Structured photonic systems, from photonic crystals to metamaterials and metasurfaces, provide a broad platform for photonic gauge fields. This artificial version of the real gauge fields in electrodynamics can induce a range of exotic functionalities in many branches of optical physics, enabling the manipulation of light and its interactions with various photonic structures in new and interesting ways. In this Review, we provide a viewpoint on how the concept of artificial gauge fields can connect seemingly unrelated optical effects. Artificial gauge fields in photonics can be either vectorial or scalar, Abelian or non-Abelian, real or complex. They apply not only to conventional real and momentum spaces, but also to spaces spanned by other synthetic dimensions, and are applicable to both semiclassical and quantum systems. In this Review, leveraging the wide applicability of the artificial gauge field, we connect different optical branches, including topological photonics, non-Abelian physics and non-Hermitian photonics. We discuss the current progress and next steps of research on optical gauge fields as well as their potential for future applications. Artificial gauge fields unlock additional degrees of freedom to manipulating light in structured photonic systems. This Review strives to unify topological, non-Abelian and non-Hermitian photonics using the concept of gauge fields.
{"title":"Artificial gauge fields in photonics","authors":"Wange Song, Yi Yang, Zhiyuan Lin, Xuanyu Liu, Shengjie Wu, Chen Chen, Yongguan Ke, Chaohong Lee, Wei Liu, Shining Zhu, Yuri Kivshar, Tao Li, Shuang Zhang","doi":"10.1038/s42254-025-00869-7","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s42254-025-00869-7","url":null,"abstract":"Structured photonic systems, from photonic crystals to metamaterials and metasurfaces, provide a broad platform for photonic gauge fields. This artificial version of the real gauge fields in electrodynamics can induce a range of exotic functionalities in many branches of optical physics, enabling the manipulation of light and its interactions with various photonic structures in new and interesting ways. In this Review, we provide a viewpoint on how the concept of artificial gauge fields can connect seemingly unrelated optical effects. Artificial gauge fields in photonics can be either vectorial or scalar, Abelian or non-Abelian, real or complex. They apply not only to conventional real and momentum spaces, but also to spaces spanned by other synthetic dimensions, and are applicable to both semiclassical and quantum systems. In this Review, leveraging the wide applicability of the artificial gauge field, we connect different optical branches, including topological photonics, non-Abelian physics and non-Hermitian photonics. We discuss the current progress and next steps of research on optical gauge fields as well as their potential for future applications. Artificial gauge fields unlock additional degrees of freedom to manipulating light in structured photonic systems. This Review strives to unify topological, non-Abelian and non-Hermitian photonics using the concept of gauge fields.","PeriodicalId":19024,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Physics","volume":"7 11","pages":"606-620"},"PeriodicalIF":39.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145429584","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-08DOI: 10.1038/s42254-025-00872-y
Julia Hannukainen
Julia Hannukainen reports on the Grete Hermann Network workshop in condensed matter physics that took place at the University of Würzburg, Germany, from 30 June to 2 July 2025.
