Atomic magnetometers (AMs) that use alkali vapors, such as rubidium, are among the most sensitive sensors for magnetic field measurement. They commonly use polarization differential detection to mitigate common-mode noise. Nevertheless, traditional differential detection optics, including polarization beam splitters (PBS) and half-wave plates, are typically bulky and large, which restricts further reductions in sensor dimensions. In this study, a combination of liquid crystal polarization grating (LCPG) and liquid crystal quarter-wave plate is used for differential detection in AMs, with magnetic field strength determined by measuring the intensity of two diffracted beams from the LCPG. The experimental findings indicate that the fabricated LCPG exhibits a circularly polarized extinction ratio of 3,656 and achieves an average diffraction efficiency of 99 %. In addition, the differential detection method based on LCPG can achieve an angular resolution of 1.48 × 10−7 rad. Subsequently, the method is employed in an AM to achieve an average magnetic sensitivity of 13.8 fT/Hz1/2. Compared to the PBS-based differential detection method, this method enhances the magnetometer response coefficient by 13 % and achieves co-side distribution of the two diffracted beams, thereby avoiding the need for additional vertical optical paths. The effective thickness of the detection optics is reduced to the micrometer scale, allowing for future integration as thin films onto microfabricated vapor cells. This study offers a practical solution for miniaturized AMs with exceptionally high sensitivity.
使用铷等碱蒸气的原子磁强计（AM）是最灵敏的磁场测量传感器之一。它们通常使用偏振差分检测来降低共模噪声。然而，传统的差分检测光学器件，包括偏振分束器（PBS）和半波板，通常都比较笨重和庞大，这限制了传感器尺寸的进一步缩小。在这项研究中，液晶偏振光栅（LCPG）和液晶四分之一波板的组合被用于 AM 的差分检测，通过测量从液晶偏振光栅发出的两束衍射光的强度来确定磁场强度。实验结果表明，所制造的 LCPG 的圆偏振消光比为 3 656，平均衍射效率达到 99%。此外，基于 LCPG 的差分检测方法可实现 1.48 × 10-7 rad 的角度分辨率。随后，该方法被应用于调幅装置，实现了 13.8 fT/Hz1/2 的平均磁灵敏度。与基于 PBS 的差分检测方法相比，该方法将磁强计的响应系数提高了 13%，并实现了两束衍射光的同侧分布，从而避免了额外的垂直光路。检测光学元件的有效厚度减小到微米级，将来可作为薄膜集成到微加工蒸发电池上。这项研究为具有极高灵敏度的微型 AM 提供了一种实用的解决方案。
{"title":"Ultra-compact and high-precision differential detection method based on liquid crystal polarization grating for miniature atomic magnetometer","authors":"Zhibo Cui, Yuhao Wang, Ying Liu, Mingke Jin, Jie Sun, Yueyang Zhai, Xiangyang Zhou, Zhen Chai","doi":"10.1515/nanoph-2024-0309","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2024-0309","url":null,"abstract":"Atomic magnetometers (AMs) that use alkali vapors, such as rubidium, are among the most sensitive sensors for magnetic field measurement. They commonly use polarization differential detection to mitigate common-mode noise. Nevertheless, traditional differential detection optics, including polarization beam splitters (PBS) and half-wave plates, are typically bulky and large, which restricts further reductions in sensor dimensions. In this study, a combination of liquid crystal polarization grating (LCPG) and liquid crystal quarter-wave plate is used for differential detection in AMs, with magnetic field strength determined by measuring the intensity of two diffracted beams from the LCPG. The experimental findings indicate that the fabricated LCPG exhibits a circularly polarized extinction ratio of 3,656 and achieves an average diffraction efficiency of 99 %. In addition, the differential detection method based on LCPG can achieve an angular resolution of 1.48 × 10<jats:sup>−7</jats:sup> rad. Subsequently, the method is employed in an AM to achieve an average magnetic sensitivity of 13.8 fT/Hz<jats:sup>1/2</jats:sup>. Compared to the PBS-based differential detection method, this method enhances the magnetometer response coefficient by 13 % and achieves co-side distribution of the two diffracted beams, thereby avoiding the need for additional vertical optical paths. The effective thickness of the detection optics is reduced to the micrometer scale, allowing for future integration as thin films onto microfabricated vapor cells. This study offers a practical solution for miniaturized AMs with exceptionally high sensitivity.","PeriodicalId":19027,"journal":{"name":"Nanophotonics","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2024-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142374120","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-28DOI: 10.1515/nanoph-2024-0243
