Pub Date : 2025-02-06DOI: 10.1515/nanoph-2024-0578
Jun Hyung Park, Dae Hee Kim, Huy Hoang Chu, Ji Won Hahm, Guseon Kang, Dongil Lee, Seyong Song, Mingu Kang, Seung-Woo Kim, Young-Jin Kim
As Moore’s law approaches its physical limits, the semiconductor industry has begun to focus on improving I/O density and power efficiency through 2.5D/3D packaging. Heterogeneous integration, which combines integrated circuit blocks from different linewidth processes into a single package, is central to these developments. To ensure stable connections with high yield in the back-end processes, high precision and high speed 3D surface measurement is the prerequisite. Existing methods such as white-light interferometry and confocal microscopy face challenges in balancing resolution, speed, and accuracy in 3D measurements. Here, we report a frequency-comb-referenced multiwavelength interferometry for the measurement of 3D sample profiles without 2π phase ambiguity for advanced packaging. Using four frequency-comb-referenced wavelengths with a fractional stability of 4.77 × 10−12, the measurement range was extended from ∼400 nm (λ/2) to 1 mm, with the measurement repeatability of 0.258 nm for 32 measurements. The standard step-height samples with 500-µm and 4.5-µm steps, as well as real industrial microbumps in heterogeneous integration packaging, were all successfully measured. Therein, we devised a sequential phase detection method, which enables 5,000 times faster solution determination than the traditional recursive excess fraction method, while maintaining its reliability under noisy conditions. As 2.5D/3D packaging architectures become increasingly complex, our approach will readily meet the critical industrial demands for high-precision and high-speed measurement of multiscale features in advanced semiconductor packaging.
{"title":"Frequency-comb-referenced multiwavelength interferometry for high-precision and high-speed 3D measurement in heterogeneous semiconductor packaging","authors":"Jun Hyung Park, Dae Hee Kim, Huy Hoang Chu, Ji Won Hahm, Guseon Kang, Dongil Lee, Seyong Song, Mingu Kang, Seung-Woo Kim, Young-Jin Kim","doi":"10.1515/nanoph-2024-0578","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2024-0578","url":null,"abstract":"As Moore’s law approaches its physical limits, the semiconductor industry has begun to focus on improving I/O density and power efficiency through 2.5D/3D packaging. Heterogeneous integration, which combines integrated circuit blocks from different linewidth processes into a single package, is central to these developments. To ensure stable connections with high yield in the back-end processes, high precision and high speed 3D surface measurement is the prerequisite. Existing methods such as white-light interferometry and confocal microscopy face challenges in balancing resolution, speed, and accuracy in 3D measurements. Here, we report a frequency-comb-referenced multiwavelength interferometry for the measurement of 3D sample profiles without 2π phase ambiguity for advanced packaging. Using four frequency-comb-referenced wavelengths with a fractional stability of 4.77 × 10<jats:sup>−12</jats:sup>, the measurement range was extended from ∼400 nm (<jats:italic>λ</jats:italic>/2) to 1 mm, with the measurement repeatability of 0.258 nm for 32 measurements. The standard step-height samples with 500-µm and 4.5-µm steps, as well as real industrial microbumps in heterogeneous integration packaging, were all successfully measured. Therein, we devised a sequential phase detection method, which enables 5,000 times faster solution determination than the traditional recursive excess fraction method, while maintaining its reliability under noisy conditions. As 2.5D/3D packaging architectures become increasingly complex, our approach will readily meet the critical industrial demands for high-precision and high-speed measurement of multiscale features in advanced semiconductor packaging.","PeriodicalId":19027,"journal":{"name":"Nanophotonics","volume":"163 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143258645","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-06DOI: 10.1515/nanoph-2024-0591
Francesco Lorenzi, Luca Salasnich
We analyze the spatiotemporal solitary waves of a graded-index multimode optical fiber with a parabolic transverse index profile. Using the nonpolynomial Schrödinger equation approach, we derive an effective one-dimensional Lagrangian associated with the Laguerre–Gauss modes with a generic radial mode number p and azimuthal index m. We show that the form of the equations of motion for any Laguerre–Gauss mode is particularly simple, and we derive the critical power for the collapse for every mode. By solving the nonpolynomial Schrödinger equation, we provide a comparison of the stationary mode profiles in the radial and temporal coordinates.
