Pub Date : 2025-12-04DOI: 10.1515/nanoph-2025-0506
Lam Yen Thi Nguyen, Yu-Cheng Lin, Tzu-Yu Chiu, Shao-Jin Liao, Chia-Chen Hsu, Jiunn-Yuan Lin, Hung-Chih Kan
We propose and demonstrate one-dimensional (1-D) TiO 2 dielectric grating structures that couple 793-nm wavelength light and two-dimensional (2-D) surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) into guided 1-D SPPs supported by dielectric-loaded plasmonic waveguides. The 1-D grating structure consists of a central TiO 2 stripe with a periodic array of TiO 2 teeth attached to the stripe. Finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) simulations reveal that the electromagnetic boundary conditions created by the teeth bend the electric field and induce charge oscillations under the grating, enabling excitation of SPPs. The same mechanism supports the routing of 2-D SPP. In the simulation the symmetric gratings achieve a maximum coupling efficiency of 19.1 % at an optimized grating period of Λ = 600 nm, and 1.7 % for asymmetric gratings. Both types exhibit strong polarization selectivity: symmetric gratings couple only under TM excitation, whereas asymmetric gratings respond under TE excitation. Experimental confirms these behaviors, yielding a coupling efficiency of ∼13 % for optimized symmetric gratings. The structures also function as SPP routers. Asymmetric gratings route incoming 2-D SPPs into 1-D TiO 2 waveguides with a simulated routing efficiency of 5.7 %, compared to 4.0 % for symmetric designs. The devices offer a ∼14 nm bandwidth around 793 nm and a small footprint of 18.7 μm 2 , resulting in a figure of merit (efficiency/area) of 0.71 % μm −2 , the highest among reported devices designed to couple free-space light directly into 1-D SPP waveguides. These results demonstrate that 1-D TiO 2 gratings offer a compact and multifunctional platform for efficient coupling and routing of SPPs in integrated plasmonic circuits.
{"title":"One-dimensional dielectric grating structure for plasmonic coupling and routing","authors":"Lam Yen Thi Nguyen, Yu-Cheng Lin, Tzu-Yu Chiu, Shao-Jin Liao, Chia-Chen Hsu, Jiunn-Yuan Lin, Hung-Chih Kan","doi":"10.1515/nanoph-2025-0506","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2025-0506","url":null,"abstract":"We propose and demonstrate one-dimensional (1-D) TiO <jats:sub>2</jats:sub> dielectric grating structures that couple 793-nm wavelength light and two-dimensional (2-D) surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) into guided 1-D SPPs supported by dielectric-loaded plasmonic waveguides. The 1-D grating structure consists of a central TiO <jats:sub>2</jats:sub> stripe with a periodic array of TiO <jats:sub>2</jats:sub> teeth attached to the stripe. Finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) simulations reveal that the electromagnetic boundary conditions created by the teeth bend the electric field and induce charge oscillations under the grating, enabling excitation of SPPs. The same mechanism supports the routing of 2-D SPP. In the simulation the symmetric gratings achieve a maximum coupling efficiency of 19.1 % at an optimized grating period of Λ = 600 nm, and 1.7 % for asymmetric gratings. Both types exhibit strong polarization selectivity: symmetric gratings couple only under TM excitation, whereas asymmetric gratings respond under TE excitation. Experimental confirms these behaviors, yielding a coupling efficiency of ∼13 % for optimized symmetric gratings. The structures also function as SPP routers. Asymmetric gratings route incoming 2-D SPPs into 1-D TiO <jats:sub>2</jats:sub> waveguides with a simulated routing efficiency of 5.7 %, compared to 4.0 % for symmetric designs. The devices offer a ∼14 nm bandwidth around 793 nm and a small footprint of 18.7 μm <jats:sup>2</jats:sup> , resulting in a figure of merit (efficiency/area) of 0.71 % μm <jats:sup>−2</jats:sup> , the highest among reported devices designed to couple free-space light directly into 1-D SPP waveguides. These results demonstrate that 1-D TiO <jats:sub>2</jats:sub> gratings offer a compact and multifunctional platform for efficient coupling and routing of SPPs in integrated plasmonic circuits.","PeriodicalId":19027,"journal":{"name":"Nanophotonics","volume":"197 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145664987","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Multispectral and hyperspectral imaging have been extensively applied in various imaging domains, where spectral channels with narrow