Rubina Davtyan, Nicklas Anttu, Julia Valderas-Gutiérrez, Fredrik Höök, Heiner Linke
Semiconductor nanowires can enhance the signal of fluorescent molecules, thus significantly improving the limits of fluorescence detection in optical biosensing. In this work, we explore how the sensitivity can further be enhanced through “digital” detection of adequately spaced vertically aligned nanowires, employing single-emitter localization methods, and bright-field microscopy. Additionally, we introduce a systematic analysis pipeline aimed at harnessing this digital detection capability and evaluate its impact on detection sensitivity. Using a streptavidin-biotin assay, we demonstrate that single-emitter localization expands the dynamic range to encompass five orders of magnitude, enabling detections of concentrations ranging from 10 fM to 10 nM. This represents two to three orders of magnitude improvement in detection compared to methods that do not utilize single-emitter localization. We validate our analysis framework by simulating an artificial dataset based on numerical solutions of Maxwell’s equations. Furthermore, we benchmark our results against total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy and find, in time-resolved titration experiments, that nanowires offer higher sensitivity at the lowest concentrations, attributed to a combination of higher protein capture rate and higher intensity per single protein binding event. These findings suggest promising applications of nanowires in both endpoint and time-resolved biosensing.
半导体纳米线可以增强荧光分子的信号，从而显著提高光学生物传感中荧光检测的极限。在这项工作中，我们探讨了如何通过 "数字 "检测垂直排列的适当间距纳米线、采用单发射极定位方法和明场显微镜来进一步提高灵敏度。此外，我们还介绍了旨在利用这种数字检测能力的系统分析管道，并评估了其对检测灵敏度的影响。利用链霉亲和素-生物素检测法，我们证明单发射极定位将动态范围扩大到了五个数量级，可检测的浓度范围从 10 fM 到 10 nM。与不使用单发射极定位的方法相比，这意味着检测能力提高了两到三个数量级。我们通过模拟基于麦克斯韦方程数值解的人工数据集来验证我们的分析框架。此外，我们还将我们的结果与全内反射荧光显微镜进行了比较，发现在时间分辨滴定实验中，纳米线在最低浓度下具有更高的灵敏度，这归因于更高的蛋白质捕获率和更高的单次蛋白质结合强度。这些发现表明，纳米线在终点和时间分辨生物传感中的应用前景广阔。
{"title":"Image analysis optimization for nanowire-based optical detection of molecules","authors":"Rubina Davtyan, Nicklas Anttu, Julia Valderas-Gutiérrez, Fredrik Höök, Heiner Linke","doi":"10.1515/nanoph-2024-0243","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2024-0243","url":null,"abstract":"Semiconductor nanowires can enhance the signal of fluorescent molecules, thus significantly improving the limits of fluorescence detection in optical biosensing. In this work, we explore how the sensitivity can further be enhanced through “digital” detection of adequately spaced vertically aligned nanowires, employing single-emitter localization methods, and bright-field microscopy. Additionally, we introduce a systematic analysis pipeline aimed at harnessing this digital detection capability and evaluate its impact on detection sensitivity. Using a streptavidin-biotin assay, we demonstrate that single-emitter localization expands the dynamic range to encompass five orders of magnitude, enabling detections of concentrations ranging from 10 fM to 10 nM. This represents two to three orders of magnitude improvement in detection compared to methods that do not utilize single-emitter localization. We validate our analysis framework by simulating an artificial dataset based on numerical solutions of Maxwell’s equations. Furthermore, we benchmark our results against total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy and find, in time-resolved titration experiments, that nanowires offer higher sensitivity at the lowest concentrations, attributed to a combination of higher protein capture rate and higher intensity per single protein binding event. These findings suggest promising applications of nanowires in both endpoint and time-resolved biosensing.","PeriodicalId":19027,"journal":{"name":"Nanophotonics","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142329206","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-27DOI: 10.1515/nanoph-2024-0434
Mian Wu, Chao Yang, Yuhan Gong, Lin Wu, Ming Luo, Ying Qiu, Yongquan Zeng, Zile Li, Zichen Liu, Chao Li, Hanbing Li, Xi Xiao, Zhixue He, Guoxing Zheng, Shaohua Yu, Jin Tao