{"title":"Variational approach to multimode nonlinear optical fibers","authors":"Francesco Lorenzi, Luca Salasnich","doi":"10.1515/nanoph-2024-0591","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2024-0591","url":null,"abstract":"We analyze the spatiotemporal solitary waves of a graded-index multimode optical fiber with a parabolic transverse index profile. Using the nonpolynomial Schrödinger equation approach, we derive an effective one-dimensional Lagrangian associated with the Laguerre–Gauss modes with a generic radial mode number <jats:italic>p</jats:italic> and azimuthal index <jats:italic>m</jats:italic>. We show that the form of the equations of motion for any Laguerre–Gauss mode is particularly simple, and we derive the critical power for the collapse for every mode. By solving the nonpolynomial Schrödinger equation, we provide a comparison of the stationary mode profiles in the radial and temporal coordinates.","PeriodicalId":19027,"journal":{"name":"Nanophotonics","volume":"207 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143192398","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-06DOI: 10.1515/nanoph-2024-0599
Han Zhao
Optical photons play unique role in transmitting information over long distances. Photonic links by the optical fiber networks compose the backbone of today’s global internet. Such fiber optics can also provide the most cost-effective quantum channels to distribute quantum information across distant stationary nodes in future large-scale quantum networks. This prospect motivates the recent emerging efforts in developing microwave-optical quantum transduction technology to interconnect microwave quantum processors. Various frequency conversion approaches are investigated to efficiently bridge the enormous electromagnetic frequency gap while preserving quantum coherence. Nonetheless, high-fidelity entanglement generation between remote quantum processing units has remained out of reach to date. Here, we summarize the state-of-the-art progresses in quantum transducer engineering and provide the perspectives on the key challenges and opportunities toward optically heralded quantum entanglement distributions.
{"title":"Building photonic links for microwave quantum processors","authors":"Han Zhao","doi":"10.1515/nanoph-2024-0599","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2024-0599","url":null,"abstract":"Optical photons play unique role in transmitting information over long distances. Photonic links by the optical fiber networks compose the backbone of today’s global internet. Such fiber optics can also provide the most cost-effective quantum channels to distribute quantum information across distant stationary nodes in future large-scale quantum networks. This prospect motivates the recent emerging efforts in developing microwave-optical quantum transduction technology to interconnect microwave quantum processors. Various frequency conversion approaches are investigated to efficiently bridge the enormous electromagnetic frequency gap while preserving quantum coherence. Nonetheless, high-fidelity entanglement generation between remote quantum processing units has remained out of reach to date. Here, we summarize the state-of-the-art progresses in quantum transducer engineering and provide the perspectives on the key challenges and opportunities toward optically heralded quantum entanglement distributions.","PeriodicalId":19027,"journal":{"name":"Nanophotonics","volume":"79 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143258642","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-06DOI: 10.1515/nanoph-2024-0709
Siyang Li, Yaqin Zheng, Changda Zhou, Guoli He, Zhonghong Shi, Haoyang Li, Zhang-Kai Zhou
The perfect vector vortex beams (PVVBs) have played an important role in various fields due to their advantages of unique vortex features, flexible polarization distribution and multiple degrees of freedom (DoFs). The simultaneous and precise control over multiple DoFs, such as the polarization distribution, beam shape and position which greatly influence various characteristics of PVVBs, holds paramount importance. However, it is still difficult to manipulate various DoFs in a multiplexing way and the control precision of polarization distribution only reaches the half-integer level, notably hindering the further application and development of PVVBs. Here, an approach that integrates holographic technique with geometric phase metasurfaces, experimentally demonstrates the multiplexing control of PVVBs over three DoFs, i.e., enabling the independent manipulation of non-uniform polarization distributions, beam shapes and spatial positions. Furthermore, non-integer polarization order of the generated PVVBs can be arbitrary non-integer numbers with a high resolution of 0.1, largely improving the control precision. With such multiplexing manipulation of PVVBs with high precision, we can provide abundant processing dimensions for information science and technologies, exhibiting broad application potentials in fields such as information encryption, high-speed optical communication, and precise particle manipulation.
