Pub Date : 2024-01-09DOI: 10.1038/s42254-023-00683-z
As Nature Reviews Physics reaches its fifth birthday, we celebrate just how much high-quality content we have published so far, thanks to our authors, referees, in-house team and readers.
{"title":"Nature Reviews Physics turns five","authors":"","doi":"10.1038/s42254-023-00683-z","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s42254-023-00683-z","url":null,"abstract":"As Nature Reviews Physics reaches its fifth birthday, we celebrate just how much high-quality content we have published so far, thanks to our authors, referees, in-house team and readers.","PeriodicalId":19024,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Physics","volume":"6 1","pages":"1-1"},"PeriodicalIF":38.5,"publicationDate":"2024-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s42254-023-00683-z.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139406991","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-08DOI: 10.1038/s42254-023-00676-y
Oriol Artime, Marco Grassia, Manlio De Domenico, James P. Gleeson, Hernán A. Makse, Giuseppe Mangioni, Matjaž Perc, Filippo Radicchi
Complex networks are ubiquitous: a cell, the human brain, a group of people and the Internet are all examples of interconnected many-body systems characterized by macroscopic properties that cannot be trivially deduced from those of their microscopic constituents. Such systems are exposed to both internal, localized, failures and external disturbances or perturbations. Owing to their interconnected structure, complex systems might be severely degraded, to the point of disintegration or systemic dysfunction. Examples include cascading failures, triggered by an initially localized overload in power systems, and the critical slowing downs of ecosystems which can be driven towards extinction. In recent years, this general phenomenon has been investigated by framing localized and systemic failures in terms of perturbations that can alter the function of a system. We capitalize on this mathematical framework to review theoretical and computational approaches to characterize robustness and resilience of complex networks. We discuss recent approaches to mitigate the impact of perturbations in terms of designing robustness, identifying early-warning signals and adapting responses. In terms of applications, we compare the performance of the state-of-the-art dismantling techniques, highlighting their optimal range of applicability for practical problems, and provide a repository with ready-to-use scripts, a much-needed tool set. Complex biological, social and engineering systems operate through intricate connectivity patterns. Understanding their robustness and resilience against disturbances is crucial for applications. This Review addresses systemic breakdown, cascading failures and potential interventions, highlighting the importance of research at the crossroad of statistical physics and machine learning.
{"title":"Robustness and resilience of complex networks","authors":"Oriol Artime, Marco Grassia, Manlio De Domenico, James P. Gleeson, Hernán A. Makse, Giuseppe Mangioni, Matjaž Perc, Filippo Radicchi","doi":"10.1038/s42254-023-00676-y","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s42254-023-00676-y","url":null,"abstract":"Complex networks are ubiquitous: a cell, the human brain, a group of people and the Internet are all examples of interconnected many-body systems characterized by macroscopic properties that cannot be trivially deduced from those of their microscopic constituents. Such systems are exposed to both internal, localized, failures and external disturbances or perturbations. Owing to their interconnected structure, complex systems might be severely degraded, to the point of disintegration or systemic dysfunction. Examples include cascading failures, triggered by an initially localized overload in power systems, and the critical slowing downs of ecosystems which can be driven towards extinction. In recent years, this general phenomenon has been investigated by framing localized and systemic failures in terms of perturbations that can alter the function of a system. We capitalize on this mathematical framework to review theoretical and computational approaches to characterize robustness and resilience of complex networks. We discuss recent approaches to mitigate the impact of perturbations in terms of designing robustness, identifying early-warning signals and adapting responses. In terms of applications, we compare the performance of the state-of-the-art dismantling techniques, highlighting their optimal range of applicability for practical problems, and provide a repository with ready-to-use scripts, a much-needed tool set. Complex biological, social and engineering systems operate through intricate connectivity patterns. Understanding their robustness and resilience against disturbances is crucial for applications. This Review addresses systemic breakdown, cascading failures and potential interventions, highlighting the importance of research at the crossroad of statistical physics and machine learning.","PeriodicalId":19024,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Physics","volume":"6 2","pages":"114-131"},"PeriodicalIF":38.5,"publicationDate":"2024-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139422122","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-08DOI: 10.1038/s42254-023-00685-x
Melis Muradoglu, Sophie H. Arnold, Aashna Poddar, Adam Stanaland, Duygu Yilmaz, Andrei Cimpian
Women and people of colour are underrepresented in physics in many parts of the world, to the detriment of the field. How do academics’ beliefs about the role of ‘brilliance’ in career success contribute to these representation gaps, and what can be done to address them?