bandwidths provide detailed information for optical signal analysis. The integration of multi-channel filter arrays with image sensors is essential for multispectral detection. To extend this capability to cameras without integrated filters, a dual-band spectral filter array (DSFA) combined with a telecentric lens was employed with a monochrome camera for real-time surface plasmon resonance imaging (SPRi). Placement of the DSFA in front of a broadband light source generated spatially modulated excitation signals incident on a gold-coated periodic silicon nanostructure serving as a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) chip. A pixel-shift-based demosaicing method enabled the separation of checkerboard-like images into two spectral bands corresponding to the filters of the DSFA, facilitating γ -based spectral contrast response analysis. This optical configuration successfully demonstrated dynamic monitoring of the interaction between anti-BSA and immobilized BSA on the chip. Compared with wavelength-shift analysis, γ -based analysis improved the refractive index detection limit by nearly two orders of magnitude, enabling highly sensitive monitoring of biomolecular interactions. The DSFA-based SPRi platform provides a flexible, highly integrable, and label-free solution for quantitative analysis of biomolecular interactions.
{"title":"Dual-band spectral filter array integrated with a telecentric lens for real-time surface plasmon resonance sensing and imaging","authors":"Yi-Hsin Tai, Chih-Hung Kuo, Shenq-Hann Wang, Xiu-Wan Chen, Hsin-Yi Hsieh, Chia-Chun Chang, Pei-Kuen Wei, Chin-Chuan Hsieh","doi":"10.1515/nanoph-2025-0417","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2025-0417","url":null,"abstract":"Multispectral and hyperspectral imaging have been extensively applied in various imaging domains, where spectral channels with narrow bandwidths provide detailed information for optical signal analysis. The integration of multi-channel filter arrays with image sensors is essential for multispectral detection. To extend this capability to cameras without integrated filters, a dual-band spectral filter array (DSFA) combined with a telecentric lens was employed with a monochrome camera for real-time surface plasmon resonance imaging (SPRi). Placement of the DSFA in front of a broadband light source generated spatially modulated excitation signals incident on a gold-coated periodic silicon nanostructure serving as a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) chip. A pixel-shift-based demosaicing method enabled the separation of checkerboard-like images into two spectral bands corresponding to the filters of the DSFA, facilitating <jats:italic>γ</jats:italic> -based spectral contrast response analysis. This optical configuration successfully demonstrated dynamic monitoring of the interaction between anti-BSA and immobilized BSA on the chip. Compared with wavelength-shift analysis, <jats:italic>γ</jats:italic> -based analysis improved the refractive index detection limit by nearly two orders of magnitude, enabling highly sensitive monitoring of biomolecular interactions. The DSFA-based SPRi platform provides a flexible, highly integrable, and label-free solution for quantitative analysis of biomolecular interactions.","PeriodicalId":19027,"journal":{"name":"Nanophotonics","volume":"202 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145664960","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-04DOI: 10.1515/nanoph-2025-0460
Yutong He, Hao Liu, Changzheng Sun, Bing Xiong, Zhibiao Hao, Jian Wang, Lai Wang, Yanjun Han, Hongtao Li, Lin Gan, Jiyuan Zheng, Yi Luo
Thin-film lithium niobate (TFLN) has a proven record of building high-performance electro-optic (EO) modulators. However, it has consistently posed challenges in securing low driving voltage, wide electro-optic bandwidth, low insertion loss, and high modulation efficiency simultaneously. Here, we demonstrate a telecom-wavelength EO modulator on the TFLN platform incorporating multifunctional benzocyclobutene (BCB) material. The low dielectric constant (low-k) BCB effectively reduces RF loss of the modulator and enables perfect velocity matching with a narrow electrode gap, thereby overcoming the conventional voltage–bandwidth trade-off. Meanwhile, in combination with a bilayer inversely tapered waveguide, it also facilitates the realization of high-efficiency edge couplers, significantly reducing the coupling loss of the modulator. In addition, the