Pub Date : 2025-09-25DOI: 10.1038/s42254-025-00879-5
Saaj Chattopadhyay
The wings of the Blue Morpho butterfly are natural photonic structures. Saaj Chattopadhyay explains how they can serve as simple and affordable interfaces to increase the colour and birefringent contrast in polarization microscopy.
{"title":"Morpho-Enhanced Polarization Microscopy","authors":"Saaj Chattopadhyay","doi":"10.1038/s42254-025-00879-5","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s42254-025-00879-5","url":null,"abstract":"The wings of the Blue Morpho butterfly are natural photonic structures. Saaj Chattopadhyay explains how they can serve as simple and affordable interfaces to increase the colour and birefringent contrast in polarization microscopy.","PeriodicalId":19024,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Physics","volume":"7 11","pages":"604-604"},"PeriodicalIF":39.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145429588","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-25DOI: 10.1038/s42254-025-00871-z
David Sherrington, Scott Kirkpatrick
Half a century ago, two theoretical papers were published that together sparked major new directions — conceptual, mathematical and practically applicable — in several previously disparate fields of science. In this Comment, the authors of one of those papers expose key aspects of the thinking behind them, their implementations and implications, along with sketches of several subsequent and consequential developments.
{"title":"50 years of spin glass theory","authors":"David Sherrington, Scott Kirkpatrick","doi":"10.1038/s42254-025-00871-z","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s42254-025-00871-z","url":null,"abstract":"Half a century ago, two theoretical papers were published that together sparked major new directions — conceptual, mathematical and practically applicable — in several previously disparate fields of science. In this Comment, the authors of one of those papers expose key aspects of the thinking behind them, their implementations and implications, along with sketches of several subsequent and consequential developments.","PeriodicalId":19024,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Physics","volume":"7 10","pages":"528-529"},"PeriodicalIF":39.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145204901","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-25DOI: 10.1038/s42254-025-00878-6
Hannah Wakeling, Philip Burrows, Jim Clarke, Jo Colwell, Ben Shepherd, John Thomason
Particle accelerators are large-scale, complex projects, and they have some unique challenges when it comes to environmental sustainability. A group of particle accelerator researchers and environmental sustainability experts shares how community-specific guidance can help address these needs.
{"title":"Community-specific guidance for environmental sustainability in particle accelerators","authors":"Hannah Wakeling, Philip Burrows, Jim Clarke, Jo Colwell, Ben Shepherd, John Thomason","doi":"10.1038/s42254-025-00878-6","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s42254-025-00878-6","url":null,"abstract":"Particle accelerators are large-scale, complex projects, and they have some unique challenges when it comes to environmental sustainability. A group of particle accelerator researchers and environmental sustainability experts shares how community-specific guidance can help address these needs.","PeriodicalId":19024,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Physics","volume":"7 11","pages":"600-601"},"PeriodicalIF":39.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145429598","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-18DOI: 10.1038/s42254-025-00873-x
Elisabeth Roehrlich
The debate over the regulation of artificial intelligence (AI) is full of comparisons between the rise of deep learning and the dawn of the nuclear age. It is instructive to ask why these comparisons are so popular.
{"title":"Why is the nuclear–AI analogy so popular?","authors":"Elisabeth Roehrlich","doi":"10.1038/s42254-025-00873-x","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s42254-025-00873-x","url":null,"abstract":"The debate over the regulation of artificial intelligence (AI) is full of comparisons between the rise of deep learning and the dawn of the nuclear age. It is instructive to ask why these comparisons are so popular.","PeriodicalId":19024,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Physics","volume":"7 11","pages":"598-599"},"PeriodicalIF":39.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145429600","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-17DOI: 10.1038/s42254-025-00863-z
Yifei Xu, Shawn Liangzhong Xiang
Ultrasound waves can be generated by various radiation sources, including X-rays, protons, electrons and electrical fields, through the rapid thermal expansions and contractions that occur when materials absorb deposited radiation energies. The ultrasound waves, which we refer to as ‘radiacoustic waves’, can be detected for imaging purposes. Radiacoustic imaging offers new imaging contrasts beyond traditional pulse–echo ultrasound. This Perspective provides an analysis of progress in radiacoustic imaging in recent years, focusing on biomedical and materials science applications. We explore the mechanisms behind radiacoustic imaging, highlight its current uses and challenges, and discuss potential advances to improve the effectiveness of radiacoustic imaging technologies across different fields. Radiacoustic imaging uses ultrasound waves generated by radiation energy deposition for imaging contrast. This Perspective highlights advances, mechanisms, and biomedical and materials science applications, and outlines challenges and opportunities for this emerging imaging technology.
