Pub Date : 2024-05-13DOI: 10.1038/s42254-024-00726-z
Petros Koumoutsakos
Computational science and artificial intelligence have been drivers and benefactors of advances in algorithms and hardware, each in different ways, and originally with different targets. Petros Koumoutsakos argues that the intellectual space between these two fields is home to exciting opportunities for scientific discovery. Petros Koumoutsakos argues that the intellectual space between AI and computational science is home to exciting opportunities for scientific discovery.
{"title":"On roads less travelled between AI and computational science","authors":"Petros Koumoutsakos","doi":"10.1038/s42254-024-00726-z","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s42254-024-00726-z","url":null,"abstract":"Computational science and artificial intelligence have been drivers and benefactors of advances in algorithms and hardware, each in different ways, and originally with different targets. Petros Koumoutsakos argues that the intellectual space between these two fields is home to exciting opportunities for scientific discovery. Petros Koumoutsakos argues that the intellectual space between AI and computational science is home to exciting opportunities for scientific discovery.","PeriodicalId":19024,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Physics","volume":"6 6","pages":"342-344"},"PeriodicalIF":38.5,"publicationDate":"2024-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140931182","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-09DOI: 10.1038/s42254-024-00723-2
Doing physics and being a physicist is shaped by complex social factors. This month, we launch a Collection to explore the social and historical context of physics research.
{"title":"Physics does not exist in a vacuum","authors":"","doi":"10.1038/s42254-024-00723-2","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s42254-024-00723-2","url":null,"abstract":"Doing physics and being a physicist is shaped by complex social factors. This month, we launch a Collection to explore the social and historical context of physics research.","PeriodicalId":19024,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Physics","volume":"6 5","pages":"283-283"},"PeriodicalIF":38.5,"publicationDate":"2024-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s42254-024-00723-2.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140902850","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-01DOI: 10.1038/s42254-024-00720-5
Jonathan Asher Pachter, Ying-Jen Yang, Ken A. Dill
Statistical physics relates the properties of macroscale systems to the distributions of their microscale agents. Its central tool has been the maximization of entropy, an equilibrium variational principle. Recent work has sought extensions to non-equilibria: across processes of change both fast and slow, in the Jarzynski equality and fluctuation relations and other tools of stochastic thermodynamics, using large deviation theory or others. When recognized as an inference principle, entropy maximization can be generalized for non-equilibria and applied to path entropies rather than state entropies, becoming the principle of maximum caliber, which we emphasize in this Review. Our primary goal is to enhance crosstalk among researchers working in disparate silos, comparing and contrasting different approaches while pointing to common roots. Entropy is central to statistical physics, but it has multiple meanings. This Review clarifies the strengths of each use and the connections between them, seeking to bolster crosstalk between researchers and to emphasize the power of inference for non-equilibrium physics.