Beam-steered infrared (IR) light communication has gained tremendous attention as one of the solutions of congested wireless communication traffic. High performance active beam-steering devices play a crucial role in data allocation and exchange. Conventional beam-steering devices such as spatial light modulator (SLM) and micro-electrical mechanical system (MEMS) mirror and the current emerging nonmechanical beam-steering metasurface-based devices are challenging to realize a large tunable steering angle beyond several degrees, which significantly hinders the spatial application of optical wireless communications (OWC). Herein, an angle-magnified liquid crystal (LC) metadevice consisting of LC metasurfaces and a liquid crystal on silicon (LCoS) is proposed to realize active beam steering with a tunable large field of view (FOV). Based on the angle-magnified tunable LC metadevice, an intelligent bidirectional high-speed OWC system is experimentally demonstrated, achieving an actively enlarged FOV of 20° × 20°, with a data rate of 200 Gbps over the S/C/L band for both uplink and downlink transmission over a propagation distance of 1.5 m in free space. The proposed OWC system opens a new avenue for the future high performance wireless data transmission.
{"title":"Bidirectional high-speed optical wireless communication with tunable large field of view assisted by liquid crystal metadevice","authors":"Mian Wu, Chao Yang, Yuhan Gong, Lin Wu, Ming Luo, Ying Qiu, Yongquan Zeng, Zile Li, Zichen Liu, Chao Li, Hanbing Li, Xi Xiao, Zhixue He, Guoxing Zheng, Shaohua Yu, Jin Tao","doi":"10.1515/nanoph-2024-0434","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2024-0434","url":null,"abstract":"Beam-steered infrared (IR) light communication has gained tremendous attention as one of the solutions of congested wireless communication traffic. High performance active beam-steering devices play a crucial role in data allocation and exchange. Conventional beam-steering devices such as spatial light modulator (SLM) and micro-electrical mechanical system (MEMS) mirror and the current emerging nonmechanical beam-steering metasurface-based devices are challenging to realize a large tunable steering angle beyond several degrees, which significantly hinders the spatial application of optical wireless communications (OWC). Herein, an angle-magnified liquid crystal (LC) metadevice consisting of LC metasurfaces and a liquid crystal on silicon (LCoS) is proposed to realize active beam steering with a tunable large field of view (FOV). Based on the angle-magnified tunable LC metadevice, an intelligent bidirectional high-speed OWC system is experimentally demonstrated, achieving an actively enlarged FOV of 20° × 20°, with a data rate of 200 Gbps over the S/C/L band for both uplink and downlink transmission over a propagation distance of 1.5 m in free space. The proposed OWC system opens a new avenue for the future high performance wireless data transmission.","PeriodicalId":19027,"journal":{"name":"Nanophotonics","volume":"465 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142328954","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-26DOI: 10.1515/nanoph-2024-0412
Karin Yamamura, Nathan Coste, Helen Zhi Jie Zeng, Milos Toth, Mehran Kianinia, Igor Aharonovich
B-centers in hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) are gaining significant research interest for quantum photonics applications due to precise emitter positioning and highly reproducible emission wavelengths at 436 nm. Here, we leverage the layered nature of hBN to directly measure the quantum efficiency (QE) of single B-centers. The defects were engineered in a 35 nm flake of hBN using electron beam irradiation, and the local dielectric environment was altered by transferring a 250 nm hBN flake on top of the one containing the emitters. By analyzing the resulting change in measured lifetimes, we determined the QE of B-centers in the thin flake of hBN. Additionally, we propose two approaches to quantify the QE of B-centers in thick flakes of hBN. Our results indicate that B-centers located in thin flakes can exhibit QEs higher than 40 %. Near-unity QEs are achievable under reasonable Purcell enhancement for emitters embedded in thick flakes of hBN, highlighting their promise for quantum photonics applications.
