We demonstrated a far-field super-resolution optical imaging for mapping the resonance mode within semiconductor nanowires, where periodic distributions are found with good agreement between simulation and experiment. The pronounced absorption at the antinodes leads to localized photothermal heating, as well as consequent scattering nonlinearity via the thermo-optic effect. To break the diffraction limit, we combine the scattering nonlinearity with tightly focused laser scanning. Based on the principle of saturated excitation (SAX) microscopy, the nonlinear scattering signals are extracted to significantly improve the spatial resolution (1.7 fold), enabling visualization of the resonant modes that are not visible with conventional far-field optical imaging. Our results pave the way for optical inspection of semiconductor photonic integrated circuits with subdiffraction-limit spatial resolution.
{"title":"Super-resolution imaging of resonance modes in semiconductor nanowires by detecting photothermal nonlinear scattering","authors":"Yu-An Chen, Te-Hsin Yen, Chun-Yu Yang, Jhih-Jia Chen, Chih‐Wei Chang, Kentaro Nishida, Shi-Wei Chu","doi":"10.1515/nanoph-2025-0383","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2025-0383","url":null,"abstract":"We demonstrated a far-field super-resolution optical imaging for mapping the resonance mode within semiconductor nanowires, where periodic distributions are found with good agreement between simulation and experiment. The pronounced absorption at the antinodes leads to localized photothermal heating, as well as consequent scattering nonlinearity via the thermo-optic effect. To break the diffraction limit, we combine the scattering nonlinearity with tightly focused laser scanning. Based on the principle of saturated excitation (SAX) microscopy, the nonlinear scattering signals are extracted to significantly improve the spatial resolution (1.7 fold), enabling visualization of the resonant modes that are not visible with conventional far-field optical imaging. Our results pave the way for optical inspection of semiconductor photonic integrated circuits with subdiffraction-limit spatial resolution.","PeriodicalId":19027,"journal":{"name":"Nanophotonics","volume":"32 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2025-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145608969","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-27DOI: 10.1515/nanoph-2025-0458
Mingxiao Li, Chao Xiang, Joel Guo, Jonathan Peters, Mario Dumont, Shixin Xue, Jeremy Staffa, Qili Hu, Zhengdong Gao, Qiang Lin, John E. Bowers
We demonstrate a versatile heterogeneous integration platform unifying III–V gain with thin-film lithium niobate (TFLN) photonic circuits to create high-performance lasers with integrated functionality. This breakthrough overcomes the critical barrier to fully integrated photonic systems by combining optical gain, low-loss cavities, and phase control on a single chip. We present two distinct laser architectures: a distributed feedback laser achieving 11.0 kHz intrinsic linewidth and 4.0 mW in-fiber power through self-injection locking to a high- Q TFLN resonator, and a Vernier ring laser exhibiting 44 nm continuous tuning range with >${ >} $ 40 dB side-mode suppression ratio. Crucially, the heterogeneous integration of the gain section with TFLN’s components provides a promising path to implementing direct intracavity modulation, which is a functionality that typically requires discrete components. This inherent capability makes our platform a foundational advancement for future compact, robust systems in coherent communications, ultrafast optical metrology, quantum photonic processors, and microwave photonic systems operating at GHz bandwidths, marking a significant advancement toward complete photonic system integration.
