Pub Date : 2025-08-18DOI: 10.1038/s42254-025-00861-1
Nuo Xu, Xinrui Qi, Zhenqiang Shen, Lianghe Hu, Jun Lv, Yufei Zhong, Bing Wang, Zhigang Zou
Halide perovskites have exceptional optoelectronic properties, including low carrier recombination rates; however, their stability remains a challenge. Point defects play a crucial role in determining their physical characteristics, as they affect carrier dynamics and serve as the initiation sites for various ion migration processes. In the past five years, advances in computational methodologies have deepened the understanding of defect behaviour in these materials. In this Review, we focus on the role of point defects in metal halide perovskites, their impact on carrier dynamics, and ion-migration-related behaviours, and we discuss new understandings of defect tolerance. Point defects can have a critical influence on carrier dynamics and ion migration in metal halide perovskites. This Review surveys recent understandings of point defects and discusses new insights into defect tolerance in these materials.
{"title":"Point defects in metal halide perovskites","authors":"Nuo Xu, Xinrui Qi, Zhenqiang Shen, Lianghe Hu, Jun Lv, Yufei Zhong, Bing Wang, Zhigang Zou","doi":"10.1038/s42254-025-00861-1","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s42254-025-00861-1","url":null,"abstract":"Halide perovskites have exceptional optoelectronic properties, including low carrier recombination rates; however, their stability remains a challenge. Point defects play a crucial role in determining their physical characteristics, as they affect carrier dynamics and serve as the initiation sites for various ion migration processes. In the past five years, advances in computational methodologies have deepened the understanding of defect behaviour in these materials. In this Review, we focus on the role of point defects in metal halide perovskites, their impact on carrier dynamics, and ion-migration-related behaviours, and we discuss new understandings of defect tolerance. Point defects can have a critical influence on carrier dynamics and ion migration in metal halide perovskites. This Review surveys recent understandings of point defects and discusses new insights into defect tolerance in these materials.","PeriodicalId":19024,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Physics","volume":"7 10","pages":"554-564"},"PeriodicalIF":39.5,"publicationDate":"2025-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145204902","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-08-14DOI: 10.1038/s42254-025-00860-2
Erik Aurell, Larissa Brizhik, Taras Bryk
Among the satellite meetings of the IUPAP StatPhys29 conference was a meeting in Lviv, Ukraine — currently at war. Three of the organizers describe how the meeting came to be and the challenges they faced.
{"title":"An international physics conference in Ukraine","authors":"Erik Aurell, Larissa Brizhik, Taras Bryk","doi":"10.1038/s42254-025-00860-2","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s42254-025-00860-2","url":null,"abstract":"Among the satellite meetings of the IUPAP StatPhys29 conference was a meeting in Lviv, Ukraine — currently at war. Three of the organizers describe how the meeting came to be and the challenges they faced.","PeriodicalId":19024,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Physics","volume":"7 9","pages":"464-465"},"PeriodicalIF":39.5,"publicationDate":"2025-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145123743","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-08-14DOI: 10.1038/s42254-025-00865-x
David Penny
For the past two centuries, researchers have used photography to see the unseen. Today’s scientists can similarly use thoughtful photography to make their work more visible, understandable and shareable. For the past two centuries, researchers have used photography to see the unseen. Today’s scientists can similarly use thoughtful photography to make their work more visible, understandable and shareable.