{"title":"Quantum efficiency of the B-center in hexagonal boron nitride","authors":"Karin Yamamura, Nathan Coste, Helen Zhi Jie Zeng, Milos Toth, Mehran Kianinia, Igor Aharonovich","doi":"10.1515/nanoph-2024-0412","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2024-0412","url":null,"abstract":"B-centers in hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) are gaining significant research interest for quantum photonics applications due to precise emitter positioning and highly reproducible emission wavelengths at 436 nm. Here, we leverage the layered nature of hBN to directly measure the quantum efficiency (QE) of single B-centers. The defects were engineered in a 35 nm flake of hBN using electron beam irradiation, and the local dielectric environment was altered by transferring a 250 nm hBN flake on top of the one containing the emitters. By analyzing the resulting change in measured lifetimes, we determined the QE of B-centers in the thin flake of hBN. Additionally, we propose two approaches to quantify the QE of B-centers in thick flakes of hBN. Our results indicate that B-centers located in thin flakes can exhibit QEs higher than 40 %. Near-unity QEs are achievable under reasonable Purcell enhancement for emitters embedded in thick flakes of hBN, highlighting their promise for quantum photonics applications.","PeriodicalId":19027,"journal":{"name":"Nanophotonics","volume":"33 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142325620","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
As a noninvasive and label-free optical technique, Raman spectroscopy offers significant advantages in studying the structure and properties of biomacromolecules, as well as real-time changes in cellular molecular structure. However, its practical applications are hindered by weak scattering responses, low signal intensity, and poor spectral uniformity, which affect the subsequent accuracy of spectral analysis. To address these issues, we report a novel surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrate based on a pyramidal pitted silicon (PPSi) array structure adhered with Au-shell Ag-core nanospheres (Au@Ag NSs). By preparing a highly uniform PPSi array substrate with controllable size and arrangement, and constructing SERS-active Au@Ag NSs on this substrate, a three-dimensional (3D) composite SERS substrate is realized. The enhancement performance and spectral uniformity of 3D composite SERS substrate were examined using crystal violet (CV) and Rhodamine 6G (R6G) molecules, achieving a minimum detectable concentration of R6G at 10−9 M and the analytical enhancement factor (AEF) of 4.2 × 108. Moreover, SERS detection of biological samples with varying concentrations of Staphylococcus aureus demonstrated excellent biocompatibility of the SERS substrate and enabled quantitative analysis of bacterial concentration (R2 = 99.7 %). Theoretical simulations using finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) analysis were conducted to examine the electromagnetic field distribution of the three-dimensional SERS composite substrate, confirming its local electric field enhancement effect. These experimental and theoretical results indicate that the Au@Ag NSs/PPSi substrate with a regulable pyramidal pitted array is a promising candidate for sensitive, label-free SERS detection in medical and biotechnological applications.