{"title":"Simultaneous control of three degrees of freedom in perfect vector vortex beams based on metasurfaces","authors":"Siyang Li, Yaqin Zheng, Changda Zhou, Guoli He, Zhonghong Shi, Haoyang Li, Zhang-Kai Zhou","doi":"10.1515/nanoph-2024-0709","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2024-0709","url":null,"abstract":"The perfect vector vortex beams (PVVBs) have played an important role in various fields due to their advantages of unique vortex features, flexible polarization distribution and multiple degrees of freedom (DoFs). The simultaneous and precise control over multiple DoFs, such as the polarization distribution, beam shape and position which greatly influence various characteristics of PVVBs, holds paramount importance. However, it is still difficult to manipulate various DoFs in a multiplexing way and the control precision of polarization distribution only reaches the half-integer level, notably hindering the further application and development of PVVBs. Here, an approach that integrates holographic technique with geometric phase metasurfaces, experimentally demonstrates the multiplexing control of PVVBs over three DoFs, i.e., enabling the independent manipulation of non-uniform polarization distributions, beam shapes and spatial positions. Furthermore, non-integer polarization order of the generated PVVBs can be arbitrary non-integer numbers with a high resolution of 0.1, largely improving the control precision. With such multiplexing manipulation of PVVBs with high precision, we can provide abundant processing dimensions for information science and technologies, exhibiting broad application potentials in fields such as information encryption, high-speed optical communication, and precise particle manipulation.","PeriodicalId":19027,"journal":{"name":"Nanophotonics","volume":"58 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143258739","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-06DOI: 10.1515/nanoph-2024-0515
Changhyun Kim, Munseong Bae, Minho Choi, Sangbin Lee, Myunghoo Lee, Chihyeon Kim, Hojoong Jung, Haejun Chung, Hyounghan Kwon
Thin-film lithium niobate (TFLN) has emerged as a promising platform for integrated photonics due to its exceptional material properties. The application of freeform topology optimization to TFLN devices enables the realization of compact designs with complex functionalities and high efficiency. However, the stringent fabrication constraints of TFLN present significant challenges for optimization, particularly in nonlinear photonic devices. In this work, we propose an inverse design methodology that successfully addresses these challenges and demonstrates the development of an efficient freeform TFLN mode converter. The numerically optimized mode converter achieves a transmission efficiency of 67.60 % and a mode purity of 84.58 %. Experimental validation through nonlinear processes, including second harmonic generation and spontaneous parametric down-conversion, shows that the fabricated devices improve the efficiency of these processes by factors of two and three, respectively, compared to devices without freeform designs. The proposed inverse design framework provides a powerful tool for advancing the development of TFLN-based devices, with broad applicability to nonlinear and quantum photonics.
{"title":"Freeform thin-film lithium niobate mode converter for photon-pair generation","authors":"Changhyun Kim, Munseong Bae, Minho Choi, Sangbin Lee, Myunghoo Lee, Chihyeon Kim, Hojoong Jung, Haejun Chung, Hyounghan Kwon","doi":"10.1515/nanoph-2024-0515","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2024-0515","url":null,"abstract":"Thin-film lithium niobate (TFLN) has emerged as a promising platform for integrated photonics due to its exceptional material properties. The application of freeform topology optimization to TFLN devices enables the realization of compact designs with complex functionalities and high efficiency. However, the stringent fabrication constraints of TFLN present significant challenges for optimization, particularly in nonlinear photonic devices. In this work, we propose an inverse design methodology that successfully addresses these challenges and demonstrates the development of an efficient freeform TFLN mode converter. The numerically optimized mode converter achieves a transmission efficiency of 67.60 % and a mode purity of 84.58 %. Experimental validation through nonlinear processes, including second harmonic generation and spontaneous parametric down-conversion, shows that the fabricated devices improve the efficiency of these processes by factors of two and three, respectively, compared to devices without freeform designs. The proposed inverse design framework provides a powerful tool for advancing the development of TFLN-based devices, with broad applicability to nonlinear and quantum photonics.","PeriodicalId":19027,"journal":{"name":"Nanophotonics","volume":"62 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143258453","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-06DOI: 10.1515/nanoph-2024-0668
Zicheng Shen, Yibo Ni, Yuanmu Yang
Structured light is a widely used 3D imaging method with a drawback that it typically requires a long baseline length between the laser projector and the camera sensor, which hinders its utilization in space-constrained scenarios. On the other hand, the application of passive 3D imaging methods, such as depth from depth-dependent point spread functions (PSFs), is impeded by the challenge in measuring textureless scenes. Here, we combine the advantages of both structured light and depth-dependent PSFs and propose a baseline-free structured light 3D imaging system. A metasurface is designed to project a structured dot array and encode depth information in the double-helix pattern of each dot simultaneously. Combined with a straightforward and fast algorithm, we demonstrate accurate 3D point cloud acquisition for various real-world scenarios including multiple cardboard boxes and a living human face. Such a technique may find application in a broad range of areas including consumer electronics and precision metrology.
