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Reply to: NO2 satellite retrievals biased by absorption in water 答复NO2 卫星检索因水中吸收而产生偏差
IF 15.7 1区 地球科学 Q1 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-09-20 DOI: 10.1038/s41561-024-01546-7
Hao Kong, Jintai Lin, Guiqian Tang, Yuhang Zhang, Chunjin Li, Chenghao Xu, Lu Shen, Xuejun Liu, Kun Yang, Hang Su, Wanyun Xu, Wanshan Tan
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引用次数: 0
NO2 satellite retrievals biased by absorption in water 由于水的吸收而产生偏差的 NO2 卫星检索
IF 15.7 1区 地球科学 Q1 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-09-20 DOI: 10.1038/s41561-024-01545-8
Lev D. Labzovskii, Jos van Geffen, Mengyao Liu, Ronald van der A, Jos de Laat, Benjamin Leune, Henk Eskes, Xiaojuan Lin, Jieying Ding, Andreas Richter
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引用次数: 0
A common precursor for global hotspot lavas 全球热点熔岩的共同前体
IF 15.7 1区 地球科学 Q1 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-09-19 DOI: 10.1038/s41561-024-01538-7
Matthijs A. Smit, Ellen Kooijman
Hotspot lavas exhibit chemical heterogeneity, much of which is ascribed to heterogeneous deep mantle sources that contain various components with distinct composition, origin and age. However, characterizing primary melt compositions and mantle heterogeneity directly is challenging. Here we investigate a global dataset of hotspot lavas to constrain the incompatible-element composition of their parental melts and sources. Trace-element ratios indicate that the compositional heterogeneity of global hotspot lavas is not primary, but reflects processes that hotspot melts undergo as they ascend to the surface. We find the parental melts of these lavas, as well as of kimberlites and basalts from large igneous provinces, to be uniform in their elemental, and radiogenic and noble-gas isotope, composition. We suggest that the parental melts to all of these lavas derive from a depleted and outgassed mantle reservoir that was replenished with incompatible element-enriched material during the Archaean. This interpretation explains the elemental, radiogenic and noble-gas isotope compositions of hotspot lavas without requiring a heterogeneous lower mantle or the long-term survival of undegassed relics from a primordial Earth. An investigation of global trace-element data suggests that the parental melts of hotspot lavas are uniform in their elemental composition, consistent with derivation from a common depleted and outgassed mantle reservoir.
热点熔岩表现出化学异质性,其中大部分归因于异质深地幔源,这些地幔源包含具有不同成分、来源和年龄的各种成分。然而,直接描述原生熔体成分和地幔异质性具有挑战性。在这里,我们调查了全球热点熔岩数据集,以确定其母体熔体和来源的不相容元素组成。痕量元素比率表明,全球热点熔岩的成分异质性并不是原生的,而是反映了热点熔体在上升到地表时所经历的过程。我们发现,这些熔岩以及来自大型火成岩带的金伯利岩和玄武岩的母熔体的元素、放射性和惰性气体同位素组成是一致的。我们认为,所有这些熔岩的母熔体都来自一个枯竭和排气的地幔储层,该储层在太古宙期间得到了富含不相容元素物质的补充。这种解释可以解释热点熔岩的元素、放射源和惰性气体同位素组成,而不需要一个异质的下地幔或来自原始地球的未脱气遗迹的长期生存。
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引用次数: 0
Efficacy of China’s clean air actions to tackle PM2.5 pollution between 2013 and 2020 2013年至2020年中国清洁空气行动在解决PM2.5污染方面的成效
IF 15.7 1区 地球科学 Q1 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-09-18 DOI: 10.1038/s41561-024-01540-z
Guannan Geng, Yuxi Liu, Yang Liu, Shigan Liu, Jing Cheng, Liu Yan, Nana Wu, Hanwen Hu, Dan Tong, Bo Zheng, Zhicong Yin, Kebin He, Qiang Zhang
Beginning in 2013, China launched two phases (2013–2017 and 2018–2020) of clean air actions that have led to substantial reductions in PM2.5 concentrations. However, improvement in PM2.5 pollution was notably slowing down during Phase II. Here we quantify the efficacy and drivers of PM2.5 improvement and evaluate the associated cost during 2013–2020 using an integrated framework that combines an emission inventory model, a chemical transport model and detailed cost information. We found that national population-weighted mean PM2.5 concentrations decreased by 19.8 μg m−3 and 10.9 μg m−3 in the two phases, and the contribution of clean air policies in Phase II (2.3 μg m−3 yr−1) was considerably lower than that of Phase I (4.5 μg m−3 yr−1), after excluding the impacts from meteorological condition changes and COVID-19 lockdowns. Enhanced structure transitions and targeted volatile organic compounds and NH3 reduction measures have successfully reduced emissions in Phase II, but measures focusing on the end-of-pipe control were less effective after 2017. From 2013 to 2020, PM2.5 abatement became increasingly challenging, with the average cost of reducing one unit of PM2.5 concentration in Phase II twice that of Phase I. Our results suggest there is a need for strengthened, well-balanced, emission control strategies for multi-pollutants. China’s second phase of clean air actions proved less effective than the first, highlighting the need to adapt and update policies to enable continued progress, according to an assessment combining chemical transport modelling and emission inventories.