{"title":"Three-dimensional composite substrate based on pyramidal pitted silicon array adhered Au@Ag nanospheres for high-performance surface-enhanced Raman scattering","authors":"Wei Zhang, Siqi Liu, Sijia Jiang, Jiahang Zhang, Hongtao Ma, Liang Xu, Mingyu Yang, Ding Ma, Qingbin Jiao, Xin Tan","doi":"10.1515/nanoph-2024-0354","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2024-0354","url":null,"abstract":"As a noninvasive and label-free optical technique, Raman spectroscopy offers significant advantages in studying the structure and properties of biomacromolecules, as well as real-time changes in cellular molecular structure. However, its practical applications are hindered by weak scattering responses, low signal intensity, and poor spectral uniformity, which affect the subsequent accuracy of spectral analysis. To address these issues, we report a novel surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrate based on a pyramidal pitted silicon (PPSi) array structure adhered with Au-shell Ag-core nanospheres (Au@Ag NSs). By preparing a highly uniform PPSi array substrate with controllable size and arrangement, and constructing SERS-active Au@Ag NSs on this substrate, a three-dimensional (3D) composite SERS substrate is realized. The enhancement performance and spectral uniformity of 3D composite SERS substrate were examined using crystal violet (CV) and Rhodamine 6G (R6G) molecules, achieving a minimum detectable concentration of R6G at 10<jats:sup>−9</jats:sup> M and the analytical enhancement factor (AEF) of 4.2 × 10<jats:sup>8</jats:sup>. Moreover, SERS detection of biological samples with varying concentrations of <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus</jats:italic> demonstrated excellent biocompatibility of the SERS substrate and enabled quantitative analysis of bacterial concentration (<jats:italic>R</jats:italic> <jats:sup>2</jats:sup> = 99.7 %). Theoretical simulations using finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) analysis were conducted to examine the electromagnetic field distribution of the three-dimensional SERS composite substrate, confirming its local electric field enhancement effect. These experimental and theoretical results indicate that the Au@Ag NSs/PPSi substrate with a regulable pyramidal pitted array is a promising candidate for sensitive, label-free SERS detection in medical and biotechnological applications.","PeriodicalId":19027,"journal":{"name":"Nanophotonics","volume":"33 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142325631","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-25DOI: 10.1515/nanoph-2024-0296
Jinsheng Hu, Zihua Liang, Peng Zhou, Lu Liu, Gen Hu, Mao Ye
Emerging miniaturized atomic sensors such as optically pumped magnetometers (OPMs) have attracted widespread interest due to their application in high-spatial-resolution biomagnetism imaging. While optical probing systems in conventional OPMs require bulk optical devices including linear polarizers and lenses for polarization conversion and wavefront shaping, which are challenging for chip-scale integration. In this study, an integrated optical probing scheme based on localized-interference metasurface for chip-scale OPM is developed. Our monolithic metasurface allows tailorable linear polarization conversion and wavefront manipulation. Two silicon-based metasurfaces namely meta-polarizer and meta-polarizer-lens are fabricated and characterized, with maximum transmission efficiency and extinction ratio (ER) of 86.29 % and 14.2 dB for the meta-polarizer as well as focusing efficiency and ER of 72.79 % and 6.4 dB for the meta-polarizer-lens, respectively. A miniaturized vapor cell with 4 × 4 × 4 mm3 dimension containing 87Rb and N2 is combined with the meta-polarizer to construct a compact zero-field resonance OPM for proof of concept. The sensitivity of this sensor reaches approximately 9 fT/Hz1/2 with a dynamic range near zero magnetic field of about ±2.3 nT. This study provides a promising solution for chip-scale optical probing, which holds potential for the development of chip-integrated OPMs as well as other advanced atomic devices where the integration of optical probing system is expected.
{"title":"Integrated optical probing scheme enabled by localized-interference metasurface for chip-scale atomic magnetometer","authors":"Jinsheng Hu, Zihua Liang, Peng Zhou, Lu Liu, Gen Hu, Mao Ye","doi":"10.1515/nanoph-2024-0296","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2024-0296","url":null,"abstract":"Emerging miniaturized atomic sensors such as optically pumped magnetometers (OPMs) have attracted widespread interest due to their application in high-spatial-resolution biomagnetism imaging. While optical probing systems in conventional OPMs require bulk optical devices including linear polarizers and lenses for polarization conversion and wavefront shaping, which are challenging for chip-scale integration. In this study, an integrated optical probing scheme based on localized-interference metasurface for chip-scale OPM is developed. Our monolithic metasurface allows tailorable linear polarization conversion and wavefront manipulation. Two silicon-based metasurfaces namely