{"title":"Why a culture of brilliance is bad for physics","authors":"Melis Muradoglu, Sophie H. Arnold, Aashna Poddar, Adam Stanaland, Duygu Yilmaz, Andrei Cimpian","doi":"10.1038/s42254-023-00685-x","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s42254-023-00685-x","url":null,"abstract":"Women and people of colour are underrepresented in physics in many parts of the world, to the detriment of the field. How do academics’ beliefs about the role of ‘brilliance’ in career success contribute to these representation gaps, and what can be done to address them?","PeriodicalId":19024,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Physics","volume":"6 2","pages":"75-77"},"PeriodicalIF":38.5,"publicationDate":"2024-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139396593","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-08DOI: 10.1038/s42254-024-00687-3
Zoe Budrikis
A paper in Nature Communications reports experiments and simulations of spherical particles that help show how finite numbers of spheres pack in practice.
{"title":"Packing finite numbers of spheres efficiently","authors":"Zoe Budrikis","doi":"10.1038/s42254-024-00687-3","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s42254-024-00687-3","url":null,"abstract":"A paper in Nature Communications reports experiments and simulations of spherical particles that help show how finite numbers of spheres pack in practice.","PeriodicalId":19024,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Physics","volume":"6 2","pages":"82-82"},"PeriodicalIF":38.5,"publicationDate":"2024-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139398628","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Faster Monte Carlo simulations of systems with long-range interactions","authors":"Zoe Budrikis","doi":"10.1038/s42254-024-00686-4","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s42254-024-00686-4","url":null,"abstract":"A paper in Physical Review X reports a new, faster, algorithm for Metropolis Monte Carlo simulations of systems with long-range interactions.","PeriodicalId":19024,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Physics","volume":"6 2","pages":"83-83"},"PeriodicalIF":38.5,"publicationDate":"2024-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139396753","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-13DOI: 10.1038/s42254-023-00679-9
M. Bustamante
The most energetic astrophysical sources in the Milky Way, cosmic accelerators capable of producing high-energy cosmic rays, have resisted discovery for over a century. Up to now, astrophysicists sought these sources mainly by scouring the Galaxy for the gamma rays they are expected to emit. In 2023, the IceCube Neutrino Observatory discovered high-energy neutrinos from the Milky Way, inaugurating a tell-tale stream of evidence of cosmic-ray production and interaction in the Galaxy. In 2023, the IceCube Neutrino Observatory discovered high-energy neutrinos from the Milky Way, an important clue towards understanding the origin of high-energy cosmic rays.
{"title":"The Milky Way shines in high-energy neutrinos","authors":"M. Bustamante","doi":"10.1038/s42254-023-00679-9","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s42254-023-00679-9","url":null,"abstract":"The most energetic astrophysical sources in the Milky Way, cosmic accelerators capable of producing high-energy cosmic rays, have resisted discovery for over a century. Up to now, astrophysicists sought these sources mainly by scouring the Galaxy for the gamma rays they are expected to emit. In 2023, the IceCube Neutrino Observatory discovered high-energy neutrinos from the Milky Way, inaugurating a tell-tale stream of evidence of cosmic-ray production and interaction in the Galaxy. In 2023, the IceCube Neutrino Observatory discovered high-energy neutrinos from the Milky Way, an important clue towards understanding the origin of high-energy cosmic rays.","PeriodicalId":19024,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Physics","volume":"6 1","pages":"8-10"},"PeriodicalIF":38.5,"publicationDate":"2023-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138631233","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-12DOI: 10.1038/s42254-023-00671-3
Paul Somers, Alexander Münchinger, Shoji Maruo, Christophe Moser, Xianfan Xu, Martin Wegener
The goal of 3D printing is to realize complex 3D structures by locally adding material in small volume elements called voxels — in contrast to successively subtracting material by etching, milling or machining. This field started with optics-based proposals in the 1970s. Progress has required breakthroughs in physics, chemistry, materials science, laser science and engineering. This Review focuses on the physics underlying optics-based approaches, including interference lithography, tomographic volumetric additive manufacturing, stereolithography, continuous liquid-interface printing, light-sheet printing, parallelized spatiotemporal focusing and (multi-)focus scanning. Light–matter interactions that are discussed include one-photon, two-photon, multi-photon or cascaded nonlinear optical absorption processes for excitation and stimulated-emission depletion or excited-state absorption followed by reverse intersystem crossing for de-excitation. The future physics challenges lie in further boosting three metrics: spatial resolution, rate of voxel creation and range of available dissimilar material properties. Engineering challenges lie in achieving these metrics in compact, low-cost and low-energy-consumption instruments and in identifying new applications. This Review categorizes the physics of many different light-based 3D printing modalities and expounds on the light–matter interactions required for the creation of (multi-)material 3D structures. An outlook is provided regarding key printing performance parameters and future directions.