从 2013 年开始,中国启动了两个阶段(2013-2017 年和 2018-2020 年)的清洁空气行动,使 PM2.5 浓度大幅下降。然而,在第二阶段,PM2.5污染的改善速度明显放缓。在此,我们利用排放清单模型、化学传输模型和详细成本信息相结合的综合框架,量化了 PM2.5 改善的效果和驱动因素,并评估了 2013-2020 年期间的相关成本。我们发现,在两个阶段,全国人口加权平均 PM2.5 浓度分别下降了 19.8 μg m-3 和 10.9 μg m-3,在排除气象条件变化和 COVID-19 锁定的影响后,第二阶段清洁空气政策的贡献(2.3 μg m-3 yr-1)大大低于第一阶段(4.5 μg m-3 yr-1)。强化结构转换和有针对性的挥发性有机化合物和 NH3 减排措施成功减少了第二阶段的排放量,但侧重于末端控制的措施在 2017 年后效果较差。从 2013 年到 2020 年,PM2.5 的减排变得越来越具有挑战性,第二阶段减少一个单位 PM2.5 浓度的平均成本是第一阶段的两倍。
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引用次数: 0
Reducing soil nitrogen losses from fertilizer use in global maize and wheat production 减少全球玉米和小麦生产因使用化肥而造成的土壤氮损失
IF 15.7 1区 地球科学 Q1 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-09-17 DOI: 10.1038/s41561-024-01542-x
Chao Wang, Yun Shen, Xiantao Fang, Shuqi Xiao, Genyuan Liu, Ligang Wang, Baojing Gu, Feng Zhou, Deli Chen, Hanqin Tian, Philippe Ciais, Jianwen Zou, Shuwei Liu
Maize and wheat are two major staple foods that collectively contribute two-thirds of the world’s grain supply. The extensive use of nitrogen (N) fertilizers during the cultivation of both crops leads to significant losses of reactive nitrogen (Nr) into the environment. Here, using machine learning algorithms, we generate high-resolution maps of crop-specific soil Nr losses based on global field measurements. We estimate that global annual soil Nr losses from the use of synthetic N fertilizer in 2020, including direct emissions of nitrous oxide (N2O), nitric oxide (NO), ammonia (NH3), N leaching and run-off, amount to 0.18, 1.62, 0.09, 1.47 and 1.10 million tonnes N for maize, and 0.12, 1.33, 0.07, 1.21 and 0.95 million tonnes N for wheat, respectively. The annual indirect N2O emissions induced by synthetic N fertilizer use from these soil Nr losses are estimated to be 45,000 and 37,000 tonnes for maize and wheat, respectively, with hydrologic pathways playing a predominant role. Enhancing N use efficiency up to 60% for regions below this value can achieve a total soil Nr loss mitigation potential of 4.00 million tonnes per year for the two crops, thereby reducing indirect N2O emissions by 49%. Our results contribute to constrain global N budgets from the use of fertilizer in agriculture, which then can help to improve projections of nitrogen cycle–climate feedbacks using modelling approaches. Enhancing nitrogen use efficiency can effectively reduce soil nitrogen losses from fertilizer use in the production of maize and wheat, according to a global analysis of field measurement data on crop-specific soil nitrogen losses.
