Pub Date : 2025-12-06DOI: 10.1515/nanoph-2025-0468
Mikhail K. Tatmyshevskiy, Georgy A. Ermolaev, Dmitriy V. Grudinin, Aleksandr S. Slavich, Nikolay V. Pak, Marwa A. El-Sayed, Alexander Melentev, Elena Zhukova, Roman I. Romanov, Dmitry I. Yakubovsky, Andrey A. Vyshnevyy, Sergey M. Novikov, Aleksey V. Arsenin, Valentyn S. Volkov
van der Waals transition metal dichalcogenides, distinguished by a high refractive index and giant optical anisotropy, are promising materials for integrated photonic devices. However, their superior optical properties are nowadays limited to exfoliated samples with only a micrometer scale, whereas industrial integration requires at least cm-scale dimensions. Here, we resolve this problem for MoTe 2 by demonstrating that chemical vapor deposition synthesis can provide an identical optical response to the benchmark exfoliated samples in a broad spectral range (250–5,000 nm). It allows us to show high-performance waveguiding properties of MoTe 2 with a subwavelength footprint of ∼ λ /8 for telecommunication wavelengths. Therefore, our findings reveal MoTe 2 as an ideal platform for the next-generation nanophotonics.
{"title":"Bridging the scalability gap in van der Waals light guiding with high refractive index MoTe 2","authors":"Mikhail K. Tatmyshevskiy, Georgy A. Ermolaev, Dmitriy V. Grudinin, Aleksandr S. Slavich, Nikolay V. Pak, Marwa A. El-Sayed, Alexander Melentev, Elena Zhukova, Roman I. Romanov, Dmitry I. Yakubovsky, Andrey A. Vyshnevyy, Sergey M. Novikov, Aleksey V. Arsenin, Valentyn S. Volkov","doi":"10.1515/nanoph-2025-0468","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2025-0468","url":null,"abstract":"van der Waals transition metal dichalcogenides, distinguished by a high refractive index and giant optical anisotropy, are promising materials for integrated photonic devices. However, their superior optical properties are nowadays limited to exfoliated samples with only a micrometer scale, whereas industrial integration requires at least cm-scale dimensions. Here, we resolve this problem for MoTe <jats:sub>2</jats:sub> by demonstrating that chemical vapor deposition synthesis can provide an identical optical response to the benchmark exfoliated samples in a broad spectral range (250–5,000 nm). It allows us to show high-performance waveguiding properties of MoTe <jats:sub>2</jats:sub> with a subwavelength footprint of ∼ <jats:italic>λ</jats:italic> /8 for telecommunication wavelengths. Therefore, our findings reveal MoTe <jats:sub>2</jats:sub> as an ideal platform for the next-generation nanophotonics.","PeriodicalId":19027,"journal":{"name":"Nanophotonics","volume":"27 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145680050","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-05DOI: 10.1515/nanoph-2025-0487
Joonyoung Kim, Gangseon Ji, Hyoung-Taek Lee, Jeonghoon Kim, Han-Seok Park, Uksam Choi, Choongwon Seo, Changhee Sohn, Kyungwan Kim, Byeongwon Kang, Hyeong-Ryeol Park
Superconductivity collapses when all Cooper pairs acquire energies exceeding the superconducting gap. Breaking these pairs requires photons with energy greater than the superconducting gap or strong terahertz (THz) electric fields, which has limited the practical use of superconducting devices at THz frequencies. Here, we show that GdBa 2 Cu 3 O 7-δ (GdBCO) film integrated with 15-nm metal nanogaps exhibit Cooper pair breaking at 20 K, which is lower than its critical temperature Tc , under incident THz fields as low as 60 V/cm. It should be noted that the extracted optical constants of the nanogap-integrated film exhibit a characteristic of a non-superconducting state, in contrast to the bare GdBCO film. This suppression of the superconductivity cannot be attributed to heating or fabrication damage but instead arises from the nanogap-enhanced THz fields delivering ponderomotive energy beyond the superconducting gap. Our results establish a non-thermal, low-field pathway for controlling superconductivity, opening opportunities for highly sensitive superconducting optoelectronic devices such as a THz single photon detector.