{"title":"Entropy, irreversibility and inference at the foundations of statistical physics","authors":"Jonathan Asher Pachter, Ying-Jen Yang, Ken A. Dill","doi":"10.1038/s42254-024-00720-5","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s42254-024-00720-5","url":null,"abstract":"Statistical physics relates the properties of macroscale systems to the distributions of their microscale agents. Its central tool has been the maximization of entropy, an equilibrium variational principle. Recent work has sought extensions to non-equilibria: across processes of change both fast and slow, in the Jarzynski equality and fluctuation relations and other tools of stochastic thermodynamics, using large deviation theory or others. When recognized as an inference principle, entropy maximization can be generalized for non-equilibria and applied to path entropies rather than state entropies, becoming the principle of maximum caliber, which we emphasize in this Review. Our primary goal is to enhance crosstalk among researchers working in disparate silos, comparing and contrasting different approaches while pointing to common roots. Entropy is central to statistical physics, but it has multiple meanings. This Review clarifies the strengths of each use and the connections between them, seeking to bolster crosstalk between researchers and to emphasize the power of inference for non-equilibrium physics.","PeriodicalId":19024,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Physics","volume":"6 6","pages":"382-393"},"PeriodicalIF":38.5,"publicationDate":"2024-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140839570","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-29DOI: 10.1038/s42254-024-00721-4
Xueqian Sun, Ermin Malic, Yuerui Lu
In the past decade, dipolar many-body complexes have been observed in 2D van der Waals heterobilayers. These complexes show compelling dipolar characteristics such as long-range and anisotropic interactions among dipoles, and their high tunability and long coherence time make them promising for applications in quantum information processing and optoelectronic devices. The presence of powerful dipole–dipole interactions among long-lived interlayer excitons can cause the system to enter unique classical and quantum phases with multiparticle correlations, which can host rich many-body physics such as dipolar liquids, dipolar crystals and superfluids. The strong binding energy of interlayer excitons in 2D heterobilayers enhances the critical temperature of these exotic phenomena. In this Review, we discuss recent work on dipolar complexes and many-body effects in transition metal dichalcogenide double layers and present potential opportunities in the field. Dipolar many-body systems provide a promising platform to study quantum phases and exotic phenomena such as dipolar liquids, dipolar solids and superfluids. This Review discusses dipolar many-body complexes and their interactions in 2D stacked transition metal dichalcogenide heterobilayers and offers insights into the unique properties of various exciton species.
{"title":"Dipolar many-body complexes and their interactions in stacked 2D heterobilayers","authors":"Xueqian Sun, Ermin Malic, Yuerui Lu","doi":"10.1038/s42254-024-00721-4","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s42254-024-00721-4","url":null,"abstract":"In the past decade, dipolar many-body complexes have been observed in 2D van der Waals heterobilayers. These complexes show compelling dipolar characteristics such as long-range and anisotropic interactions among dipoles, and their high tunability and long coherence time make them promising for applications in quantum information processing and optoelectronic devices. The presence of powerful dipole–dipole interactions among long-lived interlayer excitons can cause the system to enter unique classical and quantum phases with multiparticle correlations, which can host rich many-body physics such as dipolar liquids, dipolar crystals and superfluids. The strong binding energy of interlayer excitons in 2D heterobilayers enhances the critical temperature of these exotic phenomena. In this Review, we discuss recent work on dipolar complexes and many-body effects in transition metal dichalcogenide double layers and present potential opportunities in the field. Dipolar many-body systems provide a promising platform to study quantum phases and exotic phenomena such as dipolar liquids, dipolar solids and superfluids. This Review discusses dipolar many-body complexes and their interactions in 2D stacked transition metal dichalcogenide heterobilayers and offers insights into the unique properties of various exciton species.","PeriodicalId":19024,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Physics","volume":"6 7","pages":"439-454"},"PeriodicalIF":44.8,"publicationDate":"2024-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140839580","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-25DOI: 10.1038/s42254-024-00716-1
Antonino Pietropaolo, Marco Capogni, Lina Quintieri
Molybdenum-99 is essential for nuclear medicine, being the parent radionuclide of 99mTc, which is commonly used in single-photon-emission computed tomography scans. Worldwide, the supply of 99Mo has faced considerable disruption twice in recent years: in 2009 triggered by the unexpected simultaneous shutdown of two nuclear research reactors, and in 2020 because of disruption to shipments of 99Mo as a consequence of severe restrictions on flights. This Perspective therefore examines alternative means of 99Mo production, via cyclotrons, electron linear accelerators and fusion neutron sources. The research and development of methods for 99Mo that can be synergic and complementary to reactors in the short-to-medium term and alternative to them in the long term is strategic for addressing potential global events that might produce reduced access to healthcare procedures relying on diagnostic as well as therapeutic radionuclides. This Perspective argues that the development of 99Mo production methods complementary to reactor-based methodology is strategic in the short-to-medium term. Localized and resilient 99Mo production routes might guarantee access to important diagnostic procedures even in the case of unpredictable global events.
