534-534"},"PeriodicalIF":44.8,"publicationDate":"2024-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142137885","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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