当所有库珀对获得的能量超过超导间隙时，超导性就会崩溃。打破这些对需要能量大于超导间隙或强太赫兹（THz）电场的光子，这限制了在太赫兹频率下超导设备的实际使用。本文表明，在低至60 V/cm的入射太赫兹场下，集成了15 nm金属纳米隙的GdBa 2 Cu 3 O 7-δ (GdBCO)薄膜在20 K时出现库珀对断裂，低于其临界温度T c。值得注意的是，与裸GdBCO膜相比，提取的纳米隙集成膜的光学常数表现出非超导状态的特征。这种对超导性的抑制不能归因于加热或制造损坏，而是由于纳米隙增强的太赫兹场在超导隙之外提供了重动力能量。我们的研究结果为控制超导性建立了一种非热、低场途径，为高灵敏度超导光电器件（如太赫兹单光子探测器）开辟了机会。
{"title":"Nanogap-enhanced terahertz suppression of superconductivity","authors":"Joonyoung Kim, Gangseon Ji, Hyoung-Taek Lee, Jeonghoon Kim, Han-Seok Park, Uksam Choi, Choongwon Seo, Changhee Sohn, Kyungwan Kim, Byeongwon Kang, Hyeong-Ryeol Park","doi":"10.1515/nanoph-2025-0487","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2025-0487","url":null,"abstract":"Superconductivity collapses when all Cooper pairs acquire energies exceeding the superconducting gap. Breaking these pairs requires photons with energy greater than the superconducting gap or strong terahertz (THz) electric fields, which has limited the practical use of superconducting devices at THz frequencies. Here, we show that GdBa <jats:sub>2</jats:sub> Cu <jats:sub>3</jats:sub> O <jats:sub>7-δ</jats:sub> (GdBCO) film integrated with 15-nm metal nanogaps exhibit Cooper pair breaking at 20 K, which is lower than its critical temperature <jats:italic>T</jats:italic> <jats:sub>c</jats:sub> , under incident THz fields as low as 60 V/cm. It should be noted that the extracted optical constants of the nanogap-integrated film exhibit a characteristic of a non-superconducting state, in contrast to the bare GdBCO film. This suppression of the superconductivity cannot be attributed to heating or fabrication damage but instead arises from the nanogap-enhanced THz fields delivering ponderomotive energy beyond the superconducting gap. Our results establish a non-thermal, low-field pathway for controlling superconductivity, opening opportunities for highly sensitive superconducting optoelectronic devices such as a THz single photon detector.","PeriodicalId":19027,"journal":{"name":"Nanophotonics","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145673590","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-05DOI: 10.1515/nanoph-2025-0427
Lukas Freter, Piper Fowler-Wright, Javier Cuerda, Brendon W. Lovett, Jonathan Keeling, Päivi Törmä
We develop the theory of dynamical superradiance – the collective exchange of energy between an ensemble of initially excited emitters and a single-mode cavity – for organic materials where electronic states are coupled to vibrational modes. We consider two models to capture the vibrational effects: first, vibrations treated as a Markovian bath for two-level emitters, via a pure dephasing term in the Lindblad master equation for the system; second, vibrational modes directly included in the system via the Holstein–Tavis–Cummings Hamiltonian. By exploiting the permutation symmetry of the emitters and weak U(1) symmetry, we develop a numerical method capable of exactly solving the Tavis–Cummings model with local dissipation for up to 140 emitters. Using the exact method, we validate mean-field and second-order cumulant approximations and use them to describe macroscopic numbers of emitters. We analyze the dynamics of the average cavity photon number, electronic coherence, and Bloch vector length and show that the effect of vibrational mode coupling goes beyond simple dephasing. Our results show that superradiance is possible in the presence of vibrational mode coupling; for negative cavity detunings, the vibrational coupling may even enhance superradiance. We identify asymmetry of the photon number rise time as a function of the detuning of the cavity frequency as an experimentally accessible signature of such vibrationally assisted superradiance.