{"title":"Heterogeneously-integrated lasers on thin film lithium niobate","authors":"Mingxiao Li, Chao Xiang, Joel Guo, Jonathan Peters, Mario Dumont, Shixin Xue, Jeremy Staffa, Qili Hu, Zhengdong Gao, Qiang Lin, John E. Bowers","doi":"10.1515/nanoph-2025-0458","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2025-0458","url":null,"abstract":"We demonstrate a versatile heterogeneous integration platform unifying III–V gain with thin-film lithium niobate (TFLN) photonic circuits to create high-performance lasers with integrated functionality. This breakthrough overcomes the critical barrier to fully integrated photonic systems by combining optical gain, low-loss cavities, and phase control on a single chip. We present two distinct laser architectures: a distributed feedback laser achieving 11.0 kHz intrinsic linewidth and 4.0 mW in-fiber power through self-injection locking to a high- <jats:italic>Q</jats:italic> TFLN resonator, and a Vernier ring laser exhibiting 44 nm continuous tuning range with <jats:inline-formula> <jats:alternatives> <m:math xmlns:m=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\" overflow=\"scroll\"> <m:mo>></m:mo> </m:math> <jats:tex-math>${ >} $</jats:tex-math> <jats:inline-graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\" xlink:href=\"graphic/j_nanoph-2025-0458_ineq_001.png\"/> </jats:alternatives> </jats:inline-formula> 40 dB side-mode suppression ratio. Crucially, the heterogeneous integration of the gain section with TFLN’s components provides a promising path to implementing direct intracavity modulation, which is a functionality that typically requires discrete components. This inherent capability makes our platform a foundational advancement for future compact, robust systems in coherent communications, ultrafast optical metrology, quantum photonic processors, and microwave photonic systems operating at GHz bandwidths, marking a significant advancement toward complete photonic system integration.","PeriodicalId":19027,"journal":{"name":"Nanophotonics","volume":"236 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2025-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145608970","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-26DOI: 10.1515/nanoph-2025-0379
Stefan Lichtmannecker, Santiago Echeverri-Arteaga, Michael Kaniber, Isabel C. Andrade Martelo, Joaquín Ruiz-Rivas, Thorsten Reichert, Günther Reithmaier, Per-Lennart Ardelt, Max Bichler, Eduardo Zubizarreta Casalengua, Edgar A. Gómez, Herbert Vinck-Posada, Elena del Valle, Kai Müller, Fabrice P. Laussy, Jonathan J. Finley
We study the emission from a molecular photonic cavity formed by two proximal photonic crystal defect cavities containing a small number (<3)$(< 3)$ of In(Ga)As quantum dots. Under strong excitation, we observe photoluminescence from the bonding and antibonding modes in agreement with ab initio numerical simulations. Power dependent measurements, however, reveal an unexpected peak, emerging at an energy between the bonding and antibonding modes of the molecule. Temperature-dependent measurements indicate that this unexpected feature is photonic in origin. Time-resolved measurements show the emergent peak exhibits a lifetime τM = 0.75(10) ns, similar to both bonding and antibonding coupled modes. Comparisons of experimental results with quantum optical modeling suggest that this new feature arises from a coexistence of weak and strong coupling, due to the molecule emitting in an environment whose configuration permits or, on the contrary, impedes its strong coupling. This scenario is reproduced theoretically with a master equation reduced to the key ingredients of its dynamics and that roots the mechanism to a dissipative coupling between bare modes of the system. Excellent qualitative agreement is obtained between experiment and theory, showing how solid-state cavity QED can reveal intriguing new regimes of light–matter interaction.
我们研究了由含有少量（< 3）$ (< 3)$ In(Ga)As量子点的两个近端光子晶体缺陷腔组成的分子光子腔的发射。在强激发下，我们从成键和反键模式观察到的光致发光与从头计算的数值模拟一致。然而，与功率相关的测量揭示了一个意想不到的峰值，出现在分子的成键和反键模式之间的能量处。温度相关的测量表明，这种意想不到的特征是光子的起源。时间分辨测量表明，涌现峰的寿命τ M = 0.75(10) ns，与成键和反键耦合模式相似。实验结果与量子光学模型的比较表明，由于分子在一个结构允许或相反地阻碍其强耦合的环境中发射，弱耦合和强耦合共存产生了这种新特征。这种情况在理论上被再现，主方程被简化为其动力学的关键成分，并将机制植根于系统裸模之间的耗散耦合。实验和理论之间获得了极好的定性一致性，表明固态腔QED如何揭示光-物质相互作用的有趣新制度。
{"title":"Coexistence of weak and strong coupling in a photonic molecule through dissipative coupling to a quantum dot","authors":"Stefan Lichtmannecker, Santiago Echeverri-Arteaga, Michael Kaniber, Isabel C. Andrade Martelo, Joaquín Ruiz-Rivas, Thorsten Reichert, Günther Reithmaier, Per-Lennart Ardelt, Max Bichler, Eduardo Zubizarreta Casalengua, Edgar A. Gómez, Herbert Vinck-Posada, Elena del Valle, Kai Müller, Fabrice P. Laussy, Jonathan J. Finley","doi":"10.1515/nanoph-2025-0379","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2025-0379","url":null,"abstract":"We study the emission from a molecular photonic cavity formed by two proximal photonic crystal defect cavities containing a small number <jats:inline-formula> <jats:alternatives> <m:math xmlns:m=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\" overflow=\"scroll\"> <m:mrow> <m:mo stretchy=\"false\">(</m:mo> <m:mrow> <m:mo><</m:mo> <m:mn>3</m:mn> </m:mrow> <m:mo stretchy=\"false\">)</m:mo> </m:mrow> </m:math> <jats:tex-math>$(< 3)$</jats:tex-math> <jats:inline-graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\" xlink:href=\"graphic/j_nanoph-2025-0379_ineq_001.png\"/> </jats:alternatives> </jats:inline-formula> of