underlying TFLN slab is selectively removed to eliminate dielectric relaxation, ensuring a stable low-frequency EO response and bias-drift-free operation. The fabricated 13-mm-long modulator exhibits low half-wave voltages V π of 1.5 V in the C-band and 1.19 V in the O-band, corresponding to half-wave voltage-length products of 1.95 V·cm and 1.55 V·cm, respectively. Thanks to the BCB-clad edge coupler, an ultra-low coupling loss of 0.54 dB per facet is obtained. Ultra-wide EO bandwidths exceeding 110 GHz across the C + O-bands are demonstrated, and high-speed PAM8 data transmission with data rates up to 390 Gbit/s is successfully recorded in both C- and O-bands. The proposed modulator architecture not only delivers excellent overall performance, but also simplifies the fabrication process and expands the application potential.
{"title":"Ultra-wideband TFLN modulator with selectively removed slab based on multifunctional BCB platform for high coupling efficiency and suppressed EO relaxation","authors":"Yutong He, Hao Liu, Changzheng Sun, Bing Xiong, Zhibiao Hao, Jian Wang, Lai Wang, Yanjun Han, Hongtao Li, Lin Gan, Jiyuan Zheng, Yi Luo","doi":"10.1515/nanoph-2025-0460","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2025-0460","url":null,"abstract":"Thin-film lithium niobate (TFLN) has a proven record of building high-performance electro-optic (EO) modulators. However, it has consistently posed challenges in securing low driving voltage, wide electro-optic bandwidth, low insertion loss, and high modulation efficiency simultaneously. Here, we demonstrate a telecom-wavelength EO modulator on the TFLN platform incorporating multifunctional benzocyclobutene (BCB) material. The low dielectric constant (low-k) BCB effectively reduces RF loss of the modulator and enables perfect velocity matching with a narrow electrode gap, thereby overcoming the conventional voltage–bandwidth trade-off. Meanwhile, in combination with a bilayer inversely tapered waveguide, it also facilitates the realization of high-efficiency edge couplers, significantly reducing the coupling loss of the modulator. In addition, the underlying TFLN slab is selectively removed to eliminate dielectric relaxation, ensuring a stable low-frequency EO response and bias-drift-free operation. The fabricated 13-mm-long modulator exhibits low half-wave voltages V <jats:sub>π</jats:sub> of 1.5 V in the C-band and 1.19 V in the O-band, corresponding to half-wave voltage-length products of 1.95 V·cm and 1.55 V·cm, respectively. Thanks to the BCB-clad edge coupler, an ultra-low coupling loss of 0.54 dB per facet is obtained. Ultra-wide EO bandwidths exceeding 110 GHz across the C + O-bands are demonstrated, and high-speed PAM8 data transmission with data rates up to 390 Gbit/s is successfully recorded in both C- and O-bands. The proposed modulator architecture not only delivers excellent overall performance, but also simplifies the fabrication process and expands the application potential.","PeriodicalId":19027,"journal":{"name":"Nanophotonics","volume":"218 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145664608","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-03DOI: 10.1515/nanoph-2025-0507
Yi Huang, Bowen Zheng, Yunxi Dong, Hong Tang, Huan Zhao, Rakibul Hasan Shawon, Sensong An, Hualiang Zhang
Automatic differentiation (AD) enables powerful metasurface inverse design but requires extensive theoretical and programming expertise. We present a Model Context Protocol (MCP) assisted framework that allows researchers to conduct inverse design with differentiable solvers through large language models (LLMs). Since LLMs inherently lack knowledge of specialized solvers, our proposed solution provides dynamic access to verified code templates and comprehensive documentation through dedicated servers. The LLM autonomously accesses these resources to generate complete inverse design codes without prescribed coordination rules. Evaluation on the Huygens meta-atom design task with the differentiable TorchRDIT solver shows that while both natural language and structured prompting strategies achieve high success rates, structured prompting significantly outperforms in design quality, workflow efficiency, computational cost, and error reduction. The minimalist server design, using only 5 APIs, demonstrates how MCP makes sophisticated computational tools accessible to researchers without programming expertise, offering a generalizable integration solution for other scientific tasks.