{"title":"Baseline-free structured light 3D imaging using a metasurface double-helix dot projector","authors":"Zicheng Shen, Yibo Ni, Yuanmu Yang","doi":"10.1515/nanoph-2024-0668","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2024-0668","url":null,"abstract":"Structured light is a widely used 3D imaging method with a drawback that it typically requires a long baseline length between the laser projector and the camera sensor, which hinders its utilization in space-constrained scenarios. On the other hand, the application of passive 3D imaging methods, such as depth from depth-dependent point spread functions (PSFs), is impeded by the challenge in measuring textureless scenes. Here, we combine the advantages of both structured light and depth-dependent PSFs and propose a baseline-free structured light 3D imaging system. A metasurface is designed to project a structured dot array and encode depth information in the double-helix pattern of each dot simultaneously. Combined with a straightforward and fast algorithm, we demonstrate accurate 3D point cloud acquisition for various real-world scenarios including multiple cardboard boxes and a living human face. Such a technique may find application in a broad range of areas including consumer electronics and precision metrology.","PeriodicalId":19027,"journal":{"name":"Nanophotonics","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143258646","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-06DOI: 10.1515/nanoph-2024-0590
Ding Mao, Zichuan Yuan, Ke Dai, Yue Chen, Huihui Ma, Qiang Ling, Jiancheng Zheng, Yusheng Zhang, Daru Chen, Yudong Cui, Zhipei Sun, Boris A. Malomed
Ultrafast fibre lasers, characterized by ultrashort pulse duration and broad spectral bandwidth, have drawn significant attention due to their vast potential across a wide range of applications, from fundamental scientific to industrial processing and beyond. As dissipative nonlinear systems, ultrafast fibre lasers not only generate single solitons, but also exhibit various forms of spatiotemporal soliton bunching. Analogous to molecules composed of multiple atoms in chemistry, soliton molecules (SMs) – alias bound states – in ultrafast fibre lasers are a key concept for gaining a deeper understanding of nonlinear interaction and hold a promise for advancing high-capacity fibre-optic communications. SMs are particularly notable for their high degree of controllability, including their internal temporal separation, and relative phase differences, thereby suggesting new possibilities for manipulating multi-pulse systems. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of recent advancements in the studies of SMs with the multidimensional parameter space in ultrafast fibre lasers. Owing to the flexibility afforded by mode-locking techniques and dispersion management, various types of SMs – with diverse values of the soliton number, relative phase, pulse separation, carrier frequencies, and even modal dispersion – have been experimentally demonstrated. We also discuss other basic nonlinear optical phenomena observed in fibre lasers, including the formation, spatiotemporal pulsations, and interaction dynamics of SMs. Furthermore, we explore the multidimensional control of SMs through approaches such as gain modulation, polarization control, dispersion management, and photomechanical effects, along with their applications to optical data encoding. Finally, we discuss challenges and future development of multidimensional technologies for the manipulation of SMs.