In(Ga)As quantum dots. Under strong excitation, we observe photoluminescence from the bonding and antibonding modes in agreement with ab initio numerical simulations. Power dependent measurements, however, reveal an unexpected peak, emerging at an energy between the bonding and antibonding modes of the molecule. Temperature-dependent measurements indicate that this unexpected feature is photonic in origin. Time-resolved measurements show the emergent peak exhibits a lifetime <jats:italic>τ</jats:italic> <jats:sub>M</jats:sub> = 0.75(10) ns, similar to both bonding and antibonding coupled modes. Comparisons of experimental results with quantum optical modeling suggest that this new feature arises from a coexistence of weak and strong coupling, due to the molecule emitting in an environment whose configuration permits or, on the contrary, impedes its strong coupling. This scenario is reproduced theoretically with a master equation reduced to the key ingredients of its dynamics and that roots the mechanism to a dissipative coupling between bare modes of the system. Excellent qualitative agreement is obtained between experiment and theory, showing how solid-state cavity QED can reveal intriguing new regimes of light–matter interaction.","PeriodicalId":19027,"journal":{"name":"Nanophotonics","volume":"150 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2025-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145599200","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-26DOI: 10.1515/nanoph-2025-0340
Han Xue, Chukun Huang, Haotian Shi, Jiaheng Fu, Tianheng Zhang, Junqiang Sun
Aluminum nitride (AlN), a wide-bandgap III–V material, offers excellent transparency in the optical communication band and a favorable refractive index for strong optical confinement, making it a promising platform in stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS). Here, we observe, for the first time, optically excited SBS in suspended AlN-on-silicon waveguides. A Brillouin gain coefficient of 91.8 m −1 W −1 is achieved at an acoustic frequency of 2.32 GHz, with a linewidth of 10.1 MHz. The Brillouin nonlinear response can be tailored by varying the waveguide dimensions. Furthermore, the Bragg grating–based Fabry–Pérot (FP) resonator enhances the gain coefficient to 150.37 m −1 W −1 and results in a narrowed linewidth of 9.87 MHz. These results not only validate the feasibility of strong intrinsic Brillouin interaction in suspended AlN waveguides but also pave the new way for CMOS-compatible on-chip Brillouin amplifiers, lasers, and isolators.
{"title":"Intramodal stimulated Brillouin scattering in suspended AlN waveguides","authors":"Han Xue, Chukun Huang, Haotian Shi, Jiaheng Fu, Tianheng Zhang, Junqiang Sun","doi":"10.1515/nanoph-2025-0340","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2025-0340","url":null,"abstract":"Aluminum nitride (AlN), a wide-bandgap III–V material, offers excellent transparency in the optical communication band and a favorable refractive index for strong optical confinement, making it a promising platform in stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS). Here, we observe, for the first time, optically excited SBS in suspended AlN-on-silicon waveguides. A Brillouin gain coefficient of 91.8 m <jats:sup>−1</jats:sup> W <jats:sup>−1</jats:sup> is achieved at an acoustic frequency of 2.32 GHz, with a linewidth of 10.1 MHz. The Brillouin nonlinear response can be tailored by varying the waveguide dimensions. Furthermore, the Bragg grating–based Fabry–Pérot (FP) resonator enhances the gain coefficient to 150.37 m <jats:sup>−1</jats:sup> W <jats:sup>−1</jats:sup> and results in a narrowed linewidth of 9.87 MHz. These results not only validate the feasibility of strong intrinsic Brillouin interaction in suspended AlN waveguides but also pave the new way for CMOS-compatible on-chip Brillouin amplifiers, lasers, and isolators.","PeriodicalId":19027,"journal":{"name":"Nanophotonics","volume":"674 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2025-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145599198","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-26DOI: 10.1515/nanoph-2025-0467
Seojoo Lee, Ji-Hun Kang
We propose two-dimensional (2D) in-plane heterostructures, composed of a 2D crystal adjoining a perfect electric conductor (PEC) plane, that enable ultranarrow polaritonic resonant cavities. Specifically, we theoretically investigate the interaction of 2D surface polaritons (2DSPs) with the junction between the 2D crystal and a PEC plane. We reveal that when 2DSPs are strongly confined, the reflected 2DSPs experience a phase shift of 3 π /4, which exhibits π /2 deviation from the so-called edge reflection value. This non-trivial phase shift is shown to play a crucial role in enabling resonant cavities whose size can be far smaller than the wavelength of the 2DSPs. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the spatial dimensionality of our heterostructure allows a direct mapping to metasurface-based heterostructures, where the 2D crystal is replaced by a metasurface supporting spoof surface polaritons (SSPs). This correspondence extends the feasibility of our concept to SSP-based resonators and broadens the accessible frequency range into the terahertz and microwave regimes. Our work provides not only deeper insight into low-dimensional polariton optics but also a design strategy for ultracompact polaritonic metaresonators.