{"title":"MCP-enabled LLM for meta-optics inverse design: leveraging differentiable solver without LLM expertise","authors":"Yi Huang, Bowen Zheng, Yunxi Dong, Hong Tang, Huan Zhao, Rakibul Hasan Shawon, Sensong An, Hualiang Zhang","doi":"10.1515/nanoph-2025-0507","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2025-0507","url":null,"abstract":"Automatic differentiation (AD) enables powerful metasurface inverse design but requires extensive theoretical and programming expertise. We present a Model Context Protocol (MCP) assisted framework that allows researchers to conduct inverse design with differentiable solvers through large language models (LLMs). Since LLMs inherently lack knowledge of specialized solvers, our proposed solution provides dynamic access to verified code templates and comprehensive documentation through dedicated servers. The LLM autonomously accesses these resources to generate complete inverse design codes without prescribed coordination rules. Evaluation on the Huygens meta-atom design task with the differentiable TorchRDIT solver shows that while both natural language and structured prompting strategies achieve high success rates, structured prompting significantly outperforms in design quality, workflow efficiency, computational cost, and error reduction. The minimalist server design, using only 5 APIs, demonstrates how MCP makes sophisticated computational tools accessible to researchers without programming expertise, offering a generalizable integration solution for other scientific tasks.","PeriodicalId":19027,"journal":{"name":"Nanophotonics","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145657455","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A polarization-dependent silicon nano-antennas metagrating (PSNM) is proposed for parallel polarization transformation by engineering diffraction orders, upon which a compact Mueller microscopy system is implemented for subtissue-level polarization extraction. The polarization-dependent metagrating is designed using matrix Fourier optics and nonlinear optimization with four diffraction orders described by waveplate-like Jones matrices, which is encoded by nano-antennas combining geometric and propagation phases. The measured phase delay and orientation of each diffraction order of the metagrating deviate by less than 6.7 % from the design values, and the overall diffraction efficiency reaches 70.89 % with a coefficient of variation of 0.021. A transmissive PSNM Mueller microscopy system is developed by directly embedding the metagrating into an infinity-corrected microscopic optical path, which extracts subtissue-level polarization distributions of biological sections over a 152 μm × 152 μm field of view with reduced measurement redundancy, facilitating the differentiation and staging of pathological tissues for potential stain-free diagnostic applications.