{"title":"Future of 99Mo reactor-independent supply","authors":"Antonino Pietropaolo, Marco Capogni, Lina Quintieri","doi":"10.1038/s42254-024-00716-1","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s42254-024-00716-1","url":null,"abstract":"Molybdenum-99 is essential for nuclear medicine, being the parent radionuclide of 99mTc, which is commonly used in single-photon-emission computed tomography scans. Worldwide, the supply of 99Mo has faced considerable disruption twice in recent years: in 2009 triggered by the unexpected simultaneous shutdown of two nuclear research reactors, and in 2020 because of disruption to shipments of 99Mo as a consequence of severe restrictions on flights. This Perspective therefore examines alternative means of 99Mo production, via cyclotrons, electron linear accelerators and fusion neutron sources. The research and development of methods for 99Mo that can be synergic and complementary to reactors in the short-to-medium term and alternative to them in the long term is strategic for addressing potential global events that might produce reduced access to healthcare procedures relying on diagnostic as well as therapeutic radionuclides. This Perspective argues that the development of 99Mo production methods complementary to reactor-based methodology is strategic in the short-to-medium term. Localized and resilient 99Mo production routes might guarantee access to important diagnostic procedures even in the case of unpredictable global events.","PeriodicalId":19024,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Physics","volume":"6 6","pages":"394-399"},"PeriodicalIF":38.5,"publicationDate":"2024-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140655782","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-19DOI: 10.1038/s42254-024-00722-3
Arthur I. Miller
In 1931, the psychoanalyst Carl Jung took on an unusual patient, the brilliant young physicist, Wolfgang Pauli. Arthur I. Miller tells the story of their friendship, how they impacted each other’s work, and reflects on creativity.
1931 年，精神分析学家卡尔-荣格收治了一位不同寻常的病人--才华横溢的年轻物理学家沃尔夫冈-泡利。亚瑟-米勒（Arthur I. Miller）讲述了他们之间的友谊、他们如何影响彼此的工作以及对创造力的思考。
{"title":"How the unlikely friendship of Pauli and Jung led to the discovery of CPT symmetry","authors":"Arthur I. Miller","doi":"10.1038/s42254-024-00722-3","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s42254-024-00722-3","url":null,"abstract":"In 1931, the psychoanalyst Carl Jung took on an unusual patient, the brilliant young physicist, Wolfgang Pauli. Arthur I. Miller tells the story of their friendship, how they impacted each other’s work, and reflects on creativity.","PeriodicalId":19024,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Physics","volume":"6 5","pages":"289-290"},"PeriodicalIF":38.5,"publicationDate":"2024-04-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140630760","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-16DOI: 10.1038/s42254-024-00718-z
Nicolás Morales-Durán, Jingtian Shi, A. H. MacDonald
In the 1980s, the discovery of electron states that fractionalize in the presence of a time-reversal symmetry breaking magnetic field opened up new directions in condensed matter physics. In 2023, evidence has accumulated that a version of these states in which the time-reversal symmetry breaking is spontaneous appears in moiré materials.
{"title":"Fractionalized electrons in moiré materials","authors":"Nicolás Morales-Durán, Jingtian Shi, A. H. MacDonald","doi":"10.1038/s42254-024-00718-z","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s42254-024-00718-z","url":null,"abstract":"In the 1980s, the discovery of electron states that fractionalize in the presence of a time-reversal symmetry breaking magnetic field opened up new directions in condensed matter physics. In 2023, evidence has accumulated that a version of these states in which the time-reversal symmetry breaking is spontaneous appears in moiré materials.","PeriodicalId":19024,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Physics","volume":"6 6","pages":"349-351"},"PeriodicalIF":38.5,"publicationDate":"2024-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140585324","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-16DOI: 10.1038/s42254-024-00715-2
Andrew Forbes, Light Mkhumbuza, Liang Feng
Light can be tailored to carry angular momentum well beyond the restriction of its two spin states, left- and right-circularly polarized light, by imbuing it with orbital angular momentum (OAM). OAM is controlled by imparting finer and finer azimuthal phase gradients, twisting the wavefront ever tighter in one of two helicities, clockwise or anticlockwise. This can be done directly within a laser — OAM lasers — by imprinting an intracavity twist on the circulating light, but it requires judicious laser cavity design to break nature’s angular momentum degeneracy. Without this, the laser produces equal measures of both helicities, for no net OAM. We review the physics of OAM lasers, covering diverse symmetry-breaking approaches such as gain or loss control, asymmetric cavity geometries and geometric phase control. Structured matter allows this symmetry breaking to be done at the microscale and nanoscale, for OAM lasers based on topological matter, photonic crystals and optical breaking of chiral symmetry in microring cavities, as well as leveraging non-Hermitian photonic design at exceptional points. The exciting prospect of using structured matter to engineer twisted light is discussed along with the opportunities and challenges ahead. This Review covers the intriguing physics behind orbital angular momentum lasers, summarizing the exciting prospects at the interface between structured light and structured matter.