{"title":"Thoughtful photography for scientists","authors":"David Penny","doi":"10.1038/s42254-025-00865-x","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s42254-025-00865-x","url":null,"abstract":"For the past two centuries, researchers have used photography to see the unseen. Today’s scientists can similarly use thoughtful photography to make their work more visible, understandable and shareable. For the past two centuries, researchers have used photography to see the unseen. Today’s scientists can similarly use thoughtful photography to make their work more visible, understandable and shareable.","PeriodicalId":19024,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Physics","volume":"7 9","pages":"466-467"},"PeriodicalIF":39.5,"publicationDate":"2025-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145123744","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-08-11DOI: 10.1038/s42254-025-00857-x
Maxim Trushin, Daria V. Andreeva, Francois M. Peeters, Kostya S. Novoselov
When water flows through 1D or 2D channels, its behaviour deviates substantially from the well-established principles of hydrodynamics. This is because reducing the dimensionality of any interacting physical system amplifies interaction effects that are beyond the reach of traditional hydrodynamic equations. In low-dimensional water, hydrogen bonds can become stable enough to arrange water molecules into an ordered state, causing water to behave not only like a liquid but also like a solid in certain respects. In this Review, we explore the relationship between the molecular ordering of water and its ability to flow in low-dimensional channels, using viscosities of bulk water, vapour, and ice as benchmarks. We also provide a brief overview of the key theoretical approaches available for such analyses and discuss ionic transport, which is heavily influenced by the molecular structure of water. The dynamic interaction between low-dimensional water transport and ion-coupled structural features lies at the heart of recent advances in the design and investigation of angstrom-scale biomimetic and neuromorphic channels. Water’s structure and viscosity change markedly under reduced dimensionality. This Review explores how viscosity depends on the dimensionality of confinement (1D or 2D) and examines the interplay between geometric and ionic constraints in shaping transport properties within angstrom-scale water channels.
{"title":"Structure and flow of low-dimensional water","authors":"Maxim Trushin, Daria V. Andreeva, Francois M. Peeters, Kostya S. Novoselov","doi":"10.1038/s42254-025-00857-x","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s42254-025-00857-x","url":null,"abstract":"When water flows through 1D or 2D channels, its behaviour deviates substantially from the well-established principles of hydrodynamics. This is because reducing the dimensionality of any interacting physical system amplifies interaction effects that are beyond the reach of traditional hydrodynamic equations. In low-dimensional water, hydrogen bonds can become stable enough to arrange water molecules into an ordered state, causing water to behave not only like a liquid but also like a solid in certain respects. In this Review, we explore the relationship between the molecular ordering of water and its ability to flow in low-dimensional channels, using viscosities of bulk water, vapour, and ice as benchmarks. We also provide a brief overview of the key theoretical approaches available for such analyses and discuss ionic transport, which is heavily influenced by the molecular structure of water. The dynamic interaction between low-dimensional water transport and ion-coupled structural features lies at the heart of recent advances in the design and investigation of angstrom-scale biomimetic and neuromorphic channels. Water’s structure and viscosity change markedly under reduced dimensionality. This Review explores how viscosity depends on the dimensionality of confinement (1D or 2D) and examines the interplay between geometric and ionic constraints in shaping transport properties within angstrom-scale water channels.","PeriodicalId":19024,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Physics","volume":"7 9","pages":"502-513"},"PeriodicalIF":39.5,"publicationDate":"2025-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145123748","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-08-11DOI: 10.1038/s42254-025-00867-9
Atreyie Ghosh
Atreyie Ghosh explains how photoelectron emission microscopy can help to understand the light–matter interactions of two-dimensional materials.
