Pub Date : 2025-10-23DOI: 10.1038/s42254-025-00881-x
Magdalena Bazalova-Carter, Emil Schüler, Anthony Mascia, Marcel van Herk
FLASH radiotherapy, a new ultra-high dose rate modality, promises to improve cancer treatment by decreasing normal-tissue toxicity while maintaining effective tumour control. Unlike conventional radiotherapy, which delivers radiation over minutes, FLASH operates on sub-second timescales, which presents unique opportunities and challenges. Key aspects of FLASH radiotherapy development discussed in this Review include advances in treatment planning, dosimetry and beam delivery systems. Innovative strategies for real-time imaging and quality assurance are essential to address the complexities of ultra-fast delivery. We emphasize the importance of integrating safety measures and robust clinical protocols to achieve the transformative potential of FLASH radiotherapy. FLASH radiotherapy delivers a cancer treatment dose in less than a second, reducing side effects while maintaining tumour control. This Review explores technological advances, safety considerations and future directions needed to bring this promising ultra-fast radiotherapy approach into clinical practice.
{"title":"Balancing innovation and safety in FLASH radiotherapy","authors":"Magdalena Bazalova-Carter, Emil Schüler, Anthony Mascia, Marcel van Herk","doi":"10.1038/s42254-025-00881-x","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s42254-025-00881-x","url":null,"abstract":"FLASH radiotherapy, a new ultra-high dose rate modality, promises to improve cancer treatment by decreasing normal-tissue toxicity while maintaining effective tumour control. Unlike conventional radiotherapy, which delivers radiation over minutes, FLASH operates on sub-second timescales, which presents unique opportunities and challenges. Key aspects of FLASH radiotherapy development discussed in this Review include advances in treatment planning, dosimetry and beam delivery systems. Innovative strategies for real-time imaging and quality assurance are essential to address the complexities of ultra-fast delivery. We emphasize the importance of integrating safety measures and robust clinical protocols to achieve the transformative potential of FLASH radiotherapy. FLASH radiotherapy delivers a cancer treatment dose in less than a second, reducing side effects while maintaining tumour control. This Review explores technological advances, safety considerations and future directions needed to bring this promising ultra-fast radiotherapy approach into clinical practice.","PeriodicalId":19024,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Physics","volume":"7 12","pages":"682-695"},"PeriodicalIF":39.5,"publicationDate":"2025-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145652861","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-06DOI: 10.1038/s42254-025-00875-9
Peter Bøggild, Timothy John Booth, Bjarke Sørensen Jessen, Abhay Shivayogimath, Nolan Lassaline, Stephan Hofmann, Oliver Burton, Kim Daasbjerg, Anders Smith, Kasper Nørgaard, Amaia Zurutuza, Terrance Barkan, Andrew J. Pollard
Despite the rapid growth of 2D materials research over the past two decades in both academic and industrial settings, there remain big challenges in producing consistent, reproducible results in the field. Subtle variations in methods or materials can lead to drastically different outcomes, undermining reliability and slowing down advances. However, owing to a culture of placing greater value on novelty rather than on reproducibility, little effort is expended in ensuring that results are collected and presented in a way that enables reproducibility. This Expert Recommendation presents two protocols that researchers can follow to improve reproducibility in 2D materials science, as well as practical recommendations on how researchers can engage constructively with funders, publishers and industry to create a stronger basis for reproducibility, transparency and trust in the field. This Expert Recommendation provides tools to help researchers in 2D materials improve reproducibility in their work and practical guidance on how to engage constructively with funders, publishers and industry to create a stronger basis for reproducibility, transparency and trust in the field.