{"title":"Diffraction order-engineered polarization-dependent silicon nano-antennas metagrating for compact subtissue Mueller microscopy","authors":"Qingyuan Li, Jianyao Li, Gaodi Chen, Zhiguang Lin, Dongmei Lu, Xiaoxu Deng","doi":"10.1515/nanoph-2025-0405","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2025-0405","url":null,"abstract":"A polarization-dependent silicon nano-antennas metagrating (PSNM) is proposed for parallel polarization transformation by engineering diffraction orders, upon which a compact Mueller microscopy system is implemented for subtissue-level polarization extraction. The polarization-dependent metagrating is designed using matrix Fourier optics and nonlinear optimization with four diffraction orders described by waveplate-like Jones matrices, which is encoded by nano-antennas combining geometric and propagation phases. The measured phase delay and orientation of each diffraction order of the metagrating deviate by less than 6.7 % from the design values, and the overall diffraction efficiency reaches 70.89 % with a coefficient of variation of 0.021. A transmissive PSNM Mueller microscopy system is developed by directly embedding the metagrating into an infinity-corrected microscopic optical path, which extracts subtissue-level polarization distributions of biological sections over a 152 μm × 152 μm field of view with reduced measurement redundancy, facilitating the differentiation and staging of pathological tissues for potential stain-free diagnostic applications.","PeriodicalId":19027,"journal":{"name":"Nanophotonics","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145657454","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-03DOI: 10.1515/nanoph-2025-0437
Raphael Gherman, Sacha Schwarz, Jean-François Bryche, Guillaume Beaudin, Alex Currie, Pierre Levesque, François Fillion-Gourdeau, Steve G. MacLean, Dominique Drouin, Serge Ecoffey, Paul G. Charette
Hybrid plasmonic systems that combine localized and propagative surface plasmons offer new opportunities for tunable light–matter interactions at the nanoscale. This paper provides the most comprehensive study to date of hybridization between gap localized surface plasmons (gap LSP) and diffraction-mediated propagative surface plasmon polaritons (SPP) in arrays of gold nanodisks over a mirror, part of the larger class of nanoparticle-over-mirror (NPoM) devices. By systematically mapping the hybrid mode dispersion as a function of array geometry over a large parameter space, we extract the coupling strength via a coupled oscillator model and reveal its dependence on key structural parameters, with gap thickness identified as the primary tuning factor. The resulting hybrid modes enhance the optical quality factor by nearly fivefold compared to classical LSP while maintaining strong near-field confinement, combining the advantages of their constituent modes. Dephasing times were measured with interferometric time-resolved photoemission electron microscopy (ITR-PEEM). Using a scalable lithography-compatible NPoM architecture that minimizes the optical index mismatch between the dielectric between the nanodisks and the gap material (Al 2 O 3 ), we achieved the highest coupling strength (123 meV) and dephasing time range (23–50 fs) to date in NPoM arrays.
{"title":"A comprehensive study of plasmonic mode hybridization in gold nanoparticle-over-mirror (NPoM) arrays","authors":"Raphael Gherman, Sacha Schwarz, Jean-François Bryche, Guillaume Beaudin, Alex Currie, Pierre Levesque, François Fillion-Gourdeau, Steve G. MacLean, Dominique Drouin, Serge Ecoffey, Paul G. Charette","doi":"10.1515/nanoph-2025-0437","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2025-0437","url":null,"abstract":"Hybrid plasmonic systems that combine localized and propagative surface plasmons offer new opportunities for tunable light–matter interactions at the nanoscale. This paper provides the most comprehensive study to date of hybridization between gap localized surface plasmons (gap LSP) and diffraction-mediated propagative surface plasmon polaritons (SPP) in arrays of gold nanodisks over a mirror, part of the larger class of nanoparticle-over-mirror (NPoM) devices. By systematically mapping the hybrid mode dispersion as a function of array geometry over a large parameter space, we extract the coupling strength via a coupled oscillator model and reveal its dependence on key structural parameters, with gap thickness identified as the primary tuning factor. The resulting hybrid modes enhance the optical quality factor by nearly fivefold compared to classical LSP while maintaining strong near-field confinement, combining the advantages of their constituent modes. Dephasing times were measured with interferometric time-resolved photoemission electron microscopy (ITR-PEEM). Using a scalable lithography-compatible NPoM architecture that minimizes the optical index mismatch between the dielectric between the nanodisks and the gap material (Al <jats:sub>2</jats:sub> O <jats:sub>3</jats:sub> ), we achieved the highest coupling strength (123 meV) and dephasing time range (23–50 fs) to date in NPoM arrays.","PeriodicalId":19027,"journal":{"name":"Nanophotonics","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145658191","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-01DOI: 10.1515/nanoph-2025-0494