{"title":"Theory of dynamical superradiance in organic materials","authors":"Lukas Freter, Piper Fowler-Wright, Javier Cuerda, Brendon W. Lovett, Jonathan Keeling, Päivi Törmä","doi":"10.1515/nanoph-2025-0427","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2025-0427","url":null,"abstract":"We develop the theory of dynamical superradiance – the collective exchange of energy between an ensemble of initially excited emitters and a single-mode cavity – for organic materials where electronic states are coupled to vibrational modes. We consider two models to capture the vibrational effects: first, vibrations treated as a Markovian bath for two-level emitters, via a pure dephasing term in the Lindblad master equation for the system; second, vibrational modes directly included in the system via the Holstein–Tavis–Cummings Hamiltonian. By exploiting the permutation symmetry of the emitters and weak U(1) symmetry, we develop a numerical method capable of exactly solving the Tavis–Cummings model with local dissipation for up to 140 emitters. Using the exact method, we validate mean-field and second-order cumulant approximations and use them to describe macroscopic numbers of emitters. We analyze the dynamics of the average cavity photon number, electronic coherence, and Bloch vector length and show that the effect of vibrational mode coupling goes beyond simple dephasing. Our results show that superradiance is possible in the presence of vibrational mode coupling; for negative cavity detunings, the vibrational coupling may even enhance superradiance. We identify asymmetry of the photon number rise time as a function of the detuning of the cavity frequency as an experimentally accessible signature of such vibrationally assisted superradiance.","PeriodicalId":19027,"journal":{"name":"Nanophotonics","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145674167","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-04DOI: 10.1515/nanoph-2025-0500
Arieh Grosman, Roy Zektzer, Noa Mazurski, Liron Stern, Uriel Levy
Atom-based technologies have played a central role in both fundamental research and application-driven developments. For example, devices such as atomic clocks and magnetometers are essential for precision time-keeping, navigation, and sensing. However, many of these demonstrations remain confined to laboratory settings due to their reliance on bulky equipment and centimeter-scale atomic vapor cells. In recent years, significant efforts have been made to miniaturize these vapor cells to enable field-deployable systems. Yet, integrating these cells with the necessary photonic components remains a complex and non-scalable process. To address this challenge, we have introduced the atomic-cladded waveguide (ACWG) architecture, which enables the integration of atomic and photonic functions on the same chip. While the ACWG concept provides a significant step forward toward integration, there is still a significant gap related to wafer scale manufacturability. In particular, previous demonstrations of atomic–photonic integration have relied on manual assembly of vapor cells onto single chips, restricting miniaturization, manufacturability, and thermal robustness. To revolutionize manufacturability of these devices, we hereby demonstrate our new generation of ACWG devices that overcomes these constraints. The approach is based on wafer bonding of a silicon wafer – consisting of multiple photonic chips to a glass wafer with pre-etched atomic chambers. This wafer-scale process yields multiple miniaturized integrated photonic–atomic chips in a single batch. The bonded devices operate reliably at elevated temperatures over an extended period of time, allowing higher atomic densities to be used. The fabrication method consists of well-defined, repeatable steps, paving the way for scalable production of mature integrated photonic–atomic systems for next-generation sensing, metrology, and quantum technologies, inspired by commercial complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor-based processes.