{"title":"Ultranarrow polaritonic cavities formed by one-dimensional junctions of two-dimensional in-plane heterostructures","authors":"Seojoo Lee, Ji-Hun Kang","doi":"10.1515/nanoph-2025-0467","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2025-0467","url":null,"abstract":"We propose two-dimensional (2D) in-plane heterostructures, composed of a 2D crystal adjoining a perfect electric conductor (PEC) plane, that enable ultranarrow polaritonic resonant cavities. Specifically, we theoretically investigate the interaction of 2D surface polaritons (2DSPs) with the junction between the 2D crystal and a PEC plane. We reveal that when 2DSPs are strongly confined, the reflected 2DSPs experience a phase shift of 3 <jats:italic>π</jats:italic> /4, which exhibits <jats:italic>π</jats:italic> /2 deviation from the so-called edge reflection value. This non-trivial phase shift is shown to play a crucial role in enabling resonant cavities whose size can be far smaller than the wavelength of the 2DSPs. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the spatial dimensionality of our heterostructure allows a direct mapping to metasurface-based heterostructures, where the 2D crystal is replaced by a metasurface supporting spoof surface polaritons (SSPs). This correspondence extends the feasibility of our concept to SSP-based resonators and broadens the accessible frequency range into the terahertz and microwave regimes. Our work provides not only deeper insight into low-dimensional polariton optics but also a design strategy for ultracompact polaritonic metaresonators.","PeriodicalId":19027,"journal":{"name":"Nanophotonics","volume":"220 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2025-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145599199","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-25DOI: 10.1515/nanoph-2025-0418
Soh Uenoyama, Yusuke Yoshizawa, Kazunori Tanaka, Hiroyasu Fujiwara, Atsushi Ono
Silicon-based photodetectors operating in the near-infrared (NIR) wavelength range ( λ = 700–1,100 nm) are essential for applications such as light detection and ranging, facial recognition, and eye-tracking. However, silicon’s low absorption coefficient in this range limits photodetection efficiency. While recent advances in nano-diffraction structures have improved photo-absorption by increasing the effective absorption path, optimizing carrier dynamics remains challenging. In the NIR regime, photons penetrate deeply into the silicon substrate, making it critical to align the spatial distribution of photo-generated carriers with the charge collection regions. However, the angular and spatial behavior of carrier generation (CG) and collection under nano-diffraction structures remain underexplored. This study presents an analytical model that visualizes CG pathways and corresponding collection probabilities induced by plasmonic diffraction structures, providing insight into diffraction-driven CG in silicon. The model is experimentally validated through photocurrent responses in non-illuminated neighboring pixels, directly revealing plasmonic diffraction effects. The results show that diffraction enhances light absorption and enables visualization of the CG and collection pathways based on the diffraction angle. This approach enables the spatial overlap of CG and collection pathways, efficiently guiding incident photons to photosensitive regions. This framework offers a new strategy to enhance NIR photodetector performance through diffraction-guided light propagation and device-specific modeling.