{"title":"Radiacoustic imaging","authors":"Yifei Xu, Shawn Liangzhong Xiang","doi":"10.1038/s42254-025-00863-z","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s42254-025-00863-z","url":null,"abstract":"Ultrasound waves can be generated by various radiation sources, including X-rays, protons, electrons and electrical fields, through the rapid thermal expansions and contractions that occur when materials absorb deposited radiation energies. The ultrasound waves, which we refer to as ‘radiacoustic waves’, can be detected for imaging purposes. Radiacoustic imaging offers new imaging contrasts beyond traditional pulse–echo ultrasound. This Perspective provides an analysis of progress in radiacoustic imaging in recent years, focusing on biomedical and materials science applications. We explore the mechanisms behind radiacoustic imaging, highlight its current uses and challenges, and discuss potential advances to improve the effectiveness of radiacoustic imaging technologies across different fields. Radiacoustic imaging uses ultrasound waves generated by radiation energy deposition for imaging contrast. This Perspective highlights advances, mechanisms, and biomedical and materials science applications, and outlines challenges and opportunities for this emerging imaging technology.","PeriodicalId":19024,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Physics","volume":"7 11","pages":"660-670"},"PeriodicalIF":39.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145429586","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Structured photonic systems, from photonic crystals to metamaterials and metasurfaces, provide a broad platform for photonic gauge fields. This artificial version of the real gauge fields in electrodynamics can induce a range of exotic functionalities in many branches of optical physics, enabling the manipulation of light and its interactions with various photonic structures in new and interesting ways. In this Review, we provide a viewpoint on how the concept of artificial gauge fields can connect seemingly unrelated optical effects. Artificial gauge fields in photonics can be either vectorial or scalar, Abelian or non-Abelian, real or complex. They apply not only to conventional real and momentum spaces, but also to spaces spanned by other synthetic dimensions, and are applicable to both semiclassical and quantum systems. In this Review, leveraging the wide applicability of the artificial gauge field, we connect different optical branches, including topological photonics, non-Abelian physics and non-Hermitian photonics. We discuss the current progress and next steps of research on optical gauge fields as well as their potential for future applications. Artificial gauge fields unlock additional degrees of freedom to manipulating light in structured photonic systems. This Review strives to unify topological, non-Abelian and non-Hermitian photonics using the concept of gauge fields.
{"title":"Artificial gauge fields in photonics","authors":"Wange Song, Yi Yang, Zhiyuan Lin, Xuanyu Liu, Shengjie Wu, Chen Chen, Yongguan Ke, Chaohong Lee, Wei Liu, Shining Zhu, Yuri Kivshar, Tao Li, Shuang Zhang","doi":"10.1038/s42254-025-00869-7","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s42254-025-00869-7","url":null,"abstract":"Structured photonic systems, from photonic crystals to metamaterials and metasurfaces, provide a broad platform for photonic gauge fields. This artificial version of the real gauge fields in electrodynamics can induce a range of exotic functionalities in many branches of optical physics, enabling the manipulation of light and its interactions with various photonic structures in new and interesting ways. In this Review, we provide a viewpoint on how the concept of artificial gauge fields can connect seemingly unrelated optical effects. Artificial gauge fields in photonics can be either vectorial or scalar, Abelian or non-Abelian, real or complex. They apply not only to conventional real and momentum spaces, but also to spaces spanned by other synthetic dimensions, and are applicable to both semiclassical and quantum systems. In this Review, leveraging the wide applicability of the artificial gauge field, we connect different optical branches, including topological photonics, non-Abelian physics and non-Hermitian photonics. We discuss the current progress and next steps of research on optical gauge fields as well as their potential for future applications. Artificial gauge fields unlock additional degrees of freedom to manipulating light in structured photonic systems. This Review strives to unify topological, non-Abelian and non-Hermitian photonics using the concept of gauge fields.","PeriodicalId":19024,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Physics","volume":"7 11","pages":"606-620"},"PeriodicalIF":39.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145429584","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-08DOI: 10.1038/s42254-025-00872-y
Julia Hannukainen
Julia Hannukainen reports on the Grete Hermann Network workshop in condensed matter physics that took place at the University of Würzburg, Germany, from 30 June to 2 July 2025.