{"title":"Wafer-scale integration of photonic integrated circuits and atomic vapor cells","authors":"Arieh Grosman, Roy Zektzer, Noa Mazurski, Liron Stern, Uriel Levy","doi":"10.1515/nanoph-2025-0500","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2025-0500","url":null,"abstract":"Atom-based technologies have played a central role in both fundamental research and application-driven developments. For example, devices such as atomic clocks and magnetometers are essential for precision time-keeping, navigation, and sensing. However, many of these demonstrations remain confined to laboratory settings due to their reliance on bulky equipment and centimeter-scale atomic vapor cells. In recent years, significant efforts have been made to miniaturize these vapor cells to enable field-deployable systems. Yet, integrating these cells with the necessary photonic components remains a complex and non-scalable process. To address this challenge, we have introduced the atomic-cladded waveguide (ACWG) architecture, which enables the integration of atomic and photonic functions on the same chip. While the ACWG concept provides a significant step forward toward integration, there is still a significant gap related to wafer scale manufacturability. In particular, previous demonstrations of atomic–photonic integration have relied on manual assembly of vapor cells onto single chips, restricting miniaturization, manufacturability, and thermal robustness. To revolutionize manufacturability of these devices, we hereby demonstrate our new generation of ACWG devices that overcomes these constraints. The approach is based on wafer bonding of a silicon wafer – consisting of multiple photonic chips to a glass wafer with pre-etched atomic chambers. This wafer-scale process yields multiple miniaturized integrated photonic–atomic chips in a single batch. The bonded devices operate reliably at elevated temperatures over an extended period of time, allowing higher atomic densities to be used. The fabrication method consists of well-defined, repeatable steps, paving the way for scalable production of mature integrated photonic–atomic systems for next-generation sensing, metrology, and quantum technologies, inspired by commercial complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor-based processes.","PeriodicalId":19027,"journal":{"name":"Nanophotonics","volume":"129 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145674183","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Precise manipulation of Bragg reflection in cholesteric liquid crystals (CLCs) is essential for advancing reconfigurable optics. However, existing photo-responsive material-doped CLC technologies that rely on single-wavelength photoisomerization encounter several challenges, including slow response times, limited tunability, inadequate spatial control, and instability caused by pitch variations due to diffusion. Here, we present a robust dual-wavelength photoisomerization method to simultaneously achieve trans -to- cis and cis -to- trans photoisomerization of chiral azobenzene-doped CLCs, which enables broadband, reversible, and spatially addressable control over the Bragg reflection spectrum. By employing counterpropagating laser beams at 405 nm and 532 nm, we precisely control the trans – cis isomerization dynamics of azobenzene chiral dopants, achieving spectral shifts exceeding 100 nm primarily through reversible modulation of the helical pitch of the CLCs. Furthermore, manipulating the intensity ratio and geometry of the excitation beams allows for tailored pitch gradients, reflection bandwidths, and central wavelengths with remarkable fidelity. Our approach enhances pitch boundaries and reduces molecular diffusion, facilitating the micrometer-scale patterning of optical textures, which surpasses traditional single-wavelength methods. Additionally, we present an innovative narrowband spectral filtering technique by sequentially transmitting light through pitch-selective CLC regions under circular polarization control. This reconfigurable manipulation strategy paves the way for developing programmable photonic systems, including adaptive optics, diffractive optics, and tunable displays.
{"title":"Light-guided spectral sculpting in chiral azobenzene-doped cholesteric liquid crystals for reconfigurable narrowband unpolarized light sources","authors":"Pravinraj Selvaraj, Ming-Hong Yuan, Cheng-Kai Liu, Ko-Ting Cheng","doi":"10.1515/nanoph-2025-0455","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2025-0455","url":null,"abstract":"Precise manipulation of Bragg reflection in cholesteric liquid crystals (CLCs) is essential for advancing reconfigurable optics. However, existing photo-responsive material-doped CLC technologies that rely on single-wavelength photoisomerization encounter several challenges, including slow response times, limited tunability, inadequate spatial control, and instability caused by pitch variations due to diffusion. Here, we present a robust dual-wavelength photoisomerization method to simultaneously achieve <jats:italic>trans</jats:italic> -to- <jats:italic>cis</jats:italic> and <jats:italic>cis</jats:italic> -to- <jats:italic>trans</jats:italic> photoisomerization of chiral azobenzene-doped CLCs, which enables broadband, reversible, and spatially addressable control over the Bragg reflection spectrum. By employing counterpropagating laser beams at 405 nm and 532 nm, we precisely control the <jats:italic>trans</jats:italic> – <jats:italic>cis</jats:italic> isomerization dynamics of azobenzene chiral dopants, achieving spectral shifts exceeding 100 nm primarily through reversible modulation of the helical pitch of the CLCs. Furthermore, manipulating the intensity ratio and geometry of the excitation beams allows for tailored pitch gradients, reflection bandwidths, and central wavelengths with remarkable fidelity. Our approach enhances pitch boundaries and reduces molecular diffusion, facilitating the micrometer-scale patterning of optical textures, which surpasses traditional single-wavelength methods. Additionally, we present an innovative narrowband spectral filtering technique by sequentially transmitting light through pitch-selective CLC regions under circular polarization control. This reconfigurable manipulation strategy paves the way for developing programmable photonic systems, including adaptive optics, diffractive optics, and tunable displays.","PeriodicalId":19027,"journal":{"name":"Nanophotonics","volume":"118 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145665029","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We demonstrate a temperature-insensitive high- Q tantalum oxide (Ta 2 O 5 ) microdisk resonator fabricated using electron-beam lithography and inductively coupled plasma reactive-ion etching. The microdisks exhibit a loaded Q -factor of 4.25 × 10 5 at 1,550 nm, which more than doubles (∼9.3 × 10 5 ) following thermal annealing at 600 °C. Remarkably, the temperature-dependent resonant wavelength shift is suppressed to less than 10 pm/°C across a broad 100 nm bandwidth. Furthermore, the resonators maintain high optical stability under elevated input powers, with no observed degradation in optical properties such as extinction ratio or Q -factor. The combination of high Q -factors and exceptional thermal stability positions the Ta 2 O 5 microdisk resonators as a promising platform for integrated photonic device applications, including on-chip narrow-linewidth lasers and precision sensing.