meta-polarizer and meta-polarizer-lens are fabricated and characterized, with maximum transmission efficiency and extinction ratio (ER) of 86.29 % and 14.2 dB for the meta-polarizer as well as focusing efficiency and ER of 72.79 % and 6.4 dB for the meta-polarizer-lens, respectively. A miniaturized vapor cell with 4 × 4 × 4 mm<jats:sup>3</jats:sup> dimension containing <jats:sup>87</jats:sup>Rb and N<jats:sub>2</jats:sub> is combined with the meta-polarizer to construct a compact zero-field resonance OPM for proof of concept. The sensitivity of this sensor reaches approximately 9 fT/Hz<jats:sup>1/2</jats:sup> with a dynamic range near zero magnetic field of about ±2.3 nT. This study provides a promising solution for chip-scale optical probing, which holds potential for the development of chip-integrated OPMs as well as other advanced atomic devices where the integration of optical probing system is expected.","PeriodicalId":19027,"journal":{"name":"Nanophotonics","volume":"2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142321652","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Structured beams carrying orbital angular momentum (OAM) provide powerful capabilities for applications in optical tweezers, super-resolution imaging, quantum optics, and ad-vanced microparticle manipulation. However, it is challenging for generate and control the OAM beams at the extreme ultraviolet (EUV) region due to the lack of suitable wave front shaping optics arise from being limited to the strong absorption of most materials. Here, we use a modified Fermat-spiral photon-sieve splitter to simultaneously generate two focused doughnut beams with opposite helical phase. Our technique enables us to produce splitting focused vortex beams with different rotation directions at EUV wavelengths. Additionally, we provide experimental evidence showcasing the capabilities of our method and further detect the helical phase by self-reference interferometry. This work not only opens a route for OAM-driven applications in EUV radiation, but also paves the way to studies of holographic technique by EUV splitter.
{"title":"Vortex bifocusing of extreme ultraviolet using modified Fermat-spiral photon-sieve splitter","authors":"Yuanyuan Liu, Huaiyu Cui, Yujie Shen, Yongpeng Zhao, Shumin Yang, Gangwei Wang, Xin Tong, Junyong Zhang, Qiwen Zhan","doi":"10.1515/nanoph-2024-0389","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2024-0389","url":null,"abstract":"Structured beams carrying orbital angular momentum (OAM) provide powerful capabilities for applications in optical tweezers, super-resolution imaging, quantum optics, and ad-vanced microparticle manipulation. However, it is challenging for generate and control the OAM beams at the extreme ultraviolet (EUV) region due to the lack of suitable wave front shaping optics arise from being limited to the strong absorption of most materials. Here, we use a modified Fermat-spiral photon-sieve splitter to simultaneously generate two focused doughnut beams with opposite helical phase. Our technique enables us to produce splitting focused vortex beams with different rotation directions at EUV wavelengths. Additionally, we provide experimental evidence showcasing the capabilities of our method and further detect the helical phase by self-reference interferometry. This work not only opens a route for OAM-driven applications in EUV radiation, but also paves the way to studies of holographic technique by EUV splitter.","PeriodicalId":19027,"journal":{"name":"Nanophotonics","volume":"62 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142313933","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-14DOI: 10.1515/nanoph-2024-0230
Aleksandra Michałowska, Andrzej Kudelski
Nucleic acids (deoxyribonucleic acid – DNA and ribonucleic acid – RNA) are essential components of all living organisms, with DNA encoding genetic information and RNA facilitating vital biological processes. The detection of nucleic acids having a specific sequence is crucial for identifying organisms and diagnosing genetic diseases. Because surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) is considered as one of the most promising analytical methods that offers important benefits such as short analysis time and exceptional sensitivity compared to other techniques, many groups are trying to apply SERS for nucleic acid detection. This review discusses how SERS spectroscopy can be used for DNA/RNA detection. Beginning with an overview of SERS theory, we delve into various SERS DNA/RNA sensors, including those based on a direct analysis of the SERS spectra of nucleic acids, and many types of sensors based on a selective hybridisation of probe and target nucleic acids. We describe how various types of sensors with increased sensitivity and reliability have evolved (from the first SERS DNA/RNA sensors described in the literature to recently developed ones). Challenges and future directions in SERS sensor development for nucleic acid detection and determination are also discussed. This comprehensive review aims to help researchers understand the field’s nuances, and to foster advancements in the use of SERS spectroscopy in the medical sector.