{"title":"Visualization of plasmonic diffraction-guided carrier dynamics in silicon photodetectors","authors":"Soh Uenoyama, Yusuke Yoshizawa, Kazunori Tanaka, Hiroyasu Fujiwara, Atsushi Ono","doi":"10.1515/nanoph-2025-0418","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2025-0418","url":null,"abstract":"Silicon-based photodetectors operating in the near-infrared (NIR) wavelength range ( <jats:italic>λ</jats:italic> = 700–1,100 nm) are essential for applications such as light detection and ranging, facial recognition, and eye-tracking. However, silicon’s low absorption coefficient in this range limits photodetection efficiency. While recent advances in nano-diffraction structures have improved photo-absorption by increasing the effective absorption path, optimizing carrier dynamics remains challenging. In the NIR regime, photons penetrate deeply into the silicon substrate, making it critical to align the spatial distribution of photo-generated carriers with the charge collection regions. However, the angular and spatial behavior of carrier generation (CG) and collection under nano-diffraction structures remain underexplored. This study presents an analytical model that visualizes CG pathways and corresponding collection probabilities induced by plasmonic diffraction structures, providing insight into diffraction-driven CG in silicon. The model is experimentally validated through photocurrent responses in non-illuminated neighboring pixels, directly revealing plasmonic diffraction effects. The results show that diffraction enhances light absorption and enables visualization of the CG and collection pathways based on the diffraction angle. This approach enables the spatial overlap of CG and collection pathways, efficiently guiding incident photons to photosensitive regions. This framework offers a new strategy to enhance NIR photodetector performance through diffraction-guided light propagation and device-specific modeling.","PeriodicalId":19027,"journal":{"name":"Nanophotonics","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2025-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145592930","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-25DOI: 10.1515/nanoph-2025-0453
Dominik Sidler, Carlos M. Bustamante, Franco P. Bonafé, Michael Ruggenthaler, Maxim Sukharev, Angel Rubio
Controlling chemical and material properties through strong light–matter coupling in optical cavities has gained considerable attention over the past decade. However, the underlying mechanisms remain insufficiently understood, and a significant gap persists between experimental observations and theoretical descriptions. This challenge arises from the intrinsically multiscale nature of the problem, where nonperturbative feedback occurs across different spatial and temporal scales. Collective coupling between a macroscopic ensemble of molecules and a photonic environment, such as a Fabry–Pérot cavity, can strongly influence the microscopic properties of individual molecules, while microscopic details of the ensemble in turn affect the macroscopic coupling. To address this complexity, we present an efficient computational framework that combines density-functional tight binding (density-functional tight binding ( dftb )) with finite-difference time-domain (finite-difference time domain ( fdtd )) simulations of Maxwell’s equations ( dftb + Maxwell). This approach allows for a self-consistent treatment of both the cavity and the microscopic details of the molecular ensemble. We demonstrate the potential of this method by tackling several open questions. First, we calculate nonperturbatively two-dimensional spectroscopic observables that directly connect to well-established experimental protocols. Second, we provide local, molecule-resolved information within collectively coupled ensembles, which is difficult to obtain experimentally. Third, we show how cavity designs can be optimized to target specific microscopic applications. Finally, we outline future directions to enhance the predictive power of this framework, including extensions to finite temperature, condensed phases, and correlated quantum effects. The dftb + Maxwell method enables real-time exploration of realistic chemical parameters on standard computational resources and offers a systematic approach to bridging the gap between experiment and theory.