{"title":"Monolithic temperature-insensitive high- Q Ta 2 O 5 microdisk resonator","authors":"Zhen Yang, Zheng Zhang, Peng Cheng, Zhe Long, Qi Cheng, Jiaqi Yang, Yu Lin, Bin Fang, Zhongming Zeng, Zhiping Zhou, Ganapathy Senthil Murugan, Rongping Wang","doi":"10.1515/nanoph-2025-0485","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2025-0485","url":null,"abstract":"We demonstrate a temperature-insensitive high- <jats:italic>Q</jats:italic> tantalum oxide (Ta <jats:sub>2</jats:sub> O <jats:sub>5</jats:sub> ) microdisk resonator fabricated using electron-beam lithography and inductively coupled plasma reactive-ion etching. The microdisks exhibit a loaded <jats:italic>Q</jats:italic> -factor of 4.25 × 10 <jats:sup>5</jats:sup> at 1,550 nm, which more than doubles (∼9.3 × 10 <jats:sup>5</jats:sup> ) following thermal annealing at 600 °C. Remarkably, the temperature-dependent resonant wavelength shift is suppressed to less than 10 pm/°C across a broad 100 nm bandwidth. Furthermore, the resonators maintain high optical stability under elevated input powers, with no observed degradation in optical properties such as extinction ratio or <jats:italic>Q</jats:italic> -factor. The combination of high <jats:italic>Q</jats:italic> -factors and exceptional thermal stability positions the Ta <jats:sub>2</jats:sub> O <jats:sub>5</jats:sub> microdisk resonators as a promising platform for integrated photonic device applications, including on-chip narrow-linewidth lasers and precision sensing.","PeriodicalId":19027,"journal":{"name":"Nanophotonics","volume":"156 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145673591","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-04DOI: 10.1515/nanoph-2025-0506
Lam Yen Thi Nguyen, Yu-Cheng Lin, Tzu-Yu Chiu, Shao-Jin Liao, Chia-Chen Hsu, Jiunn-Yuan Lin, Hung-Chih Kan
We propose and demonstrate one-dimensional (1-D) TiO 2 dielectric grating structures that couple 793-nm wavelength light and two-dimensional (2-D) surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) into guided 1-D SPPs supported by dielectric-loaded plasmonic waveguides. The 1-D grating structure consists of a central TiO 2 stripe with a periodic array of TiO 2 teeth attached to the stripe. Finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) simulations reveal that the electromagnetic boundary conditions created by the teeth bend the electric field and induce charge oscillations under the grating, enabling excitation of SPPs. The same mechanism supports the routing of 2-D SPP. In the simulation the symmetric gratings achieve a maximum coupling efficiency of 19.1 % at an optimized grating period of Λ = 600 nm, and 1.7 % for asymmetric gratings. Both types exhibit strong polarization selectivity: symmetric gratings couple only under TM excitation, whereas asymmetric gratings respond under TE excitation. Experimental confirms these behaviors, yielding a coupling efficiency of ∼13 % for optimized symmetric gratings. The structures also function as SPP routers. Asymmetric gratings route incoming 2-D SPPs into 1-D TiO 2 waveguides with a simulated routing efficiency of 5.7 %, compared to 4.0 % for symmetric designs. The devices offer a ∼14 nm bandwidth around 793 nm and a small footprint of 18.7 μm 2 , resulting in a figure of merit (efficiency/area) of 0.71 % μm −2 , the highest among reported devices designed to couple free-space light directly into 1-D SPP waveguides. These results demonstrate that 1-D TiO 2 gratings offer a compact and multifunctional platform for efficient coupling and routing of SPPs in integrated plasmonic circuits.