玉米和小麦是两种主要的主食,共占世界粮食供应的三分之二。这两种作物在种植过程中大量使用氮肥,导致大量活性氮(Nr)流失到环境中。在此,我们利用机器学习算法,根据全球实地测量结果生成了特定作物土壤氮损失的高分辨率地图。我们估计,2020 年全球每年因使用合成氮肥造成的土壤氮损失,包括一氧化二氮 (N2O)、一氧化氮 (NO)、氨 (NH3)、氮浸出和径流的直接排放,玉米分别为 0.18、1.62、0.09、147 和 110 万吨氮,小麦分别为 0.12、1.33、0.07、121 和 95 万吨氮。据估计,玉米和小麦每年因使用合成氮肥造成的这些土壤氮损失而产生的间接一氧化二氮排放量分别为 4.5 万吨和 3.7 万吨,其中水文途径起主要作用。在氮利用率低于这一数值的地区,如果将氮利用率提高到 60%,则这两种作物每年的土壤氮损失总缓解潜力可达 400 万吨,从而将间接一氧化二氮排放量减少 49%。我们的研究结果有助于限制农业化肥使用所产生的全球氮预算,进而有助于利用建模方法改进氮循环-气候反馈的预测。
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引用次数: 0
Reduced productivity and carbon drawdown of tropical forests from ground-level ozone exposure 地面臭氧暴露导致热带森林生产力降低和碳减少
IF 15.7 1区 地球科学 Q1 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-09-12 DOI: 10.1038/s41561-024-01530-1
Alexander W. Cheesman, Flossie Brown, Paulo Artaxo, Mst Nahid Farha, Gerd A. Folberth, Felicity J. Hayes, Viola H. A. Heinrich, Timothy C. Hill, Lina M. Mercado, Rebecca J. Oliver, Michael O’ Sullivan, Johan Uddling, Lucas A. Cernusak, Stephen Sitch
Elevated ground-level ozone, a result of human activity, is known to reduce plant productivity, but its influence on tropical forests remains unclear. Here we estimate how increased ozone exposure has affected tropical-forest productivity and the global carbon cycle. We experimentally measure the ozone susceptibility of various tropical tree species, and then incorporate these data into a dynamic global vegetation model. We find that current anthropogenic-derived ozone results in a substantial decline in annual net primary productivity (NPP) across all tropical forests, with some areas being particularly impacted. For example, Asia sees losses of 10.9% (7.2–19.7%) NPP. We calculate that this productivity decline has resulted in a cumulative loss in carbon drawdown of 0.29 PgC per year since 2000, equating to ~17% of the tropical contemporary annual land carbon sink in the twenty-first century. We also find that areas of current and future forest restoration are disproportionately affected by elevated ozone. Future socioeconomic pathways that reduce ozone formation in the tropics will incur benefits to the global carbon budget by relieving the current ozone impacts seen across both intact forest and areas of forest restoration, which are critical terrestrial regions for mitigation of rising atmospheric carbon dioxide. Anthropogenic ground-level ozone substantially reduces the productivity of tropical forests and so their carbon drawdown, according to ozone susceptibility experiments and dynamic global vegetation modelling.
众所周知,人类活动造成的地面臭氧升高会降低植物生产力,但其对热带森林的影响仍不清楚。在这里,我们估算了臭氧暴露的增加对热带雨林生产力和全球碳循环的影响。我们通过实验测量了各种热带树种对臭氧的敏感性,然后将这些数据纳入动态全球植被模型。我们发现,目前人为产生的臭氧导致所有热带森林的年净初级生产力(NPP)大幅下降,某些地区受到的影响尤为严重。例如,亚洲的净初级生产力下降了 10.9%(7.2-19.7%)。根据我们的计算,自 2000 年以来,生产力的下降导致每年碳吸收的累积损失为 0.29 PgC,相当于 21 世纪热带当代年度陆地碳汇的约 17%。我们还发现,目前和未来的森林恢复区域受到臭氧升高的影响尤为严重。减少热带地区臭氧形成的未来社会经济途径将通过缓解当前完整森林和森林恢复地区的臭氧影响,为全球碳预算带来益处,而这些地区是减缓大气中二氧化碳上升的关键陆地区域。
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引用次数: 0
Finite sand resource needs better governance 有限的沙资源需要更好的管理
IF 15.7 1区 地球科学 Q1 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-09-10 DOI: 10.1038/s41561-024-01544-9
Sand is an overlooked resource and is being depleted at an alarming rate. Improved management of sand extraction and consumption is imperative to protect sand resources and reduce the impacts of extraction.