Yiyi Li, Wangzhe Zhou, Yuqing Zhang, Xiaoyan Huang, Yutai Chen, Man Yuan, Junbo Yang
Bright-field and phase-contrast imaging represent two of the most essential modes for target recognition and feature extraction, offering broad applicability in fields such as biomedicine and autonomous driving. In this work, we propose a cascaded Moiré metasurfaces system with a large interlayer spacing, which enables switchable bright-field and phase-contrast imaging at a wavelength of 532 nm by adjusting the illumination conditions between coherent and incoherent light sources. By employing an optimized phase-iterative algorithm, the stringent spacing requirement of conventional cascaded Moiré metasurfaces is relaxed from the subwavelength scale (∼100 nm) to beyond 1 mm, while maintaining robust imaging performance under spacing deviations of ±0.1 mm. Through controlled relative rotation of the two metasurfaces by an angle θ , the system dynamically switches between a focused solid Airy disk ( θ = 0°) and vortex beams with tunable topological charges ranging from −5 to +5 ( θ = ±20° to ±100°). The design achieves a focusing efficiency of 82 % and vortex beam purities up to 99 %. Owing to its versatile switching capability, the system supports multi-order edge extraction for both phase-type and amplitude-type objects, reaching a spatial frequency of 228 lp/mm. This approach overcomes the limitation of existing edge-detection metasurfaces, which operate only under either coherent or incoherent illumination. Our findings provide a new technical pathway toward compact, multifunctional, and integrated imaging devices.
{"title":"Large-gap cascaded Moiré metasurfaces enabling switchable bright-field and phase-contrast imaging compatible with coherent and incoherent light","authors":"Yiyi Li, Wangzhe Zhou, Yuqing Zhang, Xiaoyan Huang, Yutai Chen, Man Yuan, Junbo Yang","doi":"10.1515/nanoph-2025-0494","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2025-0494","url":null,"abstract":"Bright-field and phase-contrast imaging represent two of the most essential modes for target recognition and feature extraction, offering broad applicability in fields such as biomedicine and autonomous driving. In this work, we propose a cascaded Moiré metasurfaces system with a large interlayer spacing, which enables switchable bright-field and phase-contrast imaging at a wavelength of 532 nm by adjusting the illumination conditions between coherent and incoherent light sources. By employing an optimized phase-iterative algorithm, the stringent spacing requirement of conventional cascaded Moiré metasurfaces is relaxed from the subwavelength scale (∼100 nm) to beyond 1 mm, while maintaining robust imaging performance under spacing deviations of ±0.1 mm. Through controlled relative rotation of the two metasurfaces by an angle <jats:italic>θ</jats:italic> , the system dynamically switches between a focused solid Airy disk ( <jats:italic>θ</jats:italic> = 0°) and vortex beams with tunable topological charges ranging from −5 to +5 ( <jats:italic>θ</jats:italic> = ±20° to ±100°). The design achieves a focusing efficiency of 82 % and vortex beam purities up to 99 %. Owing to its versatile switching capability, the system supports multi-order edge extraction for both phase-type and amplitude-type objects, reaching a spatial frequency of 228 lp/mm. This approach overcomes the limitation of existing edge-detection metasurfaces, which operate only under either coherent or incoherent illumination. Our findings provide a new technical pathway toward compact, multifunctional, and integrated imaging devices.","PeriodicalId":19027,"journal":{"name":"Nanophotonics","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145645160","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Directional illumination is critical for next-generation solid-state lighting. In this study, we demonstrate that flexible nanoantenna stickers enhance photoluminescence (PL) directionality. By integrating YAG:Ce phosphor plates and distributed Bragg reflectors (DBRs), these stickers achieve controlled radiation distribution, advancing the development of compact, high-performance illumination technologies. In addition, these stickers produce a different PL output by simply changing the thickness of the phosphor plate. The output PL intensity is doubled by placing a DBR layer on the bottom of the plate, thereby transmitting blue excitation light while reflecting yellow PL. This study provides a simple and versatile method for tuning PL from phosphor plates. This technique can serve as a fundamental tool for controlling light flow with improved efficiency.