{"title":"Density-functional tight binding meets Maxwell: unraveling the mysteries of (strong) light–matter coupling efficiently","authors":"Dominik Sidler, Carlos M. Bustamante, Franco P. Bonafé, Michael Ruggenthaler, Maxim Sukharev, Angel Rubio","doi":"10.1515/nanoph-2025-0453","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2025-0453","url":null,"abstract":"Controlling chemical and material properties through strong light–matter coupling in optical cavities has gained considerable attention over the past decade. However, the underlying mechanisms remain insufficiently understood, and a significant gap persists between experimental observations and theoretical descriptions. This challenge arises from the intrinsically multiscale nature of the problem, where nonperturbative feedback occurs across different spatial and temporal scales. Collective coupling between a macroscopic ensemble of molecules and a photonic environment, such as a Fabry–Pérot cavity, can strongly influence the microscopic properties of individual molecules, while microscopic details of the ensemble in turn affect the macroscopic coupling. To address this complexity, we present an efficient computational framework that combines density-functional tight binding (density-functional tight binding ( <jats:sc>dftb</jats:sc> )) with finite-difference time-domain (finite-difference time domain ( <jats:sc>fdtd</jats:sc> )) simulations of Maxwell’s equations ( <jats:sc>dftb</jats:sc> + Maxwell). This approach allows for a self-consistent treatment of both the cavity and the microscopic details of the molecular ensemble. We demonstrate the potential of this method by tackling several open questions. First, we calculate nonperturbatively two-dimensional spectroscopic observables that directly connect to well-established experimental protocols. Second, we provide local, molecule-resolved information within collectively coupled ensembles, which is difficult to obtain experimentally. Third, we show how cavity designs can be optimized to target specific microscopic applications. Finally, we outline future directions to enhance the predictive power of this framework, including extensions to finite temperature, condensed phases, and correlated quantum effects. The <jats:sc>dftb</jats:sc> + Maxwell method enables real-time exploration of realistic chemical parameters on standard computational resources and offers a systematic approach to bridging the gap between experiment and theory.","PeriodicalId":19027,"journal":{"name":"Nanophotonics","volume":"167 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2025-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145592933","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-25DOI: 10.1515/nanoph-2025-0511
Diana Galiakhmetova, Nawal Mohamed, Fatima Khanom, Shakti Singh, Gennadii Piavchenko, Grigorii S. Sokolovskii, Edik Rafailov, Igor Meglinski
Topologically structured light carrying orbital angular momentum (OAM) has emerged as a powerful tool for nano-photonics and biomedical optics, yet conventional integer-charge Laguerre–Gaussian (LG) beams suffer from rotational degeneracy that limits diagnostic precision. Here, we demonstrate that conical refraction (CR) beams, specifically the Lloyd, Poggendorff, and Raman families, overcome this fundamental limitation through their inherent generation of fractional OAM states with unambiguous phase signatures. Through systematic interferometric comparison of LG ( ℓ = 3, 5) and CR beam propagation in tissues, we show that CR beams achieve superior diagnostic performance: while LG beams exhibit three-fold rotational ambiguity (4.19 rad uncertainty), Poggendorff CR beams provide phase determination with 0.08 rad precision. Both LG and CR beam families display remarkable topological resilience, preserving phase coherence as they traverse tissue samples while attaining refractive index sensitivity at the 10 −6 level, three orders of magnitude beyond conventional refractometry. Most significantly, we present the first experimental evidence that CR beams can discriminate between healthy and cancerous kidney tissues through distinct phase rotations (4.71 vs. 5.04 rad, p < 0.001) and a tenfold amplification in polarisation-induced distortion. The fractional topological charges of CR beams, ranging continuously between integer values, expand the accessible OAM phase space and enable 3.7-fold superior signal-to-noise ratio compared to LG03${text{LG}}_{0}^{3}$ measurements. These results establish CR-generated fractional OAM as the preferred modality for label-free tissue diagnostics, bridging fundamental nanophotonics with clinical applications in cancer detection and intraoperative margin assessment.