沙子是一种被忽视的资源,正在以惊人的速度枯竭。要保护沙资源并减少开采带来的影响,就必须加强对采沙和用沙的管理。
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引用次数: 0
Urgent need for greater earthquake resilience in continental Asia 迫切需要加强亚洲大陆的抗震能力
IF 15.7 1区 地球科学 Q1 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-09-10 DOI: 10.1038/s41561-024-01531-0
Kanatbek Abdrakhmatov, Ramon Arrowsmith, John Elliott, Christoph Grutzner, Aidyn Mukambayev, Magali Rizza, Zakeria Shnizai, Richard Walker, Ray Weldon, Roberta Wilkinson
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引用次数: 0
Volcanic crystal balls 火山水晶球
IF 15.7 1区 地球科学 Q1 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-09-10 DOI: 10.1038/s41561-024-01509-y
Teresa Ubide
Clinopyroxene offers clues about the inner workings of volcanic systems, as Teresa Ubide explains. Its ability to track where and when magma is stored may also help forecast eruptions.
正如 Teresa Ubide 解释的那样,霞石提供了火山系统内部运作的线索。它追踪岩浆储存地点和时间的能力也有助于预测火山爆发。
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引用次数: 0
Strong regional trends in extreme weather over the next two decades under high- and low-emissions pathways 高排放和低排放路径下未来二十年极端天气的强烈区域趋势
IF 15.7 1区 地球科学 Q1 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-09-09 DOI: 10.1038/s41561-024-01511-4
Carley E. Iles, Bjørn H. Samset, Marit Sandstad, Nina Schuhen, Laura J. Wilcox, Marianne T. Lund
Global warming is rapidly shifting climate conditions away from what societies and ecosystems are adapted to. While the magnitude of changes in mean and extreme climate are broadly studied, regional rates of change, a key driver of climate risk, have received less attention. Here we show, using large ensembles of climate model simulations, that large parts of the tropics and subtropics, encompassing 70% of current global population, are expected to experience strong (>2 s.d.) joint rates of change in temperature and precipitation extremes combined over the next 20 years, under a high-emissions scenario, dropping to 20% under strong emissions mitigation. This is dominated by temperature extremes, with most of the world experiencing unusual (>1 s.d.) rates relative to the pre-industrial period, but unusual changes also occur for precipitation extremes in northern high latitudes, southern and eastern Asia and equatorial Africa. However, internal variability is high for 20 year trends, meaning that in the near term, trends of the opposite sign are still likely for precipitation extremes, and rare but not impossible for temperature extremes. We also find that rapid clean-up of aerosol emissions, mostly over Asia, leads to accelerated co-located increases in warm extremes and influences the Asian summer monsoons. Large-ensemble simulations suggest that strong regional trends in precipitation and temperature extremes will be common over the next two decades, even under stringent mitigation measures.
全球变暖正在迅速改变气候条件,使之偏离社会和生态系统所适应的状况。虽然人们对平均气候和极端气候的变化幅度进行了广泛研究,但作为气候风险主要驱动因素的区域变化率却较少受到关注。在这里,我们利用大型集合气候模型模拟结果表明,在高排放情景下,预计在未来 20 年内,热带和亚热带的大部分地区(包括目前全球 70% 的人口)将经历强烈的温度和降水极端事件联合变化率(>2 s.d.),而在强烈的排放减缓情景下,这一变化率将下降到 20%。这主要是气温极端变化,相对于工业化前时期,世界大部分地区的气温极端变化率都不寻常(1 s.d.),但北部高纬度地区、亚洲南部和东部以及赤道非洲的降水极端变化也不寻常。然而,20 年趋势的内部变异性很高,这意味着在短期内,极端降水量仍有可能出现相反的趋势,极端气温虽然罕见,但并非不可能。我们还发现,气溶胶排放的快速清除(主要是在亚洲上空)会导致极端暖流在同一地点加速增加,并影响亚洲夏季季风。
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引用次数: 0
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Nature Geoscience
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