{"title":"One-dimensional dielectric grating structure for plasmonic coupling and routing","authors":"Lam Yen Thi Nguyen, Yu-Cheng Lin, Tzu-Yu Chiu, Shao-Jin Liao, Chia-Chen Hsu, Jiunn-Yuan Lin, Hung-Chih Kan","doi":"10.1515/nanoph-2025-0506","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2025-0506","url":null,"abstract":"We propose and demonstrate one-dimensional (1-D) TiO <jats:sub>2</jats:sub> dielectric grating structures that couple 793-nm wavelength light and two-dimensional (2-D) surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) into guided 1-D SPPs supported by dielectric-loaded plasmonic waveguides. The 1-D grating structure consists of a central TiO <jats:sub>2</jats:sub> stripe with a periodic array of TiO <jats:sub>2</jats:sub> teeth attached to the stripe. Finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) simulations reveal that the electromagnetic boundary conditions created by the teeth bend the electric field and induce charge oscillations under the grating, enabling excitation of SPPs. The same mechanism supports the routing of 2-D SPP. In the simulation the symmetric gratings achieve a maximum coupling efficiency of 19.1 % at an optimized grating period of Λ = 600 nm, and 1.7 % for asymmetric gratings. Both types exhibit strong polarization selectivity: symmetric gratings couple only under TM excitation, whereas asymmetric gratings respond under TE excitation. Experimental confirms these behaviors, yielding a coupling efficiency of ∼13 % for optimized symmetric gratings. The structures also function as SPP routers. Asymmetric gratings route incoming 2-D SPPs into 1-D TiO <jats:sub>2</jats:sub> waveguides with a simulated routing efficiency of 5.7 %, compared to 4.0 % for symmetric designs. The devices offer a ∼14 nm bandwidth around 793 nm and a small footprint of 18.7 μm <jats:sup>2</jats:sup> , resulting in a figure of merit (efficiency/area) of 0.71 % μm <jats:sup>−2</jats:sup> , the highest among reported devices designed to couple free-space light directly into 1-D SPP waveguides. These results demonstrate that 1-D TiO <jats:sub>2</jats:sub> gratings offer a compact and multifunctional platform for efficient coupling and routing of SPPs in integrated plasmonic circuits.","PeriodicalId":19027,"journal":{"name":"Nanophotonics","volume":"197 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145664987","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Multispectral and hyperspectral imaging have been extensively applied in various imaging domains, where spectral channels with narrow bandwidths provide detailed information for optical signal analysis. The integration of multi-channel filter arrays with image sensors is essential for multispectral detection. To extend this capability to cameras without integrated filters, a dual-band spectral filter array (DSFA) combined with a telecentric lens was employed with a monochrome camera for real-time surface plasmon resonance imaging (SPRi). Placement of the DSFA in front of a broadband light source generated spatially modulated excitation signals incident on a gold-coated periodic silicon nanostructure serving as a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) chip. A pixel-shift-based demosaicing method enabled the separation of checkerboard-like images into two spectral bands corresponding to the filters of the DSFA, facilitating γ -based spectral contrast response analysis. This optical configuration successfully demonstrated dynamic monitoring of the interaction between anti-BSA and immobilized BSA on the chip. Compared with wavelength-shift analysis, γ -based analysis improved the refractive index detection limit by nearly two orders of magnitude, enabling highly sensitive monitoring of biomolecular interactions. The DSFA-based SPRi platform provides a flexible, highly integrable, and label-free solution for quantitative analysis of biomolecular interactions.