{"title":"Temporal and spatiotemporal soliton molecules in ultrafast fibre lasers","authors":"Ding Mao, Zichuan Yuan, Ke Dai, Yue Chen, Huihui Ma, Qiang Ling, Jiancheng Zheng, Yusheng Zhang, Daru Chen, Yudong Cui, Zhipei Sun, Boris A. Malomed","doi":"10.1515/nanoph-2024-0590","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2024-0590","url":null,"abstract":"Ultrafast fibre lasers, characterized by ultrashort pulse duration and broad spectral bandwidth, have drawn significant attention due to their vast potential across a wide range of applications, from fundamental scientific to industrial processing and beyond. As dissipative nonlinear systems, ultrafast fibre lasers not only generate single solitons, but also exhibit various forms of spatiotemporal soliton bunching. Analogous to molecules composed of multiple atoms in chemistry, soliton molecules (SMs) – alias bound states – in ultrafast fibre lasers are a key concept for gaining a deeper understanding of nonlinear interaction and hold a promise for advancing high-capacity fibre-optic communications. SMs are particularly notable for their high degree of controllability, including their internal temporal separation, and relative phase differences, thereby suggesting new possibilities for manipulating multi-pulse systems. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of recent advancements in the studies of SMs with the multidimensional parameter space in ultrafast fibre lasers. Owing to the flexibility afforded by mode-locking techniques and dispersion management, various types of SMs – with diverse values of the soliton number, relative phase, pulse separation, carrier frequencies, and even modal dispersion – have been experimentally demonstrated. We also discuss other basic nonlinear optical phenomena observed in fibre lasers, including the formation, spatiotemporal pulsations, and interaction dynamics of SMs. Furthermore, we explore the multidimensional control of SMs through approaches such as gain modulation, polarization control, dispersion management, and photomechanical effects, along with their applications to optical data encoding. Finally, we discuss challenges and future development of multidimensional technologies for the manipulation of SMs.","PeriodicalId":19027,"journal":{"name":"Nanophotonics","volume":"53 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143192397","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-06DOI: 10.1515/nanoph-2024-0587
Yongjae Jo, Hyemi Park, Seho Lee, Inki Kim
Hadamard matrices, composed of mutually orthogonal vectors, are widely used in various applications due to their orthogonality. In optical imaging, Hadamard microscopy has been applied to achieve optical sectioning by separating scattering and background noise from desired signals. This method involves sequential illumination using Hadamard patterns and subsequent image processing. However, it typically requires costly light modulation devices, such as digital micromirror devices (DMDs) or spatial light modulators (SLMs), to generate multiple illumination patterns. In this study, we present spectral Hadamard microscopy based on a holographic matasurface. We noticed that certain patterns repeat within other Hadamard patterns under specific condition, allowing the entire set to be reproduced from a single pattern. This finding suggests that generating a single pattern is sufficient to implement Hadamard microscopy. To demonstrate this, we designed a metasurface to generate an illumination pattern and conducted imaging simulations. Results showed that holographic metasurface-based Hadamard microscopy effectively suppressed scattering signals, resulting in clear fluorescent images. Furthermore, we demonstrated that hyperspectral imaging can be achieved with Hadamard microscopy using dispersive optical elements, as the orthogonality of the Hadamard pattern enables to resolve spectral information. The reconstructed hyperspectral images displayed a color distribution closely matching the synthetic hyperspectral images used as ground truth. Our findings suggest that optical sectioning and hyperspectral imaging can be accomplished without light modulation devices, a capability typically unattainable with standard wide-field microscopes. We showed that sophisticated metasurfaces have the potential to replace and enhance conventional optical components, and we anticipate that this study will contribute to advancements in metasurface-based optical microscopy.