{"title":"Orbital angular momentum lasers","authors":"Andrew Forbes, Light Mkhumbuza, Liang Feng","doi":"10.1038/s42254-024-00715-2","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s42254-024-00715-2","url":null,"abstract":"Light can be tailored to carry angular momentum well beyond the restriction of its two spin states, left- and right-circularly polarized light, by imbuing it with orbital angular momentum (OAM). OAM is controlled by imparting finer and finer azimuthal phase gradients, twisting the wavefront ever tighter in one of two helicities, clockwise or anticlockwise. This can be done directly within a laser — OAM lasers — by imprinting an intracavity twist on the circulating light, but it requires judicious laser cavity design to break nature’s angular momentum degeneracy. Without this, the laser produces equal measures of both helicities, for no net OAM. We review the physics of OAM lasers, covering diverse symmetry-breaking approaches such as gain or loss control, asymmetric cavity geometries and geometric phase control. Structured matter allows this symmetry breaking to be done at the microscale and nanoscale, for OAM lasers based on topological matter, photonic crystals and optical breaking of chiral symmetry in microring cavities, as well as leveraging non-Hermitian photonic design at exceptional points. The exciting prospect of using structured matter to engineer twisted light is discussed along with the opportunities and challenges ahead. This Review covers the intriguing physics behind orbital angular momentum lasers, summarizing the exciting prospects at the interface between structured light and structured matter.","PeriodicalId":19024,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Physics","volume":"6 6","pages":"352-364"},"PeriodicalIF":38.5,"publicationDate":"2024-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140585360","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-16DOI: 10.1038/s42254-024-00714-3
Steven D. Bass, Michael Doser
Quantum sensing uses properties of quantum mechanics to go beyond what is possible with traditional measurement techniques. In particle physics, key problems in which quantum sensing can have a vital role include neutrino properties, tests of fundamental symmetries (Lorentz invariance and the equivalence principle, searches for electric dipole moments and possible variations of the fundamental constants), the search for dark matter and testing ideas about the nature of dark energy. Quantum sensor technologies using atom interferometry, optomechanical devices, or atomic and nuclear clocks are inherently relevant for low-energy physics, but other platforms, such as quantum dots, superconducting devices or spin sensors, might also be useful in future high-energy particle physics detectors. This Perspective explores the opportunities for these technologies in future particle physics experiments and outlines the challenges that could be tackled through collaborative efforts. Quantum sensing exploits properties of quantum systems to go beyond what is possible with traditional measurement techniques, hence opening exciting opportunities in both low-energy and high-energy particle physics experiments.