Atreyie Ghosh解释了光电子发射显微镜如何帮助理解二维材料的光-物质相互作用。
{"title":"Photoemission electron microscopy for 2D materials","authors":"Atreyie Ghosh","doi":"10.1038/s42254-025-00867-9","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s42254-025-00867-9","url":null,"abstract":"Atreyie Ghosh explains how photoelectron emission microscopy can help to understand the light–matter interactions of two-dimensional materials.","PeriodicalId":19024,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Physics","volume":"7 9","pages":"468-468"},"PeriodicalIF":39.5,"publicationDate":"2025-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145123740","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-08-07DOI: 10.1038/s42254-025-00851-3
Lijuan Xie, Carlos Criollo, Ruiyun Zhou, Mingming Zhang, Benhui Dai, Jacques Doumani, T. Elijah Kritzell, Jifan Yin, Wenhui Geng, Yibin Ying, Andrey Baydin, Junichiro Kono
Terahertz (THz) technology bridges the gap between electronics and photonics, unlocking transformative opportunities in medical diagnostics, molecular identification and next-generation wireless networks. Usually, THz devices have been made from conventional semiconductors and their heterostructures to achieve the necessary carrier transport properties and optical-to-THz conversion efficiencies. In the past decade, carbon nanomaterials, such as carbon nanotubes and graphene, have been successfully used in the development of THz devices, including emitters, detectors and modulators. These advances are enabled by the unique properties of these materials, including strong linear and nonlinear THz radiation absorption, ultrahigh carrier mobilities and facile gate tunability. In this Review, we present the latest advances in the generation, detection and modulation of THz radiation using carbon nanomaterials, particularly focusing on the use of carbon nanotubes and graphene. The challenges and opportunities of using carbon nanomaterials in THz technology and towards potential applications are discussed. Carbon nanomaterials have strong electron–photon interactions in the terahertz range, gate-tunable photoresponse and high carrier mobilities. This Review provides a discussion of the use of carbon nanotubes and graphene for the generation, detection and modulation of terahertz waves.
{"title":"Carbon-nanomaterial-enabled terahertz technology","authors":"Lijuan Xie, Carlos Criollo, Ruiyun Zhou, Mingming Zhang, Benhui Dai, Jacques Doumani, T. Elijah Kritzell, Jifan Yin, Wenhui Geng, Yibin Ying, Andrey Baydin, Junichiro Kono","doi":"10.1038/s42254-025-00851-3","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s42254-025-00851-3","url":null,"abstract":"Terahertz (THz) technology bridges the gap between electronics and photonics, unlocking transformative opportunities in medical diagnostics, molecular identification and next-generation wireless networks. Usually, THz devices have been made from conventional semiconductors and their heterostructures to achieve the necessary carrier transport properties and optical-to-THz conversion efficiencies. In the past decade, carbon nanomaterials, such as carbon nanotubes and graphene, have been successfully used in the development of THz devices, including emitters, detectors and modulators. These advances are enabled by the unique properties of these materials, including strong linear and nonlinear THz radiation absorption, ultrahigh carrier mobilities and facile gate tunability. In this Review, we present the latest advances in the generation, detection and modulation of THz radiation using carbon nanomaterials, particularly focusing on the use of carbon nanotubes and graphene. The challenges and opportunities of using carbon nanomaterials in THz technology and towards potential applications are discussed. Carbon nanomaterials have strong electron–photon interactions in the terahertz range, gate-tunable photoresponse and high carrier mobilities. This Review provides a discussion of the use of carbon nanotubes and graphene for the generation, detection and modulation of terahertz waves.","PeriodicalId":19024,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Physics","volume":"7 9","pages":"487-501"},"PeriodicalIF":39.5,"publicationDate":"2025-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145123747","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-08-05DOI: 10.1038/s42254-025-00862-0
As the Northern Hemisphere heads into summer holiday season, we encourage all our readers to properly switch off from work for a while.