{"title":"Directional enhancement of photoluminescence from phosphor plates with TiO 2 nanoantenna stickers","authors":"Hongjie Gao, Joshua T.Y. Tse, Shunsuke Murai, Katsuhisa Tanaka","doi":"10.1515/nanoph-2025-0419","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2025-0419","url":null,"abstract":"Directional illumination is critical for next-generation solid-state lighting. In this study, we demonstrate that flexible nanoantenna stickers enhance photoluminescence (PL) directionality. By integrating YAG:Ce phosphor plates and distributed Bragg reflectors (DBRs), these stickers achieve controlled radiation distribution, advancing the development of compact, high-performance illumination technologies. In addition, these stickers produce a different PL output by simply changing the thickness of the phosphor plate. The output PL intensity is doubled by placing a DBR layer on the bottom of the plate, thereby transmitting blue excitation light while reflecting yellow PL. This study provides a simple and versatile method for tuning PL from phosphor plates. This technique can serve as a fundamental tool for controlling light flow with improved efficiency.","PeriodicalId":19027,"journal":{"name":"Nanophotonics","volume":"2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2025-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145613431","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The rapid advancement of multimode photonic technologies, optical computing, and quantum circuits, leveraging higher-order modes, necessitates the development of on-chip multiple mode-order converters (MMOCs). However, existing schemes face limitations in traffic capacity, polarization-dependence, and scalability. Herein, we propose a novel highly scalable MMOC design framework enabled by subwavelength grating (SWG) metastructures. By integrating SWG arrays into a taper-tailored multimode waveguide, the design synergizes coherent scattering and beam shaping to achieve efficient target-supermode excitations and precise phase controls, simultaneously. In this way, the target MMOC can be realized according to the functional requirements of mode manipulations by optimizing the metastructures. Experimentally fabricated devices exhibit ILs < 1.85 dB and CTs < −12.5 dB across (22 or 50) nm bandwidths, with a polarization-independent quad-mode operation. Notably, the dual-pair mode exchanging MMOC pioneers simultaneous TE 0 ↔TE 2 and TE 1 ↔TE 3 , doubling exchange efficiency over conventional single-pair solutions. Integrated into a direct-access mode add/drop system (DAMAD), TE 0 /TE 1 dual-mode add/drop operations achieve ILs < 4.5 dB and CTs < −15.5 dB across 41 nm bandwidth. Thereupon, clear eye diagrams at 32/64 Gbps operations demonstrate the capability for the high-speed optical communication. The proposed concept offers a novel strategy for on-chip multiple mode manipulations, with transformative potential in higher-order modes based optical communications.
