Pub Date : 2024-10-28DOI: 10.1038/s42254-024-00770-9
Amira Abbas, Andris Ambainis, Brandon Augustino, Andreas Bärtschi, Harry Buhrman, Carleton Coffrin, Giorgio Cortiana, Vedran Dunjko, Daniel J. Egger, Bruce G. Elmegreen, Nicola Franco, Filippo Fratini, Bryce Fuller, Julien Gacon, Constantin Gonciulea, Sander Gribling, Swati Gupta, Stuart Hadfield, Raoul Heese, Gerhard Kircher, Thomas Kleinert, Thorsten Koch, Georgios Korpas, Steve Lenk, Jakub Marecek, Vanio Markov, Guglielmo Mazzola, Stefano Mensa, Naeimeh Mohseni, Giacomo Nannicini, Corey O’Meara, Elena Peña Tapia, Sebastian Pokutta, Manuel Proissl, Patrick Rebentrost, Emre Sahin, Benjamin C. B. Symons, Sabine Tornow, Víctor Valls, Stefan Woerner, Mira L. Wolf-Bauwens, Jon Yard, Sheir Yarkoni, Dirk Zechiel, Sergiy Zhuk, Christa Zoufal
Quantum computers have demonstrable ability to solve problems at a scale beyond brute-force classical simulation. Interest in quantum algorithms has developed in many areas, particularly in relation to mathematical optimization — a broad field with links to computer science and physics. In this Review, we aim to give an overview of quantum optimization. Provably exact, provably approximate and heuristic settings are first explained using computational complexity theory, and we highlight where quantum advantage is possible in each context. Then, we outline the core building blocks for quantum optimization algorithms, define prominent problem classes and identify key open questions that should be addressed to advance the field. We underscore the importance of benchmarking by proposing clear metrics alongside suitable optimization problems, for appropriate comparisons with classical optimization techniques, and discuss next steps to accelerate progress towards quantum advantage in optimization. This Review discusses quantum optimization, focusing on the potential of exact, approximate and heuristic methods, core algorithmic building blocks, problem classes and benchmarking metrics. The challenges for quantum optimization are considered, and next steps are suggested for progress towards achieving quantum advantage.
{"title":"Challenges and opportunities in quantum optimization","authors":"Amira Abbas, Andris Ambainis, Brandon Augustino, Andreas Bärtschi, Harry Buhrman, Carleton Coffrin, Giorgio Cortiana, Vedran Dunjko, Daniel J. Egger, Bruce G. Elmegreen, Nicola Franco, Filippo Fratini, Bryce Fuller, Julien Gacon, Constantin Gonciulea, Sander Gribling, Swati Gupta, Stuart Hadfield, Raoul Heese, Gerhard Kircher, Thomas Kleinert, Thorsten Koch, Georgios Korpas, Steve Lenk, Jakub Marecek, Vanio Markov, Guglielmo Mazzola, Stefano Mensa, Naeimeh Mohseni, Giacomo Nannicini, Corey O’Meara, Elena Peña Tapia, Sebastian Pokutta, Manuel Proissl, Patrick Rebentrost, Emre Sahin, Benjamin C. B. Symons, Sabine Tornow, Víctor Valls, Stefan Woerner, Mira L. Wolf-Bauwens, Jon Yard, Sheir Yarkoni, Dirk Zechiel, Sergiy Zhuk, Christa Zoufal","doi":"10.1038/s42254-024-00770-9","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s42254-024-00770-9","url":null,"abstract":"Quantum computers have demonstrable ability to solve problems at a scale beyond brute-force classical simulation. Interest in quantum algorithms has developed in many areas, particularly in relation to mathematical optimization — a broad field with links to computer science and physics. In this Review, we aim to give an overview of quantum optimization. Provably exact, provably approximate and heuristic settings are first explained using computational complexity theory, and we highlight where quantum advantage is possible in each context. Then, we outline the core building blocks for quantum optimization algorithms, define prominent problem classes and identify key open questions that should be addressed to advance the field. We underscore the importance of benchmarking by proposing clear metrics alongside suitable optimization problems, for appropriate comparisons with classical optimization techniques, and discuss next steps to accelerate progress towards quantum advantage in optimization. This Review discusses quantum optimization, focusing on the potential of exact, approximate and heuristic methods, core algorithmic building blocks, problem classes and benchmarking metrics. The challenges for quantum optimization are considered, and next steps are suggested for progress towards achieving quantum advantage.","PeriodicalId":19024,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Physics","volume":"6 12","pages":"718-735"},"PeriodicalIF":44.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142762934","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-21DOI: 10.1038/s42254-024-00771-8
Yi Zhou, Tianpeng Ding, Guoqiang Xu, Shuihua Yang, Cheng-Wei Qiu, Jiaqing He, Ghim Wei Ho
Converting the pervasive low-grade environmental waste heat of approximately 200 EJ globally per year (equivalent to 27 Gt of CO2 emission) into electricity promises energy sustainability and would contribute to carbon neutrality. Heat harvesting technologies capture this waste heat through thermodynamic heat engines across various working media. Conventional heat harvesting approaches have primarily focused on limited incremental improvements in thermophysical output. However, advances in thermal nonlinearity and material anisotropy offer substantial gains but are often overlooked. In this Perspective, we delve into the role of intrinsic thermal nonlinearity with multiscale physical understanding to transform heat or thermal energy harvesting technologies from linear to nonlinear processes. This Perspective surveys the role of thermal nonlinearity in figures of merit through a multiscale physical understanding to advance heat harvesting technologies beyond linear processes, focusing on ‘nonlinear heat harvesting’, which potentially contributes to sustainable energy transition and decarbonization goals.