携带轨道角动量的拓扑结构光（OAM）已经成为纳米光子学和生物医学光学的有力工具，然而传统的整电荷拉盖尔-高斯（LG）光束存在旋转简并，限制了诊断精度。在这里，我们证明了锥形折射（CR）光束，特别是劳埃德、波根多夫和拉曼家族，通过其固有的具有明确相位特征的分数OAM态的产生，克服了这一基本限制。通过系统干涉比较LG （r = 3,5）和CR光束在组织中的传播，我们发现CR光束具有优越的诊断性能：LG光束具有三倍旋转模糊（4.19 rad不确定性），而Poggendorff CR光束提供0.08 rad精度的相位测定。LG和CR光束家族都显示出卓越的拓扑弹性，在穿过组织样品时保持相位相干性，同时获得10 - 6级的折射率灵敏度，比传统的折射率测量法高出三个数量级。最重要的是，我们提供了第一个实验证据，证明CR光束可以通过不同的相位旋转（4.71 vs. 5.04 rad, p < 0.001）和极化诱导畸变的十倍放大来区分健康和癌性肾脏组织。CR光束的分数阶拓扑电荷在整数之间连续变化，扩展了可访问的OAM相位空间，实现了比LG 0.3 ${text{LG}}_{0}^{3}$测量值高3.7倍的信噪比。这些结果确立了cr生成的分数OAM作为无标记组织诊断的首选方式，将基础纳米光子学与癌症检测和术中边缘评估的临床应用联系起来。
{"title":"Topological phase structures of conical refraction beams: expanding orbital angular momentum applications for nanoscale biosensing","authors":"Diana Galiakhmetova, Nawal Mohamed, Fatima Khanom, Shakti Singh, Gennadii Piavchenko, Grigorii S. Sokolovskii, Edik Rafailov, Igor Meglinski","doi":"10.1515/nanoph-2025-0511","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2025-0511","url":null,"abstract":"Topologically structured light carrying orbital angular momentum (OAM) has emerged as a powerful tool for nano-photonics and biomedical optics, yet conventional integer-charge Laguerre–Gaussian (LG) beams suffer from rotational degeneracy that limits diagnostic precision. Here, we demonstrate that conical refraction (CR) beams, specifically the Lloyd, Poggendorff, and Raman families, overcome this fundamental limitation through their inherent generation of fractional OAM states with unambiguous phase signatures. Through systematic interferometric comparison of LG ( <jats:italic>ℓ</jats:italic> = 3, 5) and CR beam propagation in tissues, we show that CR beams achieve superior diagnostic performance: while LG beams exhibit three-fold rotational ambiguity (4.19 rad uncertainty), Poggendorff CR beams provide phase determination with 0.08 rad precision. Both LG and CR beam families display remarkable topological resilience, preserving phase coherence as they traverse tissue samples while attaining refractive index sensitivity at the 10 <jats:sup>−6</jats:sup> level, three orders of magnitude beyond conventional refractometry. Most significantly, we present the first experimental evidence that CR beams can discriminate between healthy and cancerous kidney tissues through distinct phase rotations (4.71 vs. 5.04 rad, <jats:italic>p</jats:italic> < 0.001) and a tenfold amplification in polarisation-induced distortion. The fractional topological charges of CR beams, ranging continuously between integer values, expand the accessible OAM phase space and enable 3.7-fold superior signal-to-noise ratio compared to <jats:inline-formula> <jats:alternatives> <m:math xmlns:m=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\" overflow=\"scroll\"> <m:msubsup> <m:mrow> <m:mtext>LG</m:mtext> </m:mrow> <m:mrow> <m:mn>0</m:mn> </m:mrow> <m:mrow> <m:mn>3</m:mn> </m:mrow> </m:msubsup> </m:math> <jats:tex-math>${text{LG}}_{0}^{3}$</jats:tex-math> <jats:inline-graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\" xlink:href=\"graphic/j_nanoph-2025-0511_ineq_001.png\"/> </jats:alternatives> </jats:inline-formula> measurements. These results establish CR-generated fractional OAM as the preferred modality for label-free tissue diagnostics, bridging fundamental nanophotonics with clinical applications in cancer detection and intraoperative margin assessment.","PeriodicalId":19027,"journal":{"name":"Nanophotonics","volume":"188 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2025-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145592932","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-25DOI: 10.1515/nanoph-2025-0472
Jianmin Zhang, Jian Shen, Shuxiao Wang, Zhuoyun Li, Wencheng Yue, Xin Ou, Yan Cai
Driven by the development of AI applications, optical communication systems experience an exponential surge in the demand for high data rates. Thin-film lithium niobate (TFLN) electro-optic (EO) modulators have been extensively studied and show potential for application in next-generation optical communication systems. In this paper, we present a dual-polarization (DP) TFLN EO modulator integrated based on an EO equalizer, fabricated on the lithium-niobate-on-insulator (LNOI) platform. The device consists of an 11-mm-long forward modulation section and a 4.5-mm-long reverse modulation section. It achieves a half-wave voltage (V π ) of 4 V for both Y-polarization (Y-pol) and X-polarization (X-pol), and exhibits an on-chip insertion loss of 2.5 dB for Y-pol and 2.8 dB for X-pol at a wavelength of 1,550 nm. A 3-dB EO bandwidth exceeding 110 GHz with low EO roll-off is achieved for both TE and TM modes. Furthermore, the modulator supports a data transmission rate of 512 Gbit/s in 4-level pulse amplitude modulation (PAM4) format, corresponding to 256 Gbit/s per polarization. This work demonstrates a beyond 400 G/λ solution for implementing a high-speed, and large-bandwidth modulator on a conventional LNOI platform.