{"title":"Applications of surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectroscopy for detection of nucleic acids","authors":"Aleksandra Michałowska, Andrzej Kudelski","doi":"10.1515/nanoph-2024-0230","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2024-0230","url":null,"abstract":"Nucleic acids (deoxyribonucleic acid – DNA and ribonucleic acid – RNA) are essential components of all living organisms, with DNA encoding genetic information and RNA facilitating vital biological processes. The detection of nucleic acids having a specific sequence is crucial for identifying organisms and diagnosing genetic diseases. Because surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) is considered as one of the most promising analytical methods that offers important benefits such as short analysis time and exceptional sensitivity compared to other techniques, many groups are trying to apply SERS for nucleic acid detection. This review discusses how SERS spectroscopy can be used for DNA/RNA detection. Beginning with an overview of SERS theory, we delve into various SERS DNA/RNA sensors, including those based on a direct analysis of the SERS spectra of nucleic acids, and many types of sensors based on a selective hybridisation of probe and target nucleic acids. We describe how various types of sensors with increased sensitivity and reliability have evolved (from the first SERS DNA/RNA sensors described in the literature to recently developed ones). Challenges and future directions in SERS sensor development for nucleic acid detection and determination are also discussed. This comprehensive review aims to help researchers understand the field’s nuances, and to foster advancements in the use of SERS spectroscopy in the medical sector.","PeriodicalId":19027,"journal":{"name":"Nanophotonics","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142231458","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study reports on the fabrication of quantum dot light-emitting diodes (QLEDs) with an ITO/Ni1−xMgxO/SAM/TFB/QDs/ZnMgO/Al structure and investigates the effects of various Mg doping concentrations in NiO on device performance. By doping Mg into the inorganic hole-injection layer NiO (Ni1−xMgxO), we improved the band alignment with the hole-injection layer through band tuning, which enhanced charge balance. Optimal Mg doping ratios, particularly a Ni0.9Mg0.1O composition, have demonstrated superior device functionality, underscoring the need for fine-tuned doping levels. Further enhancements were achieved through surface treatments of Ni0.9Mg0.1O with UV-Ozone (UVO) and thermal annealing (TA) of the ZnMgO electron transport layer. Consequently, by optimizing Mg-doped NiO in QLED devices, we achieved a maximum external quantum efficiency of 8.38 %, a brightness of 66,677 cd/m2, and a current efficiency of 35.31 cd/A, indicating improved performance. The integration of Mg-doped NiO into the QLED structure resulted in a device with superior charge balance and overall performance, which is a promising direction for future QLED display technologies.
{"title":"Effect of magnesium doping on NiO hole injection layer in quantum dot light-emitting diodes","authors":"Nayoon Lee, Van Khoe Vo, Hyo-Jun Lim, Sunwoo Jin, Thi Huong Thao Dang, Heewon Jang, Dayoung Choi, Joon-Hyung Lee, Byoung-Seong Jeong, Young-Woo Heo","doi":"10.1515/nanoph-2024-0239","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2024-0239","url":null,"abstract":"This study reports on the fabrication of quantum dot light-emitting diodes (QLEDs) with an ITO/Ni<jats:sub>1−<jats:italic>x</jats:italic> </jats:sub>Mg<jats:sub> <jats:italic>x</jats:italic> </jats:sub>O/SAM/TFB/QDs/ZnMgO/Al structure and investigates the effects of various Mg doping concentrations in NiO on device performance. By doping Mg into the inorganic hole-injection layer NiO (Ni<jats:sub>1−<jats:italic>x</jats:italic> </jats:sub>Mg<jats:sub> <jats:italic>x</jats:italic> </jats:sub>O), we improved the band alignment with the hole-injection layer through band tuning, which enhanced charge balance. Optimal Mg doping ratios, particularly a Ni<jats:sub>0.9</jats:sub>Mg<jats:sub>0.1</jats:sub>O composition, have demonstrated superior device functionality, underscoring the need for fine-tuned doping levels. Further enhancements were achieved through surface treatments of Ni<jats:sub>0.9</jats:sub>Mg<jats:sub>0.1</jats:sub>O with UV-Ozone (UVO) and thermal annealing (TA) of the ZnMgO electron