{"title":"Spectral Hadamard microscopy with metasurface-based patterned illumination","authors":"Yongjae Jo, Hyemi Park, Seho Lee, Inki Kim","doi":"10.1515/nanoph-2024-0587","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2024-0587","url":null,"abstract":"Hadamard matrices, composed of mutually orthogonal vectors, are widely used in various applications due to their orthogonality. In optical imaging, Hadamard microscopy has been applied to achieve optical sectioning by separating scattering and background noise from desired signals. This method involves sequential illumination using Hadamard patterns and subsequent image processing. However, it typically requires costly light modulation devices, such as digital micromirror devices (DMDs) or spatial light modulators (SLMs), to generate multiple illumination patterns. In this study, we present spectral Hadamard microscopy based on a holographic matasurface. We noticed that certain patterns repeat within other Hadamard patterns under specific condition, allowing the entire set to be reproduced from a single pattern. This finding suggests that generating a single pattern is sufficient to implement Hadamard microscopy. To demonstrate this, we designed a metasurface to generate an illumination pattern and conducted imaging simulations. Results showed that holographic metasurface-based Hadamard microscopy effectively suppressed scattering signals, resulting in clear fluorescent images. Furthermore, we demonstrated that hyperspectral imaging can be achieved with Hadamard microscopy using dispersive optical elements, as the orthogonality of the Hadamard pattern enables to resolve spectral information. The reconstructed hyperspectral images displayed a color distribution closely matching the synthetic hyperspectral images used as ground truth. Our findings suggest that optical sectioning and hyperspectral imaging can be accomplished without light modulation devices, a capability typically unattainable with standard wide-field microscopes. We showed that sophisticated metasurfaces have the potential to replace and enhance conventional optical components, and we anticipate that this study will contribute to advancements in metasurface-based optical microscopy.","PeriodicalId":19027,"journal":{"name":"Nanophotonics","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143258644","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-03DOI: 10.1515/nanoph-2024-0551
Stephanie C. Malek, Chloe F. Doiron, Igal Brener, Alexander Cerjan
Dielectric metasurfaces supporting optical resonances have become a promising platform for quantum and nonlinear optics. However, resonant metasurfaces remain limited in their capacity to independently control the behavior of many distinct resonances despite efforts in computational optimization and inverse design. In this work, we overcome longstanding limitations by introducing a generalized rational design paradigm based on symmetry. Specifically, we use symmetry-broken metasurfaces with periodic “quadromer” lattices comprised of four nanostructures per unit cell to enable extensive control of multiple optical resonances. The rationally designed metasurfaces are readily fabricable, and we experimentally demonstrate metasurfaces that support up to four high Q-factor resonances with deliberately chosen free-space polarizations, spectral separations, and mode profiles. Our design paradigm may unlock new applications for multiresonant metasurfaces in quantum and nonlinear optics, optical sensing, and augmented reality displays.
{"title":"Robust multiresonant nonlocal metasurfaces by rational design","authors":"Stephanie C. Malek, Chloe F. Doiron, Igal Brener, Alexander Cerjan","doi":"10.1515/nanoph-2024-0551","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2024-0551","url":null,"abstract":"Dielectric metasurfaces supporting optical resonances have become a promising platform for quantum and nonlinear optics. However, resonant metasurfaces remain limited in their capacity to independently control the behavior of many distinct resonances despite efforts in computational optimization and inverse design. In this work, we overcome longstanding limitations by introducing a generalized rational design paradigm based on symmetry. Specifically, we use symmetry-broken metasurfaces with periodic “quadromer” lattices comprised of four nanostructures per unit cell to enable extensive control of multiple optical resonances. The rationally designed metasurfaces are readily fabricable, and we experimentally demonstrate metasurfaces that support up to four high Q-factor resonances with deliberately chosen free-space polarizations, spectral separations, and mode profiles. Our design paradigm may unlock new applications for multiresonant metasurfaces in quantum and nonlinear optics, optical sensing, and augmented reality displays.","PeriodicalId":19027,"journal":{"name":"Nanophotonics","volume":"76 2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143083828","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-03DOI: 10.1515/nanoph-2024-0594
Jordan Adams, Andy Chong
Reconnections of spatiotemporal optical vortices have been shown to occur between line vortices. Here, we show that reconnections also occur between spatiotemporal loop vortices in optical waves. As optical loop vortices propagate in a media with spatial diffraction and material group velocity dispersion, unique reconnections occur. The birth and death of loops can occur, with certain loop vortices emerging from or collapsing to a single point while interacting with others. As certain parameters are varied in the model, complex arrangements of loops form in space-time from simple initial fields.
{"title":"Spatiotemporal optical vortex reconnections of loop vortices","authors":"Jordan Adams, Andy Chong","doi":"10.1515/nanoph-2024-0594","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2024-0594","url":null,"abstract":"Reconnections of spatiotemporal optical vortices have been shown to occur between line vortices. Here, we show that reconnections also occur between spatiotemporal loop vortices in optical waves. As optical loop vortices propagate in a media with spatial diffraction and material group velocity dispersion, unique reconnections occur. The birth and death of loops can occur, with certain loop vortices emerging from or collapsing to a single point while interacting with others. As certain parameters are varied in the model, complex arrangements of loops form in space-time from simple initial fields.","PeriodicalId":19027,"journal":{"name":"Nanophotonics","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143083829","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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