{"title":"512 Gbps/λ dual-polarization thin-film lithium niobate modulators based on an electro-optic equalizer","authors":"Jianmin Zhang, Jian Shen, Shuxiao Wang, Zhuoyun Li, Wencheng Yue, Xin Ou, Yan Cai","doi":"10.1515/nanoph-2025-0472","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2025-0472","url":null,"abstract":"Driven by the development of AI applications, optical communication systems experience an exponential surge in the demand for high data rates. Thin-film lithium niobate (TFLN) electro-optic (EO) modulators have been extensively studied and show potential for application in next-generation optical communication systems. In this paper, we present a dual-polarization (DP) TFLN EO modulator integrated based on an EO equalizer, fabricated on the lithium-niobate-on-insulator (LNOI) platform. The device consists of an 11-mm-long forward modulation section and a 4.5-mm-long reverse modulation section. It achieves a half-wave voltage (V <jats:sub>π</jats:sub> ) of 4 V for both Y-polarization (Y-pol) and X-polarization (X-pol), and exhibits an on-chip insertion loss of 2.5 dB for Y-pol and 2.8 dB for X-pol at a wavelength of 1,550 nm. A 3-dB EO bandwidth exceeding 110 GHz with low EO roll-off is achieved for both TE and TM modes. Furthermore, the modulator supports a data transmission rate of 512 Gbit/s in 4-level pulse amplitude modulation (PAM4) format, corresponding to 256 Gbit/s per polarization. This work demonstrates a beyond 400 G/λ solution for implementing a high-speed, and large-bandwidth modulator on a conventional LNOI platform.","PeriodicalId":19027,"journal":{"name":"Nanophotonics","volume":"162 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2025-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145593454","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-25DOI: 10.1515/nanoph-2025-0473
Fatemeh Davoodi
Topological photonic systems offer a robust platform for guiding light in the presence of disorder, but their interplay with quantum emitters remains a frontier for realizing strongly correlated quantum states. Here, we explore a ring-shaped Su-Schrieffer-Heeger (SSH) photonic lattice interfaced with multiple quantum emitters to control topologically protected chiral quantum dynamics. Using a full microscopic model that includes cascaded Lindblad dynamics and chiral emitter-bath couplings, we reveal how the topology of the bath mediates nonreciprocal, long-range interactions between emitters. These interactions lead to rich many-body spin phenomena, including robust coherence, directional energy transfer, captured by an effective spin Hamiltonian derived from the system’s topology. We show that topological bound states enable unidirectional emission, protect coherence against dissipation, and imprint nontrivial entanglement and mutual information patterns among the emitters. In particular, we showed that under circularly polarized excitation, the emitters not only inherit spin angular momentum from the field but also serve as transducers that coherently launch the spin-orbit-coupled topological photonic modes into the far field. Our results establish a direct bridge between topological photonic baths and emergent quantum magnetism, positioning this architecture as a promising testbed for studying chiral quantum optics, topologically protected entangled states, and long-range quantum coherence.
{"title":"From bound states to quantum spin models: chiral coherent dynamics in topological photonic rings","authors":"Fatemeh Davoodi","doi":"10.1515/nanoph-2025-0473","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2025-0473","url":null,"abstract":"Topological photonic systems offer a robust platform for guiding light in the presence of disorder, but their interplay with quantum emitters remains a frontier for realizing strongly correlated quantum states. Here, we explore a ring-shaped Su-Schrieffer-Heeger (SSH) photonic lattice interfaced with multiple quantum emitters to control topologically protected chiral quantum dynamics. Using a full microscopic model that includes cascaded Lindblad dynamics and chiral emitter-bath couplings, we reveal how the topology of the bath mediates nonreciprocal, long-range interactions between emitters. These interactions lead to rich many-body spin phenomena, including robust coherence, directional energy transfer, captured by an effective spin Hamiltonian derived from the system’s topology. We show that topological bound states enable unidirectional emission, protect coherence against dissipation, and imprint nontrivial entanglement and mutual information patterns among the emitters. In particular, we showed that under circularly polarized excitation, the emitters not only inherit spin angular momentum from the field but also serve as transducers that coherently launch the spin-orbit-coupled topological photonic modes into the far field. Our results establish a direct bridge between topological photonic baths and emergent quantum magnetism, positioning this architecture as a promising testbed for studying chiral quantum optics, topologically protected entangled states, and long-range quantum coherence.","PeriodicalId":19027,"journal":{"name":"Nanophotonics","volume":"34 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2025-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145592931","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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