transport layer. Consequently, by optimizing Mg-doped NiO in QLED devices, we achieved a maximum external quantum efficiency of 8.38 %, a brightness of 66,677 cd/m<jats:sup>2</jats:sup>, and a current efficiency of 35.31 cd/A, indicating improved performance. The integration of Mg-doped NiO into the QLED structure resulted in a device with superior charge balance and overall performance, which is a promising direction for future QLED display technologies.","PeriodicalId":19027,"journal":{"name":"Nanophotonics","volume":"49 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142166357","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-09DOI: 10.1515/nanoph-2024-0295
Seokjin Hong, Jinhyeong Yoon, Junhyeong Kim, Berkay Neseli, Jae-Yong Kim, Hyo-Hoon Park, Hamza Kurt
Once light is coupled to a photonic chip, its efficient distribution in terms of power splitting throughout silicon photonic circuits is very crucial. We present two types of 1 × 4 power splitters with different splitting ratios of 1:1:1:1 and 2:1:1:2. Various taper configurations were compared and analyzed to find the suitable configuration for the power splitter, and among them, parabolic tapers were chosen. The design parameters of the power splitter were determined by means of solving inverse design problems via incorporating particle swarm optimization that allows for overcoming the limitation of the intuition-based brute-force approach. The front and rear portions of the power splitters were optimized sequentially to alleviate local minima issues. The proposed power splitters have a compact footprint of 12.32 × 5 μm2 and can be fabricated through a CMOS-compatible fabrication process. Two-stage power splitter trees were measured to enhance reliability in an experiment. As a result, the power splitter with a splitting ratio of 1:1:1:1 exhibited an experimentally measured insertion loss below 0.61 dB and an imbalance below 1.01 dB within the bandwidth of 1,518–1,565 nm. Also, the power splitter with a splitting ratio of 2:1:1:2 showed an insertion loss below 0.52 dB and a targeted imbalance below 1.15 dB within the bandwidth of 1,526–1,570 nm. Such inverse-designed power splitters can be an essential part of many large-scale photonic circuits including optical phased arrays, programmable photonics, and photonic computing chips.
{"title":"Inverse-designed taper configuration for the enhancement of integrated 1 × 4 silicon photonic power splitters","authors":"Seokjin Hong, Jinhyeong Yoon, Junhyeong Kim, Berkay Neseli, Jae-Yong Kim, Hyo-Hoon Park, Hamza Kurt","doi":"10.1515/nanoph-2024-0295","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2024-0295","url":null,"abstract":"Once light is coupled to a photonic chip, its efficient distribution in terms of power splitting throughout silicon photonic circuits is very crucial. We present two types of 1 × 4 power splitters with different splitting ratios of 1:1:1:1 and 2:1:1:2. Various taper configurations were compared and analyzed to find the suitable configuration for the power splitter, and among them, parabolic tapers were chosen. The design parameters of the power splitter were determined by means of solving inverse design problems via incorporating particle swarm optimization that allows for overcoming the limitation of the intuition-based brute-force approach. The front and rear portions of the power splitters were optimized sequentially to alleviate local minima issues. The proposed power splitters have a compact footprint of 12.32 × 5 μm<jats:sup>2</jats:sup> and can be fabricated through a CMOS-compatible fabrication process. Two-stage power splitter trees were measured to enhance reliability in an experiment. As a result, the power splitter with a splitting ratio of 1:1:1:1 exhibited an experimentally measured insertion loss below 0.61 dB and an imbalance below 1.01 dB within the bandwidth of 1,518–1,565 nm. Also, the power splitter with a splitting ratio of 2:1:1:2 showed an insertion loss below 0.52 dB and a targeted imbalance below 1.15 dB within the bandwidth of 1,526–1,570 nm. Such inverse-designed power splitters can be an essential part of many large-scale photonic circuits including optical phased arrays, programmable photonics, and photonic computing chips.","PeriodicalId":19027,"journal":{"name":"Nanophotonics","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142160455","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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