随着北半球进入夏季假期，我们鼓励我们所有的读者适当地放下工作一段时间。
{"title":"Scientists need a break too","authors":"","doi":"10.1038/s42254-025-00862-0","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s42254-025-00862-0","url":null,"abstract":"As the Northern Hemisphere heads into summer holiday season, we encourage all our readers to properly switch off from work for a while.","PeriodicalId":19024,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Physics","volume":"7 8","pages":"403-403"},"PeriodicalIF":39.5,"publicationDate":"2025-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.comhttps://www.nature.com/articles/s42254-025-00862-0.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145123710","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-07-30DOI: 10.1038/s42254-025-00853-1
Aleksandr Berezutskii, Minzhao Liu, Atithi Acharya, Roman Ellerbrock, Johnnie Gray, Reza Haghshenas, Zichang He, Abid Khan, Viacheslav Kuzmin, Dmitry Lyakh, Danylo Lykov, Salvatore Mandrà, Christopher Mansell, Alexey Melnikov, Artem Melnikov, Vladimir Mironov, Dmitry Morozov, Florian Neukart, Alberto Nocera, Michael A. Perlin, Michael Perelshtein, Matthew Steinberg, Ruslan Shaydulin, Benjamin Villalonga, Markus Pflitsch, Marco Pistoia, Valerii Vinokur, Yuri Alexeev
Tensor networks have become a useful tool in many areas of physics, especially in quantum information science and quantum computing, where they are used to represent and manipulate quantum states and processes. The original use of tensor networks is the simulation of quantum systems, where tensor networks provide compressed representations of the structured systems. As research into quantum computing and tensor networks progresses, a plethora of new applications are becoming increasingly relevant. This Technical Review discusses the diverse applications of tensor networks to demonstrate that they are an important instrument for quantum computing. Specifically, we summarize the application of tensor networks in various domains of quantum computing, including simulation of quantum computation, quantum circuit synthesis, quantum error correction and mitigation, and quantum machine learning. Finally, we provide an outlook on the opportunities that tensor-network techniques provide and the challenges they may face in the future. Tensor networks provide a powerful tool for understanding and improving quantum computing. This Technical Review discusses applications in simulation, circuit synthesis, error correction and mitigation, and quantum machine learning.
{"title":"Tensor networks for quantum computing","authors":"Aleksandr Berezutskii, Minzhao Liu, Atithi Acharya, Roman Ellerbrock, Johnnie Gray, Reza Haghshenas, Zichang He, Abid Khan, Viacheslav Kuzmin, Dmitry Lyakh, Danylo Lykov, Salvatore Mandrà, Christopher Mansell, Alexey Melnikov, Artem Melnikov, Vladimir Mironov, Dmitry Morozov, Florian Neukart, Alberto Nocera, Michael A. Perlin, Michael Perelshtein, Matthew Steinberg, Ruslan Shaydulin, Benjamin Villalonga, Markus Pflitsch, Marco Pistoia, Valerii Vinokur, Yuri Alexeev","doi":"10.1038/s42254-025-00853-1","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s42254-025-00853-1","url":null,"abstract":"Tensor networks have become a useful tool in many areas of physics, especially in quantum information science and quantum computing, where they are used to represent and manipulate quantum states and processes. The original use of tensor networks is the simulation of quantum systems, where tensor networks provide compressed representations of the structured systems. As research into quantum computing and tensor networks progresses, a plethora of new applications are becoming increasingly relevant. This Technical Review discusses the diverse applications of tensor networks to demonstrate that they are an important instrument for quantum computing. Specifically, we summarize the application of tensor networks in various domains of quantum computing, including simulation of quantum computation, quantum circuit synthesis, quantum error correction and mitigation, and quantum machine learning. Finally, we provide an outlook on the opportunities that tensor-network techniques provide and the challenges they may face in the future. Tensor networks provide a powerful tool for understanding and improving quantum computing. This Technical Review discusses applications in simulation, circuit synthesis, error correction and mitigation, and quantum machine learning.","PeriodicalId":19024,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Physics","volume":"7 10","pages":"581-593"},"PeriodicalIF":39.5,"publicationDate":"2025-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145204905","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-07-28DOI: 10.1038/s42254-025-00859-9
Yonatan Ossia
Yonatan Ossia describes how focussed ion beam milling can help to correlate the emission spectroscopy of quantum dots with electron micrographs.
Yonatan Ossia描述了聚焦离子束铣削如何有助于将量子点的发射光谱与电子显微照片联系起来。
{"title":"Focused ion-beam milled lamellas for correlated optical and structural imaging of quantum dots","authors":"Yonatan Ossia","doi":"10.1038/s42254-025-00859-9","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s42254-025-00859-9","url":null,"abstract":"Yonatan Ossia describes how focussed ion beam milling can help to correlate the emission spectroscopy of quantum dots with electron micrographs.","PeriodicalId":19024,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Physics","volume":"7 8","pages":"408-408"},"PeriodicalIF":39.5,"publicationDate":"2025-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145123750","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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