Julia Hannukainen报道了于2025年6月30日至7月2日在德国维尔茨堡大学举行的Grete Hermann网络凝聚态物理研讨会。
{"title":"Meeting report: all-female speaker line-up in condensed matter","authors":"Julia Hannukainen","doi":"10.1038/s42254-025-00872-y","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s42254-025-00872-y","url":null,"abstract":"Julia Hannukainen reports on the Grete Hermann Network workshop in condensed matter physics that took place at the University of Würzburg, Germany, from 30 June to 2 July 2025.","PeriodicalId":19024,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Physics","volume":"7 10","pages":"526-527"},"PeriodicalIF":39.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145204892","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-08DOI: 10.1038/s42254-025-00866-w
Isabelle Bouchoule, Roberta Citro, Timothy Duty, Thierry Giamarchi, Randall G. Hulet, Martin Klanjšek, Edmond Orignac, Bent Weber
The concept of a Tomonaga–Luttinger liquid (TLL) has been established as a fundamental theory for the understanding of 1D quantum systems. Originally formulated as a replacement for the Fermi liquid theory of Landau, which accurately predicts the behaviour of most 3D metals but fails dramatically in 1D, the TLL description applies to an even broader class of 1D systems, including bosons and anyons. After a certain number of theoretical breakthroughs, its descriptive power has now been confirmed experimentally in different experimental platforms. They extend from organic conductors, carbon nanotubes, quantum wires, topological edge states of quantum spin Hall insulators to cold atoms, Josephson junctions, Bose liquids confined within 1D nanocapillaries, and spin chains. In the ground state of such systems, quantum fluctuations become correlated on all length scales, but, counter-intuitively, no long-range order exists. This Review will illustrate the validity of conformal field theory for describing real-world systems, establishing the boundaries for its application, and discuss how the quantum-critical TLL state governs the properties of many-body systems in 1D. The Tomonaga–Luttinger liquid framework can be used to describe 1D quantum systems, spanning fermions, bosons and anyons. In this Review, we discuss the various platforms that can host TLL states, including Josephson junctions, cold atoms and topological materials, and discuss the advances TLL theory can provide in quantum criticality, nonequilibrium dynamics and condensed-matter physics exploration.
{"title":"Platforms for the realization and characterization of Tomonaga–Luttinger liquids","authors":"Isabelle Bouchoule, Roberta Citro, Timothy Duty, Thierry Giamarchi, Randall G. Hulet, Martin Klanjšek, Edmond Orignac, Bent Weber","doi":"10.1038/s42254-025-00866-w","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s42254-025-00866-w","url":null,"abstract":"The concept of a Tomonaga–Luttinger liquid (TLL) has been established as a fundamental theory for the understanding of 1D quantum systems. Originally formulated as a replacement for the Fermi liquid theory of Landau, which accurately predicts the behaviour of most 3D metals but fails dramatically in 1D, the TLL description applies to an even broader class of 1D systems, including bosons and anyons. After a certain number of theoretical breakthroughs, its descriptive power has now been confirmed experimentally in different experimental platforms. They extend from organic conductors, carbon nanotubes, quantum wires, topological edge states of quantum spin Hall insulators to cold atoms, Josephson junctions, Bose liquids confined within 1D nanocapillaries, and spin chains. In the ground state of such systems, quantum fluctuations become correlated on all length scales, but, counter-intuitively, no long-range order exists. This Review will illustrate the validity of conformal field theory for describing real-world systems, establishing the boundaries for its application, and discuss how the quantum-critical TLL state governs the properties of many-body systems in 1D. The Tomonaga–Luttinger liquid framework can be used to describe 1D quantum systems, spanning fermions, bosons and anyons. In this Review, we discuss the various platforms that can host TLL states, including Josephson junctions, cold atoms and topological materials, and discuss the advances TLL theory can provide in quantum criticality, nonequilibrium dynamics and condensed-matter physics exploration.","PeriodicalId":19024,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Physics","volume":"7 10","pages":"565-580"},"PeriodicalIF":39.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145204904","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-04DOI: 10.1038/s42254-025-00870-0
To celebrate this year’s Ig Nobel Prize, we review some patents that raise a chuckle but are closer to serious research than it may seem at first glance.