{"title":"Metastructure-enabled scalable multiple mode-order converters: conceptual design and demonstration in direct-access add/drop multiplexing systems","authors":"Zhenzhao Guo, Weike Zhao, Shengbao Wu, Yunfeng Lai, Shuying Cheng, Daoxin Dai","doi":"10.1515/nanoph-2025-0364","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2025-0364","url":null,"abstract":"The rapid advancement of multimode photonic technologies, optical computing, and quantum circuits, leveraging higher-order modes, necessitates the development of on-chip multiple mode-order converters (MMOCs). However, existing schemes face limitations in traffic capacity, polarization-dependence, and scalability. Herein, we propose a novel highly scalable MMOC design framework enabled by subwavelength grating (SWG) metastructures. By integrating SWG arrays into a taper-tailored multimode waveguide, the design synergizes coherent scattering and beam shaping to achieve efficient target-supermode excitations and precise phase controls, simultaneously. In this way, the target MMOC can be realized according to the functional requirements of mode manipulations by optimizing the metastructures. Experimentally fabricated devices exhibit ILs < 1.85 dB and CTs < −12.5 dB across (22 or 50) nm bandwidths, with a polarization-independent quad-mode operation. Notably, the dual-pair mode exchanging MMOC pioneers simultaneous TE <jats:sub>0</jats:sub> ↔TE <jats:sub>2</jats:sub> and TE <jats:sub>1</jats:sub> ↔TE <jats:sub>3</jats:sub> , doubling exchange efficiency over conventional single-pair solutions. Integrated into a direct-access mode add/drop system (DAMAD), TE <jats:sub>0</jats:sub> /TE <jats:sub>1</jats:sub> dual-mode add/drop operations achieve ILs < 4.5 dB and CTs < −15.5 dB across 41 nm bandwidth. Thereupon, clear eye diagrams at 32/64 Gbps operations demonstrate the capability for the high-speed optical communication. The proposed concept offers a novel strategy for on-chip multiple mode manipulations, with transformative potential in higher-order modes based optical communications.","PeriodicalId":19027,"journal":{"name":"Nanophotonics","volume":"200 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2025-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145613434","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Skyrmions, as topologically structured light fields, have attracted considerable attention due to their unique topological properties and potential applications such as optical communication and advanced sensing technologies. However, their longitudinal evolution, as a dimension ripe for exploitation, typically remains uncontrolled and non-deterministic, hindering its in-depth exploration and application scenarios. Here, this paper presents a novel method using dielectric metasurfaces for precisely modeling the longitudinal dynamics evolution of skyrmions. We introduce a new mechanism that allows for the accurate period modulation of skyrmions stokes properties along the propagation direction by controlling the differences in numerical apertures of a zero-order right-circularly polarized beam and a first-order left-circularly polarized beam. Crucially, the evolution period can be arbitrarily designed, and the propagation distance can be expanded by increasing the waist radius of input beams. To validate this approach, we showcase this paradigm through displacement sensing applications, where single-snapshot polarization measurements directly infer absolute position within a compact metasurface-integrated platform, offering a compact and simple alternative to conventional scanning-based approaches for displacement sensing. Our approach advances the understanding of dynamically controlled topological light fields and enables compact devices for precision metrology and optical information technologies.
{"title":"The longitudinal dynamics evolution of optical skyrmions via meta-optics","authors":"Tiantian He, Chang Liu, Wenxuan Tang, Dan Li, Ping Yan, Qiang Liu, Qirong Xiao","doi":"10.1515/nanoph-2025-0436","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2025-0436","url":null,"abstract":"Skyrmions, as topologically structured light fields, have attracted considerable attention due to their unique topological properties and potential applications such as optical communication and advanced sensing technologies. However, their longitudinal evolution, as a dimension ripe for exploitation, typically remains uncontrolled and non-deterministic, hindering its in-depth exploration and application scenarios. Here, this paper presents a novel method using dielectric metasurfaces for precisely modeling the longitudinal dynamics evolution of skyrmions. We introduce a new mechanism that allows for the accurate period modulation of skyrmions stokes properties along the propagation direction by controlling the differences in numerical apertures of a zero-order right-circularly polarized beam and a first-order left-circularly polarized beam. Crucially, the evolution period can be arbitrarily designed, and the propagation distance can be expanded by increasing the waist radius of input beams. To validate this approach, we showcase this paradigm through displacement sensing applications, where single-snapshot polarization measurements directly infer absolute position within a compact metasurface-integrated platform, offering a compact and simple alternative to conventional scanning-based approaches for displacement sensing. Our approach advances the understanding of dynamically controlled topological light fields and enables compact devices for precision metrology and optical information technologies.","PeriodicalId":19027,"journal":{"name":"Nanophotonics","volume":"94 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2025-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145613437","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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