{"title":"Protocols and tools to enable reproducibility in 2D materials research","authors":"Peter Bøggild, Timothy John Booth, Bjarke Sørensen Jessen, Abhay Shivayogimath, Nolan Lassaline, Stephan Hofmann, Oliver Burton, Kim Daasbjerg, Anders Smith, Kasper Nørgaard, Amaia Zurutuza, Terrance Barkan, Andrew J. Pollard","doi":"10.1038/s42254-025-00875-9","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s42254-025-00875-9","url":null,"abstract":"Despite the rapid growth of 2D materials research over the past two decades in both academic and industrial settings, there remain big challenges in producing consistent, reproducible results in the field. Subtle variations in methods or materials can lead to drastically different outcomes, undermining reliability and slowing down advances. However, owing to a culture of placing greater value on novelty rather than on reproducibility, little effort is expended in ensuring that results are collected and presented in a way that enables reproducibility. This Expert Recommendation presents two protocols that researchers can follow to improve reproducibility in 2D materials science, as well as practical recommendations on how researchers can engage constructively with funders, publishers and industry to create a stronger basis for reproducibility, transparency and trust in the field. This Expert Recommendation provides tools to help researchers in 2D materials improve reproducibility in their work and practical guidance on how to engage constructively with funders, publishers and industry to create a stronger basis for reproducibility, transparency and trust in the field.","PeriodicalId":19024,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Physics","volume":"7 12","pages":"728-738"},"PeriodicalIF":39.5,"publicationDate":"2025-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145652863","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-06DOI: 10.1038/s42254-025-00874-w
Bo Cheng, Moxiao Li, Min Lin, Hui Guo, Feng Xu
Despite transformative advances in nanoscale microscopy and spatiotemporal genomics, a coherent understanding of how transient mechanical events drive long-term tissue development or pathology remains elusive, exposing critical gaps in linking mechanical signals to their biological consequences. To address this disconnect, we survey the literature on timescales of membrane mechanosensing, cytoplasmic mechanotransduction and nuclear mechanoresponse, emphasizing mechanoadaptive strategies such as talin filtering of mechanical noise through folding–unfolding dynamics and force–lifetime-dependent molecular stabilization to gate nuclear signalling. By compiling the MechanoTemporal Atlas, we highlight several frontiers, including the role of pulsatile cellular contractions in tissue morphogenesis through molecular frequency modulation, the propagation of rapid mechanical signals across cells, and the dynamic sensing of viscoelastic tissue properties via time-gated cellular protrusions. Bridging these timescales promises to provide insights into the role of mechanobiology in health and disease. This Review explores how cells sense and respond to mechanical signals across timescales. By integrating mechanosensing at membranes, mechanotransduction in the cytoplasm, and nuclear reprogramming, it reveals a role of temporal dynamics in tissue development and disease.
{"title":"Mechanobiology across timescales","authors":"Bo Cheng, Moxiao Li, Min Lin, Hui Guo, Feng Xu","doi":"10.1038/s42254-025-00874-w","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s42254-025-00874-w","url":null,"abstract":"Despite transformative advances in nanoscale microscopy and spatiotemporal genomics, a coherent understanding of how transient mechanical events drive long-term tissue development or pathology remains elusive, exposing critical gaps in linking mechanical signals to their biological consequences. To address this disconnect, we survey the literature on timescales of membrane mechanosensing, cytoplasmic mechanotransduction and nuclear mechanoresponse, emphasizing mechanoadaptive strategies such as talin filtering of mechanical noise through folding–unfolding dynamics and force–lifetime-dependent molecular stabilization to gate nuclear signalling. By compiling the MechanoTemporal Atlas, we highlight several frontiers, including the role of pulsatile cellular contractions in tissue morphogenesis through molecular frequency modulation, the propagation of rapid mechanical signals across cells, and the dynamic sensing of viscoelastic tissue properties via time-gated cellular protrusions. Bridging these timescales promises to provide insights into the role of mechanobiology in health and disease. This Review explores how cells sense and respond to mechanical signals across timescales. By integrating mechanosensing at membranes, mechanotransduction in the cytoplasm, and nuclear reprogramming, it reveals a role of temporal dynamics in tissue development and disease.","PeriodicalId":19024,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Physics","volume":"7 11","pages":"621-644"},"PeriodicalIF":39.5,"publicationDate":"2025-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145429587","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-03DOI: 10.1038/s42254-025-00886-6
Davide Castelvecchi
80 years ago, the Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to Wolfgang Pauli.