Julia Hannukainen报道了于2025年6月30日至7月2日在德国维尔茨堡大学举行的Grete Hermann网络凝聚态物理研讨会。
{"title":"Meeting report: all-female speaker line-up in condensed matter","authors":"Julia Hannukainen","doi":"10.1038/s42254-025-00872-y","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s42254-025-00872-y","url":null,"abstract":"Julia Hannukainen reports on the Grete Hermann Network workshop in condensed matter physics that took place at the University of Würzburg, Germany, from 30 June to 2 July 2025.","PeriodicalId":19024,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Physics","volume":"7 10","pages":"526-527"},"PeriodicalIF":39.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145204892","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-08DOI: 10.1038/s42254-025-00866-w
Isabelle Bouchoule, Roberta Citro, Timothy Duty, Thierry Giamarchi, Randall G. Hulet, Martin Klanjšek, Edmond Orignac, Bent Weber
The concept of a Tomonaga–Luttinger liquid (TLL) has been established as a fundamental theory for the understanding of 1D quantum systems. Originally formulated as a replacement for the Fermi liquid theory of Landau, which accurately predicts the behaviour of most 3D metals but fails dramatically in 1D, the TLL description applies to an even broader class of 1D systems, including bosons and anyons. After a certain number of theoretical breakthroughs, its descriptive power has now been confirmed experimentally in different experimental platforms. They extend from organic conductors, carbon nanotubes, quantum wires, topological edge states of quantum spin Hall insulators to cold atoms, Josephson junctions, Bose liquids confined within 1D nanocapillaries, and spin chains. In the ground state of such systems, quantum fluctuations become correlated on all length scales, but, counter-intuitively, no long-range order exists. This Review will illustrate the validity of conformal field theory for describing real-world systems, establishing the boundaries for its application, and discuss how the quantum-critical TLL state governs the properties of many-body systems in 1D. The Tomonaga–Luttinger liquid framework can be used to describe 1D quantum systems, spanning fermions, bosons and anyons. In this Review, we discuss the various platforms that can host TLL states, including Josephson junctions, cold atoms and topological materials, and discuss the advances TLL theory can provide in quantum criticality, nonequilibrium dynamics and condensed-matter physics exploration.
{"title":"Platforms for the realization and characterization of Tomonaga–Luttinger liquids","authors":"Isabelle Bouchoule, Roberta Citro, Timothy Duty, Thierry Giamarchi, Randall G. Hulet, Martin Klanjšek, Edmond Orignac, Bent Weber","doi":"10.1038/s42254-025-00866-w","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s42254-025-00866-w","url":null,"abstract":"The concept of a Tomonaga–Luttinger liquid (TLL) has been established as a fundamental theory for the understanding of 1D quantum systems. Originally formulated as a replacement for the Fermi liquid theory of Landau, which accurately predicts the behaviour of most 3D metals but fails dramatically in 1D, the TLL description applies to an even broader class of 1D systems, including bosons and anyons. After a certain number of theoretical breakthroughs, its descriptive power has now been confirmed experimentally in different experimental platforms. They extend from organic conductors, carbon nanotubes, quantum wires, topological edge states of quantum spin Hall insulators to cold atoms, Josephson junctions, Bose liquids confined within 1D nanocapillaries, and spin chains. In the ground state of such systems, quantum fluctuations become correlated on all length scales, but, counter-intuitively, no long-range order exists. This Review will illustrate the validity of conformal field theory for describing real-world systems, establishing the boundaries for its application, and discuss how the quantum-critical TLL state governs the properties of many-body systems in 1D. The Tomonaga–Luttinger liquid framework can be used to describe 1D quantum systems, spanning fermions, bosons and anyons. In this Review, we discuss the various platforms that can host TLL states, including Josephson junctions, cold atoms and topological materials, and discuss the advances TLL theory can provide in quantum criticality, nonequilibrium dynamics and condensed-matter physics exploration.","PeriodicalId":19024,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Physics","volume":"7 10","pages":"565-580"},"PeriodicalIF":39.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145204904","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-04DOI: 10.1038/s42254-025-00870-0
To celebrate this year’s Ig Nobel Prize, we review some patents that raise a chuckle but are closer to serious research than it may seem at first glance.
