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How to set up your first machine learning project in astronomy 如何在天文学领域建立第一个机器学习项目
IF 44.8 1区 物理与天体物理 Q1 PHYSICS, APPLIED Pub Date : 2024-08-08 DOI: 10.1038/s42254-024-00743-y
Johannes Buchner, Sotiria Fotopoulou
Large, freely available, well-maintained data sets have made astronomy a popular playground for machine learning (ML) projects. Nevertheless, robust insights gained to both ML and physics could be improved by clarity in problem definition and establishing workflows that critically verify, characterize and calibrate ML models. We provide a collection of guidelines to setting up ML projects that are less time-consuming and resource-intensive and more likely to lead to robust and useful scientific insights. We draw examples and experience from astronomy, but the advice is potentially applicable to other areas of science. This Expert Recommendation provides a guide to setting up machine learning projects that are less time-consuming and more likely to lead to robust and useful scientific insights.
免费提供、维护良好的大型数据集已使天文学成为机器学习(ML)项目的热门场所。然而,通过明确问题定义和建立严格验证、描述和校准机器学习模型的工作流程,可以提高机器学习和物理学的强大洞察力。我们提供了一系列指导原则,以建立耗时少、资源密集型的 ML 项目,从而更有可能获得可靠而有用的科学见解。我们借鉴了天文学的实例和经验,但这些建议也可能适用于其他科学领域。本 "专家建议 "为建立机器学习项目提供了指南,这些项目耗时较少,更有可能带来可靠、有用的科学见解。
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引用次数: 0
AI-driven research in pure mathematics and theoretical physics 人工智能驱动的纯数学和理论物理学研究
IF 44.8 1区 物理与天体物理 Q1 PHYSICS, APPLIED Pub Date : 2024-08-05 DOI: 10.1038/s42254-024-00740-1
Yang-Hui He  (, )
The past five years have seen a dramatic increase in the usage of artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms in pure mathematics and theoretical sciences. This might appear counter-intuitive as mathematical sciences require rigorous definitions, derivations and proofs, in contrast to the experimental sciences, which rely on the modelling of data with error bars. In this Perspective, we categorize the approaches to mathematical and theoretical discovery as ‘top-down’, ‘bottom-up’ and ‘meta-mathematics’. We review the progress over the past few years, comparing and contrasting both the advances and the shortcomings of each approach. We believe that although the theorist is not in danger of being replaced by AI systems in the near future, the combination of human expertise and AI algorithms will become an integral part of theoretical research. Advances in artificial-intelligence-assisted mathematical investigations suggest that human–machine collaboration will be an integral part of future theoretical research.
过去五年,人工智能(AI)算法在纯数学和理论科学中的应用急剧增加。这似乎有悖常理,因为数学科学需要严格的定义、推导和证明,而实验科学则依赖于带有误差条的数据建模。在本《视角》中,我们将数学和理论发现的方法分为 "自上而下"、"自下而上 "和 "元数学"。我们回顾了过去几年的进展,比较和对比了每种方法的进步和不足。我们认为,虽然理论家在不久的将来不会面临被人工智能系统取代的危险,但人类专业知识与人工智能算法的结合将成为理论研究不可或缺的一部分。
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引用次数: 0
The scientific article as a master finding system 作为主查找系统的科学文章
IF 44.8 1区 物理与天体物理 Q1 PHYSICS, APPLIED Pub Date : 2024-08-05 DOI: 10.1038/s42254-024-00744-x
How did the scientific article evolve to the universally-recognizable format it has today? This month we ask why and how did the scientific article evolve to its current universally-recognizable format.
科学文章是如何演变成今天这种普遍认可的格式的?本月我们将探讨科学文章为何以及如何演变成今天这种普遍认可的格式。
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引用次数: 0
Ab initio methods for superconductivity 超导的 Ab initio 方法
IF 44.8 1区 物理与天体物理 Q1 PHYSICS, APPLIED Pub Date : 2024-07-29 DOI: 10.1038/s42254-024-00738-9
Camilla Pellegrini, Antonio Sanna
Modern ab initio theories of superconductivity allow characterizing and predicting phonon-mediated superconductors. In this Technical Review, we analyse Eliashberg theory, density functional theory for superconductors as well as McMillan and Allen–Dynes equations, providing a summary of the underlying approximations and capabilities. We highlight in simple terms and with examples the many sources of error, which may lead to inaccurate predictions, including limitations on the applicability of the methods, subtle convergence aspects and improper practices often adopted to simplify the treatment of Coulomb interactions. Additionally, we compare the accuracy of the various methods by computing the critical temperature (Tc) for a broad range of superconductors and benchmarking against experimental results. We find that even the simple McMillan and Allen–Dynes formulas give Tc distributions centred on the experimental values. The Eliashberg theory and density functional theory for superconductors yield more peaked distributions, strongly reducing the possibility of incorrect predictions. Ab initio theories of superconductivity allow characterizing and predicting phonon-mediated superconductors. This Technical Review provides an analysis of the different theories, highlighting the main sources of error, either due to inherent approximations or arising from improper practices, and provides a comparison against experimental results.