{"title":"The physics of 3D printing with light","authors":"Paul Somers, Alexander Münchinger, Shoji Maruo, Christophe Moser, Xianfan Xu, Martin Wegener","doi":"10.1038/s42254-023-00671-3","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s42254-023-00671-3","url":null,"abstract":"The goal of 3D printing is to realize complex 3D structures by locally adding material in small volume elements called voxels — in contrast to successively subtracting material by etching, milling or machining. This field started with optics-based proposals in the 1970s. Progress has required breakthroughs in physics, chemistry, materials science, laser science and engineering. This Review focuses on the physics underlying optics-based approaches, including interference lithography, tomographic volumetric additive manufacturing, stereolithography, continuous liquid-interface printing, light-sheet printing, parallelized spatiotemporal focusing and (multi-)focus scanning. Light–matter interactions that are discussed include one-photon, two-photon, multi-photon or cascaded nonlinear optical absorption processes for excitation and stimulated-emission depletion or excited-state absorption followed by reverse intersystem crossing for de-excitation. The future physics challenges lie in further boosting three metrics: spatial resolution, rate of voxel creation and range of available dissimilar material properties. Engineering challenges lie in achieving these metrics in compact, low-cost and low-energy-consumption instruments and in identifying new applications. This Review categorizes the physics of many different light-based 3D printing modalities and expounds on the light–matter interactions required for the creation of (multi-)material 3D structures. An outlook is provided regarding key printing performance parameters and future directions.","PeriodicalId":19024,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Physics","volume":"6 2","pages":"99-113"},"PeriodicalIF":38.5,"publicationDate":"2023-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138576372","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-11DOI: 10.1038/s42254-023-00668-y
Odile R. Smits, Christoph E. Düllmann, Paul Indelicato, Witold Nazarewicz, Peter Schwerdtfeger
The borders of the periodic table of the elements and of the chart of nuclides are not set in stone. The desire to explore the properties of atoms and their nuclei in a regime of very large numbers of electrons, protons and neutrons has motivated new experimental facilities to create new elements and nuclides at the limits of atomic number and mass. But the small production rates and short lifetimes of superheavy nuclei and their atoms mean that ‘atom-at-a-time’ studies are the only experimental way to probe them. The physical and chemical data obtained so far, augmented by theoretical calculations, indicate significant deviations from extrapolations from lighter elements and isotopes. This situation raises the following question: how much further can one push the limits of the periodic table? In this Review, we describe the major challenges in the field of the superheavy elements and speculate about future directions. Advances in superheavy element studies providing insight into the nuclear and atomic structure and the chemical behaviour of these exotic short-lived systems will help push to the limit of the periodic table of elements and revise the concept of the island of stability.
{"title":"The quest for superheavy elements and the limit of the periodic table","authors":"Odile R. Smits, Christoph E. Düllmann, Paul Indelicato, Witold Nazarewicz, Peter Schwerdtfeger","doi":"10.1038/s42254-023-00668-y","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s42254-023-00668-y","url":null,"abstract":"The borders of the periodic table of the elements and of the chart of nuclides are not set in stone. The desire to explore the properties of atoms and their nuclei in a regime of very large numbers of electrons, protons and neutrons has motivated new experimental facilities to create new elements and nuclides at the limits of atomic number and mass. But the small production rates and short lifetimes of superheavy nuclei and their atoms mean that ‘atom-at-a-time’ studies are the only experimental way to probe them. The physical and chemical data obtained so far, augmented by theoretical calculations, indicate significant deviations from extrapolations from lighter elements and isotopes. This situation raises the following question: how much further can one push the limits of the periodic table? In this Review, we describe the major challenges in the field of the superheavy elements and speculate about future directions. Advances in superheavy element studies providing insight into the nuclear and atomic structure and the chemical behaviour of these exotic short-lived systems will help push to the limit of the periodic table of elements and revise the concept of the island of stability.","PeriodicalId":19024,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Physics","volume":"6 2","pages":"86-98"},"PeriodicalIF":38.5,"publicationDate":"2023-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138576578","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-11DOI: 10.1038/s42254-023-00669-x
Yue Liu, Xufeng Xue, Shiyu Sun, Norio Kobayashi, Yung Su Kim, Jianping Fu
Morphogenetic events during development shape the body plan and establish structural foundations for tissue forms and functions. Acquiring spatiotemporal information of development, especially for humans, is limited by technical and ethical constraints. Thus, both stem cell-based, in vitro development models and theoretical models have been constructed to recapitulate morphogenetic events during development. These in vitro experimental and theoretical models offer accessibility, efficiency and modulability. However, their physiological relevance often remains obscure, owing to their simplistic nature, which obstructs their applicability as faithful and predictive models of natural development. We examine existing in vitro experimental and theoretical models of various developmental events and compare them with the current knowledge of natural development, with particular considerations of biomechanical driving forces and stereotypic morphogenetic features. We highlight state-of-the-art methods used to construct these in vitro models and emphasize the biomechanical and biophysical principles these models have helped unveil. We also discuss challenges faced by the current in vitro experimental and theoretical models and propose how theoretical modelling and in vitro experimental models should be combined with in vivo studies to advance fundamental understanding of development. Beyond in vivo models, stem cell-based in vitro models and theoretical models of morphogenesis have been constructed to recapitulate morphogenetic events during embryo development with heightened quantitative specificity. This Review discusses the accomplishments, challenges and opportunities of these models in promoting knowledge of mammalian development, including human development.