{"title":"Quantum sensing for particle physics","authors":"Steven D. Bass, Michael Doser","doi":"10.1038/s42254-024-00714-3","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s42254-024-00714-3","url":null,"abstract":"Quantum sensing uses properties of quantum mechanics to go beyond what is possible with traditional measurement techniques. In particle physics, key problems in which quantum sensing can have a vital role include neutrino properties, tests of fundamental symmetries (Lorentz invariance and the equivalence principle, searches for electric dipole moments and possible variations of the fundamental constants), the search for dark matter and testing ideas about the nature of dark energy. Quantum sensor technologies using atom interferometry, optomechanical devices, or atomic and nuclear clocks are inherently relevant for low-energy physics, but other platforms, such as quantum dots, superconducting devices or spin sensors, might also be useful in future high-energy particle physics detectors. This Perspective explores the opportunities for these technologies in future particle physics experiments and outlines the challenges that could be tackled through collaborative efforts. Quantum sensing exploits properties of quantum systems to go beyond what is possible with traditional measurement techniques, hence opening exciting opportunities in both low-energy and high-energy particle physics experiments.","PeriodicalId":19024,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Physics","volume":"6 5","pages":"329-339"},"PeriodicalIF":38.5,"publicationDate":"2024-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140585332","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-15DOI: 10.1038/s42254-024-00719-y
Jiayu Wang, Yuan Xie, Kai Chen, Hongbin Wu, Justin M. Hodgkiss, Xiaowei Zhan
Boosted by the fast development of non-fullerene acceptors, organic photovoltaics (OPVs) have achieved breakthrough power conversion efficiencies — in excess of 20% and approaching those of state-of-the-art crystalline silicon photovoltaics. New physical properties, unusual phenomena and critical mechanisms have been uncovered in non-fullerene acceptors and related devices, all contributing to deliver advances in OPV technologies. In this Review, we summarize the photophysics and device physics of non-fullerene-acceptor-based OPVs, with emphasis on the comparison between fullerene and non-fullerene acceptors of the physical processes that affect device performance. We discuss the processes of exciton generation, diffusion, transport and separation and charge recombination in OPVs and present recent interpretations of the physics of non-fullerene-acceptor-based OPVs, looking at how driving energy affects exciton separation and how charge recombination affects voltage loss. Compiling these mechanisms — especially those that can overcome the intrinsic limitations imposed by the energy-gap law — we provide a strategy for minimizing voltage loss and discuss future research directions and challenges in the fundamentals and performance of OPVs, including new modes of operation for non-fullerene-acceptor-based OPVs. Non-fullerene acceptors have boosted the development of organic photovoltaics. This Review highlights the photophysics and device physics of non-fullerene organic photovoltaics, including exciton generation, diffusion, transport, separation and charge recombination.
{"title":"Physical insights into non-fullerene organic photovoltaics","authors":"Jiayu Wang, Yuan Xie, Kai Chen, Hongbin Wu, Justin M. Hodgkiss, Xiaowei Zhan","doi":"10.1038/s42254-024-00719-y","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s42254-024-00719-y","url":null,"abstract":"Boosted by the fast development of non-fullerene acceptors, organic photovoltaics (OPVs) have achieved breakthrough power conversion efficiencies — in excess of 20% and approaching those of state-of-the-art crystalline silicon photovoltaics. New physical properties, unusual phenomena and critical mechanisms have been uncovered in non-fullerene acceptors and related devices, all contributing to deliver advances in OPV technologies. In this Review, we summarize the photophysics and device physics of non-fullerene-acceptor-based OPVs, with emphasis on the comparison between fullerene and non-fullerene acceptors of the physical processes that affect device performance. We discuss the processes of exciton generation, diffusion, transport and separation and charge recombination in OPVs and present recent interpretations of the physics of non-fullerene-acceptor-based OPVs, looking at how driving energy affects exciton separation and how charge recombination affects voltage loss. Compiling these mechanisms — especially those that can overcome the intrinsic limitations imposed by the energy-gap law — we provide a strategy for minimizing voltage loss and discuss future research directions and challenges in the fundamentals and performance of OPVs, including new modes of operation for non-fullerene-acceptor-based OPVs. Non-fullerene acceptors have boosted the development of organic photovoltaics. This Review highlights the photophysics and device physics of non-fullerene organic photovoltaics, including exciton generation, diffusion, transport, separation and charge recombination.","PeriodicalId":19024,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Physics","volume":"6 6","pages":"365-381"},"PeriodicalIF":38.5,"publicationDate":"2024-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140582154","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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