现代超导自证理论可以描述和预测声子介导的超导体。在本技术综述中,我们分析了埃利亚什伯格理论、超导体密度泛函理论以及麦克米兰方程和艾伦-戴恩斯方程,总结了基本的近似值和能力。我们用简洁的语言和实例强调了可能导致预测不准确的许多误差来源,包括方法适用性的限制、微妙的收敛方面以及为简化库仑相互作用处理而经常采用的不当做法。此外,我们还通过计算各种超导体的临界温度 (Tc) 并以实验结果为基准,比较了各种方法的准确性。我们发现,即使是简单的麦克米兰公式和艾伦-戴恩斯公式也能给出以实验值为中心的 Tc 分布。超导体的埃利亚什伯格理论和密度泛函理论得出了更多的峰值分布,大大降低了预测错误的可能性。
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引用次数: 0
Experimental aspects of indefinite causal order in quantum mechanics 量子力学中不定因果顺序的实验问题
IF 44.8 1区 物理与天体物理 Q1 PHYSICS, APPLIED Pub Date : 2024-07-19 DOI: 10.1038/s42254-024-00739-8
Lee A. Rozema, Teodor Strömberg, Huan Cao, Yu Guo, Bi-Heng Liu, Philip Walther
In the past decade, the toolkit of quantum information has been expanded to include processes in which the basic operations do not have definite causal relations. Originally considered in the context of the unification of quantum mechanics and general relativity, these causally indefinite processes have been shown to offer advantages in a wide variety of quantum-information processing tasks, ranging from quantum computation to quantum metrology. Here, we overview these advantages and the experimental efforts to realize them. We survey both the experimental techniques employed and the theoretical methods developed in support of the experiments, before discussing the interpretations of current experimental results and giving an outlook on the future of the field. Quantum superpositions of orders of operations can be used to create an indefinite causal order. This Review covers experimental implementations of such processes, focusing on characterization techniques, and discusses their applications and limitations.
在过去十年中,量子信息的工具包已经扩展到包括基本操作没有明确因果关系的过程。这些因果关系不确定的过程最初是在量子力学和广义相对论统一的背景下被考虑的,现在已被证明在从量子计算到量子计量学等各种量子信息处理任务中具有优势。在此,我们将概述这些优势以及为实现这些优势所做的实验努力。在讨论当前实验结果的解释并展望该领域的未来之前,我们将考察所采用的实验技术和为支持实验而开发的理论方法。
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引用次数: 0
Determining intrinsic sensitivity and the role of multiple scattering in speckle metrology 确定斑点计量学的内在灵敏度和多重散射的作用
IF 44.8 1区 物理与天体物理 Q1 PHYSICS, APPLIED Pub Date : 2024-07-19 DOI: 10.1038/s42254-024-00735-y
Morgan Facchin, Saba N. Khan, Kishan Dholakia, Graham D. Bruce
Speckle patterns are a powerful tool for high-precision metrology because they enable remarkable performance in relatively simple setups. Nonetheless, researchers in this field follow rather distinct approaches owing to underappreciated general principles underlying speckle phenomena. For example, speckle can be produced from a simple scatterer or from more complex, multiple scattering geometries. In this Expert Recommendation, we propose a standardization of metrics to quantify intrinsic speckle sensitivity that enables direct comparison between all scattering geometries. Moreover, we provide a general criterion that allows one to predict where multiple scattering is truly advantageous for a given task. This standardization and criterion will catalyse progress in speckle metrology but will also translate to other domains of disordered optics which are undergoing rapid developments at present. Speckle can be harnessed for a wide variety of metrology applications. This Expert Recommendation proposes a standardized metric to allow comparisons of the intrinsic sensitivity of different approaches, and it clarifies when multiple scattering can be beneficial in increasing sensitivity of measurements.
斑点模式是高精度计量学的强大工具,因为它能在相对简单的设置中实现卓越的性能。然而,由于人们对斑点现象的基本原理认识不足,该领域的研究人员采用了截然不同的方法。例如,斑点可以由简单的散射体产生,也可以由更复杂的多重散射几何体产生。在本专家建议中,我们提出了量化内在斑点灵敏度的标准化指标,可对所有散射几何图形进行直接比较。此外,我们还提供了一个通用标准,可以预测多重散射在特定任务中的真正优势。这种标准化和标准将促进斑点计量学的进步,同时也将转化到目前正在快速发展的无序光学的其他领域。
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引用次数: 0
Delivering fusion energy needs bold decisions and sustained commitment 提供聚变能源需要大胆的决策和持续的承诺
IF 44.8 1区 物理与天体物理 Q1 PHYSICS, APPLIED Pub Date : 2024-07-18 DOI: 10.1038/s42254-024-00742-z
Kimberly S. Budil, Ian T. Chapman
After breaking world records for inertial and magnetic fusion energy at the National Ignition Facility (NIF) and the Joint European Torus (JET) respectively, the Directors of the host organizations – Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory and the UK Atomic Energy Authority – reflect on the bold decisions taken to build these facilities and the consistent support needed to allow scientists and engineers to overcome difficult technical problems. The successes of the National Ignition Facility (NIF) and the Joint European Torus (JET) showcase how fusion energy research requires bold decisions, teamwork and strong partnership with funders.