{"title":"Morphogenesis beyond in vivo","authors":"Yue Liu, Xufeng Xue, Shiyu Sun, Norio Kobayashi, Yung Su Kim, Jianping Fu","doi":"10.1038/s42254-023-00669-x","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s42254-023-00669-x","url":null,"abstract":"Morphogenetic events during development shape the body plan and establish structural foundations for tissue forms and functions. Acquiring spatiotemporal information of development, especially for humans, is limited by technical and ethical constraints. Thus, both stem cell-based, in vitro development models and theoretical models have been constructed to recapitulate morphogenetic events during development. These in vitro experimental and theoretical models offer accessibility, efficiency and modulability. However, their physiological relevance often remains obscure, owing to their simplistic nature, which obstructs their applicability as faithful and predictive models of natural development. We examine existing in vitro experimental and theoretical models of various developmental events and compare them with the current knowledge of natural development, with particular considerations of biomechanical driving forces and stereotypic morphogenetic features. We highlight state-of-the-art methods used to construct these in vitro models and emphasize the biomechanical and biophysical principles these models have helped unveil. We also discuss challenges faced by the current in vitro experimental and theoretical models and propose how theoretical modelling and in vitro experimental models should be combined with in vivo studies to advance fundamental understanding of development. Beyond in vivo models, stem cell-based in vitro models and theoretical models of morphogenesis have been constructed to recapitulate morphogenetic events during embryo development with heightened quantitative specificity. This Review discusses the accomplishments, challenges and opportunities of these models in promoting knowledge of mammalian development, including human development.","PeriodicalId":19024,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Physics","volume":"6 1","pages":"28-44"},"PeriodicalIF":38.5,"publicationDate":"2023-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138576583","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-11DOI: 10.1038/s42254-023-00662-4
Anurag Anshu, Srinivasan Arunachalam
Quantum learning theory is a new and very active area of research at the intersection of quantum computing and machine learning. Important breakthroughs in the past two years have rapidly solidified its foundations and led to a need for an encompassing survey that can be read by seasoned and early-career researchers in quantum computing. In this Perspective, we survey various results that rigorously study the complexity of learning quantum states. These include progress on quantum tomography, learning physical quantum states, alternative learning models to tomography, and learning classical functions encoded as quantum states. We highlight how these results are leading towards a successful theory with a range of exciting open questions, some of which we list throughout the text. Quantum learning theory is a new and very active area of research at the intersection of quantum computing and machine learning. This Perspective surveys the progress in this field, highlighting a number of exciting open questions.
{"title":"A survey on the complexity of learning quantum states","authors":"Anurag Anshu, Srinivasan Arunachalam","doi":"10.1038/s42254-023-00662-4","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s42254-023-00662-4","url":null,"abstract":"Quantum learning theory is a new and very active area of research at the intersection of quantum computing and machine learning. Important breakthroughs in the past two years have rapidly solidified its foundations and led to a need for an encompassing survey that can be read by seasoned and early-career researchers in quantum computing. In this Perspective, we survey various results that rigorously study the complexity of learning quantum states. These include progress on quantum tomography, learning physical quantum states, alternative learning models to tomography, and learning classical functions encoded as quantum states. We highlight how these results are leading towards a successful theory with a range of exciting open questions, some of which we list throughout the text. Quantum learning theory is a new and very active area of research at the intersection of quantum computing and machine learning. This Perspective surveys the progress in this field, highlighting a number of exciting open questions.","PeriodicalId":19024,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Physics","volume":"6 1","pages":"59-69"},"PeriodicalIF":38.5,"publicationDate":"2023-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138631229","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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