为了庆祝今年的搞笑诺贝尔奖，我们回顾了一些令人发笑的专利，它们比乍一看更接近于严肃的研究。
{"title":"Patently funny and possibly useful","authors":"","doi":"10.1038/s42254-025-00870-0","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s42254-025-00870-0","url":null,"abstract":"To celebrate this year’s Ig Nobel Prize, we review some patents that raise a chuckle but are closer to serious research than it may seem at first glance.","PeriodicalId":19024,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Physics","volume":"7 9","pages":"463-463"},"PeriodicalIF":39.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.comhttps://www.nature.com/articles/s42254-025-00870-0.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145123739","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-01DOI: 10.1038/s42254-025-00849-x
Rachel Porter, Carolina Trenado-Yuste, Alejandro Martinez-Calvo, Morgan Su, Ned S. Wingreen, Sujit S. Datta, Kerwyn Casey Huang
Bacteria are single-celled organisms that inhabit almost every ecosystem on Earth. To overcome challenges in their typically stressful and dynamic natural habitats, bacteria can assemble into macroscopic multicellular aggregates, adopting a structured, communal lifestyle that differs starkly from that of free-living, planktonic cells. Characterization of natural environments suggests that growth in dense aggregates is the primary lifestyle for most bacteria, and in recent years controlled laboratory studies have connected physiological behaviours that are well studied in liquid culture to communal behaviours in bacterial colonies. These increasingly common findings support the idea that many microbial behaviours are best understood in the context of dense aggregates. In this Review, we discuss biophysical studies of the growth and development of such aggregates. We aim to motivate joint experimental and theoretical investigation of the biological and physical underpinnings of communal behaviours within spatially structured bacterial communities. Most bacteria exist in dense aggregates, yet this lifestyle is relatively poorly understood compared with planktonic cultures. This Review explores biophysical models of aggregate development, and how models can be extended to account for the complex behaviours of single-species and multispecies colonies.
{"title":"On the growth and form of bacterial colonies","authors":"Rachel Porter, Carolina Trenado-Yuste, Alejandro Martinez-Calvo, Morgan Su, Ned S. Wingreen, Sujit S. Datta, Kerwyn Casey Huang","doi":"10.1038/s42254-025-00849-x","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s42254-025-00849-x","url":null,"abstract":"Bacteria are single-celled organisms that inhabit almost every ecosystem on Earth. To overcome challenges in their typically stressful and dynamic natural habitats, bacteria can assemble into macroscopic multicellular aggregates, adopting a structured, communal lifestyle that differs starkly from that of free-living, planktonic cells. Characterization of natural environments suggests that growth in dense aggregates is the primary lifestyle for most bacteria, and in recent years controlled laboratory studies have connected physiological behaviours that are well studied in liquid culture to communal behaviours in bacterial colonies. These increasingly common findings support the idea that many microbial behaviours are best understood in the context of dense aggregates. In this Review, we discuss biophysical studies of the growth and development of such aggregates. We aim to motivate joint experimental and theoretical investigation of the biological and physical underpinnings of communal behaviours within spatially structured bacterial communities. Most bacteria exist in dense aggregates, yet this lifestyle is relatively poorly understood compared with planktonic cultures. This Review explores biophysical models of aggregate development, and how models can be extended to account for the complex behaviours of single-species and multispecies colonies.","PeriodicalId":19024,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Physics","volume":"7 10","pages":"535-553"},"PeriodicalIF":39.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145204899","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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