80年前，沃尔夫冈·泡利获得了诺贝尔物理学奖。
{"title":"Nobel 1945: the exclusion principle","authors":"Davide Castelvecchi","doi":"10.1038/s42254-025-00886-6","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s42254-025-00886-6","url":null,"abstract":"80 years ago, the Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to Wolfgang Pauli.","PeriodicalId":19024,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Physics","volume":"7 10","pages":"531-531"},"PeriodicalIF":39.5,"publicationDate":"2025-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145204900","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-03DOI: 10.1038/s42254-025-00882-w
Zoe Budrikis
99 years ago, the 1925 Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded — one year late — to James Franck and Gustav Ludwig Hertz.
99年前，1925年的诺贝尔物理学奖被授予了詹姆斯·弗兰克和古斯塔夫·路德维希·赫兹——晚了一年。
{"title":"Nobel 1925: physicists with impact","authors":"Zoe Budrikis","doi":"10.1038/s42254-025-00882-w","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s42254-025-00882-w","url":null,"abstract":"99 years ago, the 1925 Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded — one year late — to James Franck and Gustav Ludwig Hertz.","PeriodicalId":19024,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Physics","volume":"7 10","pages":"530-530"},"PeriodicalIF":39.5,"publicationDate":"2025-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145204903","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-03DOI: 10.1038/s42254-025-00883-9
Ankita Anirban
40 years ago, the Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to Klaus von Klitzing.
40年前，诺贝尔物理学奖授予了克劳斯·冯·克里辛。
{"title":"Nobel 1985: the quantum Hall effect","authors":"Ankita Anirban","doi":"10.1038/s42254-025-00883-9","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s42254-025-00883-9","url":null,"abstract":"40 years ago, the Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to Klaus von Klitzing.","PeriodicalId":19024,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Physics","volume":"7 10","pages":"533-533"},"PeriodicalIF":39.5,"publicationDate":"2025-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145204908","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-03DOI: 10.1038/s42254-025-00877-7
Alison Wright
60 years ago, the Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to Sin-Itiro Tomonaga, Julian Schwinger and Richard Feynman.
60年前，诺贝尔物理学奖被授予Tomonaga、Schwinger和Feynman。
{"title":"Nobel 1965: to infinity and beyond","authors":"Alison Wright","doi":"10.1038/s42254-025-00877-7","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s42254-025-00877-7","url":null,"abstract":"60 years ago, the Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to Sin-Itiro Tomonaga, Julian Schwinger and Richard Feynman.","PeriodicalId":19024,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Physics","volume":"7 10","pages":"532-532"},"PeriodicalIF":39.5,"publicationDate":"2025-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145204907","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-03DOI: 10.1038/s42254-025-00880-y
There is a growing push to host women speakers at conferences, but their talks are often less attended than men’s. We call on our readers to look out for — and go to — talks by women.
{"title":"Go to talks by women","authors":"","doi":"10.1038/s42254-025-00880-y","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s42254-025-00880-y","url":null,"abstract":"There is a growing push to host women speakers at conferences, but their talks are often less attended than men’s. We call on our readers to look out for — and go to — talks by women.","PeriodicalId":19024,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Physics","volume":"7 10","pages":"525-525"},"PeriodicalIF":39.5,"publicationDate":"2025-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.comhttps://www.nature.com/articles/s42254-025-00880-y.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145204906","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Nobel 2005: coherence and precision spectroscopy","authors":"Vittorio Aita","doi":"10.1038/s42254-025-00876-8","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s42254-025-00876-8","url":null,"abstract":"20 years ago, the 2005 Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to Roy Jay Glauber, Theodor Wolfgang Hänsch and John Lewis Hall.","PeriodicalId":19024,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Physics","volume":"7 10","pages":"534-534"},"PeriodicalIF":39.5,"publicationDate":"2025-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145204909","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-03DOI: 10.1038/s42254-025-00884-8
Max Kieker
Max Kieker explains how a technique described in a paper from 1994 inspired him to change his research subject.
Max Kieker解释了1994年一篇论文中描述的一种技术是如何激发他改变研究课题的。
{"title":"Precise pulse characterization using SHG-FROG","authors":"Max Kieker","doi":"10.1038/s42254-025-00884-8","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s42254-025-00884-8","url":null,"abstract":"Max Kieker explains how a technique described in a paper from 1994 inspired him to change his research subject.","PeriodicalId":19024,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Physics","volume":"7 11","pages":"605-605"},"PeriodicalIF":39.5,"publicationDate":"2025-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145429597","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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