为了庆祝今年的搞笑诺贝尔奖，我们回顾了一些令人发笑的专利，它们比乍一看更接近于严肃的研究。
{"title":"Patently funny and possibly useful","authors":"","doi":"10.1038/s42254-025-00870-0","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s42254-025-00870-0","url":null,"abstract":"To celebrate this year’s Ig Nobel Prize, we review some patents that raise a chuckle but are closer to serious research than it may seem at first glance.","PeriodicalId":19024,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Physics","volume":"7 9","pages":"463-463"},"PeriodicalIF":39.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.comhttps://www.nature.com/articles/s42254-025-00870-0.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145123739","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-01DOI: 10.1038/s42254-025-00849-x
Rachel Porter, Carolina Trenado-Yuste, Alejandro Martinez-Calvo, Morgan Su, Ned S. Wingreen, Sujit S. Datta, Kerwyn Casey Huang
Bacteria are single-celled organisms that inhabit almost every ecosystem on Earth. To overcome challenges in their typically stressful and dynamic natural habitats, bacteria can assemble into macroscopic multicellular aggregates, adopting a structured, communal lifestyle that differs starkly from that of free-living, planktonic cells. Characterization of natural environments suggests that growth in dense aggregates is the primary lifestyle for most bacteria, and in recent years controlled laboratory studies have connected physiological behaviours that are well studied in liquid culture to communal behaviours in bacterial colonies. These increasingly common findings support the idea that many microbial behaviours are best understood in the context of dense aggregates. In this Review, we discuss biophysical studies of the growth and development of such aggregates. We aim to motivate joint experimental and theoretical investigation of the biological and physical underpinnings of communal behaviours within spatially structured bacterial communities. Most bacteria exist in dense aggregates, yet this lifestyle is relatively poorly understood compared with planktonic cultures. This Review explores biophysical models of aggregate development, and how models can be extended to account for the complex behaviours of single-species and multispecies colonies.
{"title":"On the growth and form of bacterial colonies","authors":"Rachel Porter, Carolina Trenado-Yuste, Alejandro Martinez-Calvo, Morgan Su, Ned S. Wingreen, Sujit S. Datta, Kerwyn Casey Huang","doi":"10.1038/s42254-025-00849-x","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s42254-025-00849-x","url":null,"abstract":"Bacteria are single-celled organisms that inhabit almost every ecosystem on Earth. To overcome challenges in their typically stressful and dynamic natural habitats, bacteria can assemble into macroscopic multicellular aggregates, adopting a structured, communal lifestyle that differs starkly from that of free-living, planktonic cells. Characterization of natural environments suggests that growth in dense aggregates is the primary lifestyle for most bacteria, and in recent years controlled laboratory studies have connected physiological behaviours that are well studied in liquid culture to communal behaviours in bacterial colonies. These increasingly common findings support the idea that many microbial behaviours are best understood in the context of dense aggregates. In this Review, we discuss biophysical studies of the growth and development of such aggregates. We aim to motivate joint experimental and theoretical investigation of the biological and physical underpinnings of communal behaviours within spatially structured bacterial communities. Most bacteria exist in dense aggregates, yet this lifestyle is relatively poorly understood compared with planktonic cultures. This Review explores biophysical models of aggregate development, and how models can be extended to account for the complex behaviours of single-species and multispecies colonies.","PeriodicalId":19024,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Physics","volume":"7 10","pages":"535-553"},"PeriodicalIF":39.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145204899","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-08-26DOI: 10.1038/s42254-025-00864-y
Tatiana Novikova
In the 1990s, the realization that helical beams carry orbital angular momentum started the field of structured light. In 2024, experiments showed that these beams preserve their phase information when traversing a turbid medium, which promises new applications in biophotonics.