{"title":"Sustainable heat harvesting via thermal nonlinearity","authors":"Yi Zhou, Tianpeng Ding, Guoqiang Xu, Shuihua Yang, Cheng-Wei Qiu, Jiaqing He, Ghim Wei Ho","doi":"10.1038/s42254-024-00771-8","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s42254-024-00771-8","url":null,"abstract":"Converting the pervasive low-grade environmental waste heat of approximately 200 EJ globally per year (equivalent to 27 Gt of CO2 emission) into electricity promises energy sustainability and would contribute to carbon neutrality. Heat harvesting technologies capture this waste heat through thermodynamic heat engines across various working media. Conventional heat harvesting approaches have primarily focused on limited incremental improvements in thermophysical output. However, advances in thermal nonlinearity and material anisotropy offer substantial gains but are often overlooked. In this Perspective, we delve into the role of intrinsic thermal nonlinearity with multiscale physical understanding to transform heat or thermal energy harvesting technologies from linear to nonlinear processes. This Perspective surveys the role of thermal nonlinearity in figures of merit through a multiscale physical understanding to advance heat harvesting technologies beyond linear processes, focusing on ‘nonlinear heat harvesting’, which potentially contributes to sustainable energy transition and decarbonization goals.","PeriodicalId":19024,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Physics","volume":"6 12","pages":"769-783"},"PeriodicalIF":44.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142762961","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-16DOI: 10.1038/s42254-024-00777-2
James Sumner
Claims that artificial intelligence will usher in a new scientific and social era have been attracting funding for decades, but the changes they’ve achieved have not been as advertised. Historian James Sumner considers the limits of science’s ability to plan a revolution.
{"title":"The AI revolution is always just out of reach","authors":"James Sumner","doi":"10.1038/s42254-024-00777-2","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s42254-024-00777-2","url":null,"abstract":"Claims that artificial intelligence will usher in a new scientific and social era have been attracting funding for decades, but the changes they’ve achieved have not been as advertised. Historian James Sumner considers the limits of science’s ability to plan a revolution.","PeriodicalId":19024,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Physics","volume":"6 11","pages":"644-645"},"PeriodicalIF":44.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142579808","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-09DOI: 10.1038/s42254-024-00774-5
Benjamin K. Sovacool
Sociotechnical visions of the future can motivate researchers to create a better world, but as social scientist Benjamin K. Sovacool argues, they can also blind the scientific community to potential downsides.
对未来的社会技术愿景可以激励研究人员创造一个更美好的世界，但正如社会科学家本杰明-K-索瓦库尔（Benjamin K. Sovacool）所言，这些愿景也会让科学界看不到潜在的弊端。
{"title":"The promise and peril of sociotechnical visions of the future","authors":"Benjamin K. Sovacool","doi":"10.1038/s42254-024-00774-5","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s42254-024-00774-5","url":null,"abstract":"Sociotechnical visions of the future can motivate researchers to create a better world, but as social scientist Benjamin K. Sovacool argues, they can also blind the scientific community to potential downsides.","PeriodicalId":19024,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Physics","volume":"6 11","pages":"642-643"},"PeriodicalIF":44.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142579800","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-08DOI: 10.1038/s42254-024-00778-1
Noah Schlossberger, Nikunjkumar Prajapati, Samuel Berweger, Andrew P. Rotunno, Alexandra B. Artusio-Glimpse, Matthew T. Simons, Abrar A. Sheikh, Eric B. Norrgard, Stephen P. Eckel, Christopher L. Holloway
{"title":"Publisher Correction: Rydberg states of alkali atoms in atomic vapour as SI-traceable field probes and communications receivers","authors":"Noah Schlossberger, Nikunjkumar Prajapati, Samuel Berweger, Andrew P. Rotunno, Alexandra B. Artusio-Glimpse, Matthew T. Simons, Abrar A. Sheikh, Eric B. Norrgard, Stephen P. Eckel, Christopher L. Holloway","doi":"10.1038/s42254-024-00778-1","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s42254-024-00778-1","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19024,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Physics","volume":"6 11","pages":"705-705"},"PeriodicalIF":44.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s42254-024-00778-1.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142579818","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-07DOI: 10.1038/s42254-024-00769-2
Lidice Cruz-Rodriguez, Diptesh Dey, Antonia Freibert, Philipp Stammer
The ability to manipulate and observe phenomena on attosecond timescales has yielded groundbreaking insights into electron dynamics and the behaviour of matter exposed to intense light fields. The interdisciplinary field of attosecond science connects various research areas, including quantum optics, quantum chemistry and quantum information science. However, the intrinsic quantum effects in attosecond science have been largely ignored. In this Perspective, we discuss the latest theoretical and experimental advances in exploring and understanding quantum phenomena within attosecond science. We focus on distinguishing genuinely quantum observations from classical phenomena in the context of high-harmonic generation and above-threshold ionization. Additionally, we illuminate the often overlooked yet important role of entanglement in attosecond processes, elucidating its influence on experimental outcomes. Attosecond science is a versatile discipline for studying ultrafast dynamics in matter on the microscopic scale. This Perspective explores the theoretical and experimental developments in this field focusing on distinguishing genuinely quantum observations from classical phenomena.