{"title":"Dual-band spectral filter array integrated with a telecentric lens for real-time surface plasmon resonance sensing and imaging","authors":"Yi-Hsin Tai, Chih-Hung Kuo, Shenq-Hann Wang, Xiu-Wan Chen, Hsin-Yi Hsieh, Chia-Chun Chang, Pei-Kuen Wei, Chin-Chuan Hsieh","doi":"10.1515/nanoph-2025-0417","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2025-0417","url":null,"abstract":"Multispectral and hyperspectral imaging have been extensively applied in various imaging domains, where spectral channels with narrow bandwidths provide detailed information for optical signal analysis. The integration of multi-channel filter arrays with image sensors is essential for multispectral detection. To extend this capability to cameras without integrated filters, a dual-band spectral filter array (DSFA) combined with a telecentric lens was employed with a monochrome camera for real-time surface plasmon resonance imaging (SPRi). Placement of the DSFA in front of a broadband light source generated spatially modulated excitation signals incident on a gold-coated periodic silicon nanostructure serving as a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) chip. A pixel-shift-based demosaicing method enabled the separation of checkerboard-like images into two spectral bands corresponding to the filters of the DSFA, facilitating <jats:italic>γ</jats:italic> -based spectral contrast response analysis. This optical configuration successfully demonstrated dynamic monitoring of the interaction between anti-BSA and immobilized BSA on the chip. Compared with wavelength-shift analysis, <jats:italic>γ</jats:italic> -based analysis improved the refractive index detection limit by nearly two orders of magnitude, enabling highly sensitive monitoring of biomolecular interactions. The DSFA-based SPRi platform provides a flexible, highly integrable, and label-free solution for quantitative analysis of biomolecular interactions.","PeriodicalId":19027,"journal":{"name":"Nanophotonics","volume":"202 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145664960","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-04DOI: 10.1515/nanoph-2025-0460
Yutong He, Hao Liu, Changzheng Sun, Bing Xiong, Zhibiao Hao, Jian Wang, Lai Wang, Yanjun Han, Hongtao Li, Lin Gan, Jiyuan Zheng, Yi Luo
Thin-film lithium niobate (TFLN) has a proven record of building high-performance electro-optic (EO) modulators. However, it has consistently posed challenges in securing low driving voltage, wide electro-optic bandwidth, low insertion loss, and high modulation efficiency simultaneously. Here, we demonstrate a telecom-wavelength EO modulator on the TFLN platform incorporating multifunctional benzocyclobutene (BCB) material. The low dielectric constant (low-k) BCB effectively reduces RF loss of the modulator and enables perfect velocity matching with a narrow electrode gap, thereby overcoming the conventional voltage–bandwidth trade-off. Meanwhile, in combination with a bilayer inversely tapered waveguide, it also facilitates the realization of high-efficiency edge couplers, significantly reducing the coupling loss of the modulator. In addition, the underlying TFLN slab is selectively removed to eliminate dielectric relaxation, ensuring a stable low-frequency EO response and bias-drift-free operation. The fabricated 13-mm-long modulator exhibits low half-wave voltages V π of 1.5 V in the C-band and 1.19 V in the O-band, corresponding to half-wave voltage-length products of 1.95 V·cm and 1.55 V·cm, respectively. Thanks to the BCB-clad edge coupler, an ultra-low coupling loss of 0.54 dB per facet is obtained. Ultra-wide EO bandwidths exceeding 110 GHz across the C + O-bands are demonstrated, and high-speed PAM8 data transmission with data rates up to 390 Gbit/s is successfully recorded in both C- and O-bands. The proposed modulator architecture not only delivers excellent overall performance, but also simplifies the fabrication process and expands the application potential.