在国家点火装置(NIF)和欧洲联合环(JET)分别打破惯性聚变能和磁聚变能的世界纪录之后,主办机构--劳伦斯-利弗莫尔国家实验室和英国原子能管理局--的负责人回顾了为建造这些设施而做出的大胆决定,以及为让科学家和工程师克服困难的技术问题而提供的持续支持。国家点火装置(NIF)和欧洲联合环(JET)的成功展示了聚变能源研究如何需要大胆的决策、团队合作以及与资助方的牢固伙伴关系。
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引用次数: 0
The surprising history of abstracts 摘要的惊人历史
IF 44.8 1区 物理与天体物理 Q1 PHYSICS, APPLIED Pub Date : 2024-07-12 DOI: 10.1038/s42254-024-00741-0
Aileen Fyfe
The abstract as a 200-word summary that readers click through to access a full article is a staple of scientific publishing. But as Aileen Fyfe explains, this is only one of the roles that abstracts have performed in the history of scientific communication.
摘要是200字的摘要,读者通过点击摘要可以查阅文章全文,这是科学出版的主要内容。但正如艾琳-费弗(Aileen Fyfe)所解释的,这只是摘要在科学传播史上扮演的角色之一。
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引用次数: 0
Contagion dynamics on higher-order networks 高阶网络的传染动力学
IF 44.8 1区 物理与天体物理 Q1 PHYSICS, APPLIED Pub Date : 2024-07-05 DOI: 10.1038/s42254-024-00733-0
Guilherme Ferraz de Arruda, Alberto Aleta, Yamir Moreno
A paramount research challenge in network and complex systems science is to understand the dissemination of diseases, information and behaviour. The COVID-19 pandemic and the proliferation of misinformation are examples that highlight the importance of these dynamic processes. In recent years, it has become clear that studies of higher-order networks may unlock new avenues for investigating such processes. Despite being in its early stages, the examination of social contagion in higher-order networks has witnessed a surge of research and concepts, revealing different functional forms for the spreading dynamics and offering novel insights. This Review presents a focused overview of this body of literature and proposes a unified formalism that covers most of these forms. The goal is to underscore the similarities and distinctions among various models to motivate further research on the general and universal properties of such models. We also highlight that although the path for additional theoretical exploration appears clear, the empirical validation of these models through data or experiments remains scant, with an unsettled roadmap as of today. We therefore conclude with some perspectives aimed at providing possible research directions that could contribute to a better understanding of this class of dynamical processes, both from a theoretical and a data-oriented point of view. Contagion dynamics in higher-order networks have witnessed a surge of research and concepts, offering new insights but also exposing many diverse functional forms of spread. This Review provides a focused overview and proposes a unified formalism covering most of these forms.
网络和复杂系统科学的一项重大研究挑战是了解疾病、信息和行为的传播。COVID-19 大流行和错误信息的扩散就是凸显这些动态过程重要性的例子。近年来,对高阶网络的研究显然可以为研究这些过程开辟新的途径。尽管尚处于早期阶段,但对高阶网络中社会传染的研究和概念已经激增,揭示了传播动态的不同功能形式,并提供了新的见解。本综述对这些文献进行了重点概述,并提出了涵盖大多数形式的统一形式主义。我们的目标是强调各种模型之间的相似性和区别,以推动对这些模型的一般和普遍特性的进一步研究。我们还强调,虽然进行更多理论探索的路径似乎很清晰,但通过数据或实验对这些模型进行实证验证的工作仍然很少,迄今为止,路线图尚未确定。因此,我们最后提出了一些观点,旨在从理论和以数据为导向的角度提供可能的研究方向,从而有助于更好地理解这一类动力学过程。
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引用次数: 0
Five books that put physics in context 五本介绍物理学背景的书籍
IF 44.8 1区 物理与天体物理 Q1 PHYSICS, APPLIED Pub Date : 2024-07-05 DOI: 10.1038/s42254-024-00737-w
To complement our Collection “Physics as a human endeavour”, we share some reading on the history and sociology of physics.
为了补充我们的文集 "作为人类努力的物理学",我们分享一些有关物理学历史和社会学的读物。
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引用次数: 0
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Nature Reviews Physics
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