{"title":"Quantum phenomena in attosecond science","authors":"Lidice Cruz-Rodriguez, Diptesh Dey, Antonia Freibert, Philipp Stammer","doi":"10.1038/s42254-024-00769-2","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s42254-024-00769-2","url":null,"abstract":"The ability to manipulate and observe phenomena on attosecond timescales has yielded groundbreaking insights into electron dynamics and the behaviour of matter exposed to intense light fields. The interdisciplinary field of attosecond science connects various research areas, including quantum optics, quantum chemistry and quantum information science. However, the intrinsic quantum effects in attosecond science have been largely ignored. In this Perspective, we discuss the latest theoretical and experimental advances in exploring and understanding quantum phenomena within attosecond science. We focus on distinguishing genuinely quantum observations from classical phenomena in the context of high-harmonic generation and above-threshold ionization. Additionally, we illuminate the often overlooked yet important role of entanglement in attosecond processes, elucidating its influence on experimental outcomes. Attosecond science is a versatile discipline for studying ultrafast dynamics in matter on the microscopic scale. This Perspective explores the theoretical and experimental developments in this field focusing on distinguishing genuinely quantum observations from classical phenomena.","PeriodicalId":19024,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Physics","volume":"6 11","pages":"691-704"},"PeriodicalIF":44.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142579817","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-07DOI: 10.1038/s42254-024-00772-7
Savannah Thais
Understanding what cutting-edge AI models are doing ‘under the hood’ requires not just theoretical research but also well-controlled computational experiments. Savannah Thais explains why physics datasets may be the testing ground that AI developers need and how physicists can play a critical role in developing trustworthy AI.
{"title":"Physics and the empirical gap of trustworthy AI","authors":"Savannah Thais","doi":"10.1038/s42254-024-00772-7","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s42254-024-00772-7","url":null,"abstract":"Understanding what cutting-edge AI models are doing ‘under the hood’ requires not just theoretical research but also well-controlled computational experiments. Savannah Thais explains why physics datasets may be the testing ground that AI developers need and how physicists can play a critical role in developing trustworthy AI.","PeriodicalId":19024,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Physics","volume":"6 11","pages":"640-641"},"PeriodicalIF":44.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142579806","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Nobel 1924: the physics of precision","authors":"Ghada Badawy","doi":"10.1038/s42254-024-00752-x","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s42254-024-00752-x","url":null,"abstract":"99 years ago, the 1924 Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded — one year late — to Karl Manne Siegbahn.","PeriodicalId":19024,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Physics","volume":"6 10","pages":"578-578"},"PeriodicalIF":44.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142377204","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-04DOI: 10.1038/s42254-024-00751-y
Chenyu Wang
80 years ago, the Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to Isidor Isaac Rabi.
80 年前，诺贝尔物理学奖授予了伊西多尔-艾萨克-拉比。
{"title":"Nobel 1944: resonance method for measuring nuclear magnetic moments","authors":"Chenyu Wang","doi":"10.1038/s42254-024-00751-y","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s42254-024-00751-y","url":null,"abstract":"80 years ago, the Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to Isidor Isaac Rabi.","PeriodicalId":19024,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Physics","volume":"6 10","pages":"579-579"},"PeriodicalIF":44.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142377224","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-04DOI: 10.1038/s42254-024-00767-4
Hannah Hatcher
60 years ago, the Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to Charles Townes, Nicolay Basov and Aleksandr Prokhorov.
60 年前，诺贝尔物理学奖授予了查尔斯-汤斯、尼古拉-巴索夫和亚历山大-普罗霍罗夫。
{"title":"Nobel 1964: masers and lasers","authors":"Hannah Hatcher","doi":"10.1038/s42254-024-00767-4","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s42254-024-00767-4","url":null,"abstract":"60 years ago, the Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to Charles Townes, Nicolay Basov and Aleksandr Prokhorov.","PeriodicalId":19024,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Physics","volume":"6 10","pages":"580-580"},"PeriodicalIF":44.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142377238","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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