{"title":"Ultra-wideband TFLN modulator with selectively removed slab based on multifunctional BCB platform for high coupling efficiency and suppressed EO relaxation","authors":"Yutong He, Hao Liu, Changzheng Sun, Bing Xiong, Zhibiao Hao, Jian Wang, Lai Wang, Yanjun Han, Hongtao Li, Lin Gan, Jiyuan Zheng, Yi Luo","doi":"10.1515/nanoph-2025-0460","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2025-0460","url":null,"abstract":"Thin-film lithium niobate (TFLN) has a proven record of building high-performance electro-optic (EO) modulators. However, it has consistently posed challenges in securing low driving voltage, wide electro-optic bandwidth, low insertion loss, and high modulation efficiency simultaneously. Here, we demonstrate a telecom-wavelength EO modulator on the TFLN platform incorporating multifunctional benzocyclobutene (BCB) material. The low dielectric constant (low-k) BCB effectively reduces RF loss of the modulator and enables perfect velocity matching with a narrow electrode gap, thereby overcoming the conventional voltage–bandwidth trade-off. Meanwhile, in combination with a bilayer inversely tapered waveguide, it also facilitates the realization of high-efficiency edge couplers, significantly reducing the coupling loss of the modulator. In addition, the underlying TFLN slab is selectively removed to eliminate dielectric relaxation, ensuring a stable low-frequency EO response and bias-drift-free operation. The fabricated 13-mm-long modulator exhibits low half-wave voltages V <jats:sub>π</jats:sub> of 1.5 V in the C-band and 1.19 V in the O-band, corresponding to half-wave voltage-length products of 1.95 V·cm and 1.55 V·cm, respectively. Thanks to the BCB-clad edge coupler, an ultra-low coupling loss of 0.54 dB per facet is obtained. Ultra-wide EO bandwidths exceeding 110 GHz across the C + O-bands are demonstrated, and high-speed PAM8 data transmission with data rates up to 390 Gbit/s is successfully recorded in both C- and O-bands. The proposed modulator architecture not only delivers excellent overall performance, but also simplifies the fabrication process and expands the application potential.","PeriodicalId":19027,"journal":{"name":"Nanophotonics","volume":"218 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145664608","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-03DOI: 10.1515/nanoph-2025-0507
Yi Huang, Bowen Zheng, Yunxi Dong, Hong Tang, Huan Zhao, Rakibul Hasan Shawon, Sensong An, Hualiang Zhang
Automatic differentiation (AD) enables powerful metasurface inverse design but requires extensive theoretical and programming expertise. We present a Model Context Protocol (MCP) assisted framework that allows researchers to conduct inverse design with differentiable solvers through large language models (LLMs). Since LLMs inherently lack knowledge of specialized solvers, our proposed solution provides dynamic access to verified code templates and comprehensive documentation through dedicated servers. The LLM autonomously accesses these resources to generate complete inverse design codes without prescribed coordination rules. Evaluation on the Huygens meta-atom design task with the differentiable TorchRDIT solver shows that while both natural language and structured prompting strategies achieve high success rates, structured prompting significantly outperforms in design quality, workflow efficiency, computational cost, and error reduction. The minimalist server design, using only 5 APIs, demonstrates how MCP makes sophisticated computational tools accessible to researchers without programming expertise, offering a generalizable integration solution for other scientific tasks.
{"title":"MCP-enabled LLM for meta-optics inverse design: leveraging differentiable solver without LLM expertise","authors":"Yi Huang, Bowen Zheng, Yunxi Dong, Hong Tang, Huan Zhao, Rakibul Hasan Shawon, Sensong An, Hualiang Zhang","doi":"10.1515/nanoph-2025-0507","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2025-0507","url":null,"abstract":"Automatic differentiation (AD) enables powerful metasurface inverse design but requires extensive theoretical and programming expertise. We present a Model Context Protocol (MCP) assisted framework that allows researchers to conduct inverse design with differentiable solvers through large language models (LLMs). Since LLMs inherently lack knowledge of specialized solvers, our proposed solution provides dynamic access to verified code templates and comprehensive documentation through dedicated servers. The LLM autonomously accesses these resources to generate complete inverse design codes without prescribed coordination rules. Evaluation on the Huygens meta-atom design task with the differentiable TorchRDIT solver shows that while both natural language and structured prompting strategies achieve high success rates, structured prompting significantly outperforms in design quality, workflow efficiency, computational cost, and error reduction. The minimalist server design, using only 5 APIs, demonstrates how MCP makes sophisticated computational tools accessible to researchers without programming expertise, offering a generalizable integration solution for other scientific tasks.","PeriodicalId":19027,"journal":{"name":"Nanophotonics","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145657455","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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