{"title":"Preserving orbital angular momentum in scattering media","authors":"Tatiana Novikova","doi":"10.1038/s42254-025-00864-y","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s42254-025-00864-y","url":null,"abstract":"In the 1990s, the realization that helical beams carry orbital angular momentum started the field of structured light. In 2024, experiments showed that these beams preserve their phase information when traversing a turbid medium, which promises new applications in biophotonics.","PeriodicalId":19024,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Physics","volume":"7 9","pages":"470-472"},"PeriodicalIF":39.5,"publicationDate":"2025-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145123741","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-08-18DOI: 10.1038/s42254-025-00861-1
Nuo Xu, Xinrui Qi, Zhenqiang Shen, Lianghe Hu, Jun Lv, Yufei Zhong, Bing Wang, Zhigang Zou
Halide perovskites have exceptional optoelectronic properties, including low carrier recombination rates; however, their stability remains a challenge. Point defects play a crucial role in determining their physical characteristics, as they affect carrier dynamics and serve as the initiation sites for various ion migration processes. In the past five years, advances in computational methodologies have deepened the understanding of defect behaviour in these materials. In this Review, we focus on the role of point defects in metal halide perovskites, their impact on carrier dynamics, and ion-migration-related behaviours, and we discuss new understandings of defect tolerance. Point defects can have a critical influence on carrier dynamics and ion migration in metal halide perovskites. This Review surveys recent understandings of point defects and discusses new insights into defect tolerance in these materials.
{"title":"Point defects in metal halide perovskites","authors":"Nuo Xu, Xinrui Qi, Zhenqiang Shen, Lianghe Hu, Jun Lv, Yufei Zhong, Bing Wang, Zhigang Zou","doi":"10.1038/s42254-025-00861-1","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s42254-025-00861-1","url":null,"abstract":"Halide perovskites have exceptional optoelectronic properties, including low carrier recombination rates; however, their stability remains a challenge. Point defects play a crucial role in determining their physical characteristics, as they affect carrier dynamics and serve as the initiation sites for various ion migration processes. In the past five years, advances in computational methodologies have deepened the understanding of defect behaviour in these materials. In this Review, we focus on the role of point defects in metal halide perovskites, their impact on carrier dynamics, and ion-migration-related behaviours, and we discuss new understandings of defect tolerance. Point defects can have a critical influence on carrier dynamics and ion migration in metal halide perovskites. This Review surveys recent understandings of point defects and discusses new insights into defect tolerance in these materials.","PeriodicalId":19024,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Physics","volume":"7 10","pages":"554-564"},"PeriodicalIF":39.5,"publicationDate":"2025-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145204902","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-08-14DOI: 10.1038/s42254-025-00860-2
Erik Aurell, Larissa Brizhik, Taras Bryk
Among the satellite meetings of the IUPAP StatPhys29 conference was a meeting in Lviv, Ukraine — currently at war. Three of the organizers describe how the meeting came to be and the challenges they faced.
{"title":"An international physics conference in Ukraine","authors":"Erik Aurell, Larissa Brizhik, Taras Bryk","doi":"10.1038/s42254-025-00860-2","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s42254-025-00860-2","url":null,"abstract":"Among the satellite meetings of the IUPAP StatPhys29 conference was a meeting in Lviv, Ukraine — currently at war. Three of the organizers describe how the meeting came to be and the challenges they faced.","PeriodicalId":19024,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Physics","volume":"7 9","pages":"464-465"},"PeriodicalIF":39.5,"publicationDate":"2025-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145123743","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-08-14DOI: 10.1038/s42254-025-00865-x
David Penny
For the past two centuries, researchers have used photography to see the unseen. Today’s scientists can similarly use thoughtful photography to make their work more visible, understandable and shareable. For the past two centuries, researchers have used photography to see the unseen. Today’s scientists can similarly use thoughtful photography to make their work more visible, understandable and shareable.
{"title":"Thoughtful photography for scientists","authors":"David Penny","doi":"10.1038/s42254-025-00865-x","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s42254-025-00865-x","url":null,"abstract":"For the past two centuries, researchers have used photography to see the unseen. Today’s scientists can similarly use thoughtful photography to make their work more visible, understandable and shareable. For the past two centuries, researchers have used photography to see the unseen. Today’s scientists can similarly use thoughtful photography to make their work more visible, understandable and shareable.","PeriodicalId":19024,"journal":{"name":"Nature Reviews Physics","volume":"7 9","pages":"466-467"},"PeriodicalIF":39.5,"publicationDate":"2025-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145123744","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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