Pub Date : 2024-10-09DOI: 10.1038/s41561-024-01548-5
Stefan Lachowycz
Nature Geoscience spoke with Dr Mariana Clare, a machine learning scientist at the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts; Prof. Haifeng Qian, an environmental scientist at Zhejiang University of Technology; and Dr Theresa Sawi, a seismologist at the US Geological Survey, about using artificial intelligence (AI) in their research and in geoscience generally.
{"title":"Utility of artificial intelligence in geoscience","authors":"Stefan Lachowycz","doi":"10.1038/s41561-024-01548-5","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41561-024-01548-5","url":null,"abstract":"Nature Geoscience spoke with Dr Mariana Clare, a machine learning scientist at the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts; Prof. Haifeng Qian, an environmental scientist at Zhejiang University of Technology; and Dr Theresa Sawi, a seismologist at the US Geological Survey, about using artificial intelligence (AI) in their research and in geoscience generally.","PeriodicalId":19053,"journal":{"name":"Nature Geoscience","volume":"17 10","pages":"953-955"},"PeriodicalIF":15.7,"publicationDate":"2024-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142397607","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-09DOI: 10.1038/s41561-024-01550-x
Min Chen, Zhen Qian, Niklas Boers, Felix Creutzig, Gustau Camps-Valls, Klaus Hubacek, Christophe Claramunt, John P. Wilson, Stefano Nativi, Anthony J. Jakeman, R. Dietmar Müller, Michael Batty, Chenghu Zhou, Fahu Chen, Qiao Wang, Fan Zhang, C. Michael Barton, Josef Strobl, Michael Meadows, Carlo Ratti, Philipp Hess, Qingsong Xu, Zhixin Zhang, Qiushi Gu, A-Xing Zhu, Hui Lin, Linwang Yuan, Guonian Lü
Artificial intelligence is rapidly being integrated into Earth science, but how Earth science may benefit artificial intelligence has been overlooked. We call for mutual balancing between the two disciplines and improving cross-disciplinary collaboration.
{"title":"Collaboration between artificial intelligence and Earth science communities for mutual benefit","authors":"Min Chen, Zhen Qian, Niklas Boers, Felix Creutzig, Gustau Camps-Valls, Klaus Hubacek, Christophe Claramunt, John P. Wilson, Stefano Nativi, Anthony J. Jakeman, R. Dietmar Müller, Michael Batty, Chenghu Zhou, Fahu Chen, Qiao Wang, Fan Zhang, C. Michael Barton, Josef Strobl, Michael Meadows, Carlo Ratti, Philipp Hess, Qingsong Xu, Zhixin Zhang, Qiushi Gu, A-Xing Zhu, Hui Lin, Linwang Yuan, Guonian Lü","doi":"10.1038/s41561-024-01550-x","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41561-024-01550-x","url":null,"abstract":"Artificial intelligence is rapidly being integrated into Earth science, but how Earth science may benefit artificial intelligence has been overlooked. We call for mutual balancing between the two disciplines and improving cross-disciplinary collaboration.","PeriodicalId":19053,"journal":{"name":"Nature Geoscience","volume":"17 10","pages":"949-952"},"PeriodicalIF":15.7,"publicationDate":"2024-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142397608","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-09DOI: 10.1038/s41561-024-01572-5
Artificial intelligence is increasingly enabling geoscience research. Ensuring community trust in its outcomes requires education and transparency.
人工智能正越来越多地为地球科学研究服务。要确保社区对其成果的信任，就需要开展教育和提高透明度。
{"title":"Advancing geoscience with AI","authors":"","doi":"10.1038/s41561-024-01572-5","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41561-024-01572-5","url":null,"abstract":"Artificial intelligence is increasingly enabling geoscience research. Ensuring community trust in its outcomes requires education and transparency.","PeriodicalId":19053,"journal":{"name":"Nature Geoscience","volume":"17 10","pages":"947-947"},"PeriodicalIF":15.7,"publicationDate":"2024-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41561-024-01572-5.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142397601","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-09DOI: 10.1038/s41561-024-01547-6
Tomohiro Ohuchi
Olivine is stable and abundant in the Earth’s upper mantle, and its transformations may drive large earthquakes deeper in the mantle, as Tomohiro Ohuchi explains.
{"title":"Olivine’s trembling transformations","authors":"Tomohiro Ohuchi","doi":"10.1038/s41561-024-01547-6","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41561-024-01547-6","url":null,"abstract":"Olivine is stable and abundant in the Earth’s upper mantle, and its transformations may drive large earthquakes deeper in the mantle, as Tomohiro Ohuchi explains.","PeriodicalId":19053,"journal":{"name":"Nature Geoscience","volume":"17 10","pages":"958-958"},"PeriodicalIF":15.7,"publicationDate":"2024-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142397591","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-09DOI: 10.1038/s41561-024-01549-4
Michael Angelopoulos, Charles K. Paull
Emerging evidence indicates that groundwater flow significantly impacts the distribution and characteristics of subsea permafrost, as well as the geomorphology of the subarctic seafloor.
新出现的证据表明，地下水流对海底永久冻土的分布和特征以及亚北极海底的地貌有重大影响。
{"title":"Subarctic permafrost formation around seafloor seeps","authors":"Michael Angelopoulos, Charles K. Paull","doi":"10.1038/s41561-024-01549-4","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41561-024-01549-4","url":null,"abstract":"Emerging evidence indicates that groundwater flow significantly impacts the distribution and characteristics of subsea permafrost, as well as the geomorphology of the subarctic seafloor.","PeriodicalId":19053,"journal":{"name":"Nature Geoscience","volume":"17 10","pages":"956-957"},"PeriodicalIF":15.7,"publicationDate":"2024-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142397604","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-08DOI: 10.1038/s41561-024-01561-8
Laboratory experiments show that Fe(II) oxidizing phototrophic bacteria, or photoferrotrophs, thought to be a major depositor of Archean and Palaeoproterozoic iron formations, are inhibited by toxic intermediates produced during denitrification in iron-rich systems. This identifies a previously overlooked stressor impacting mineral formation by photoferrotrophs during early Earth history.
{"title":"Photoferrotrophs are inhibited by denitrification in ferruginous habitats","authors":"","doi":"10.1038/s41561-024-01561-8","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41561-024-01561-8","url":null,"abstract":"Laboratory experiments show that Fe(II) oxidizing phototrophic bacteria, or photoferrotrophs, thought to be a major depositor of Archean and Palaeoproterozoic iron formations, are inhibited by toxic intermediates produced during denitrification in iron-rich systems. This identifies a previously overlooked stressor impacting mineral formation by photoferrotrophs during early Earth history.","PeriodicalId":19053,"journal":{"name":"Nature Geoscience","volume":"17 11","pages":"1075-1076"},"PeriodicalIF":15.7,"publicationDate":"2024-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142384431","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-04DOI: 10.1038/s41561-024-01560-9
Verena Nikeleit, Adrian Mellage, Giorgio Bianchini, Lea Sauter, Steffen Buessecker, Stefanie Gotterbarm, Manuel Schad, Kurt Konhauser, Aubrey L. Zerkle, Patricia Sánchez-Baracaldo, Andreas Kappler, Casey Bryce
Anoxygenic phototrophic Fe(II) oxidizers (photoferrotrophs) are thought to have thrived in Earth’s ancient ferruginous oceans and played a primary role in the precipitation of Archaean and Palaeoproterozoic (3.8–1.85-billion-year-old) banded iron formations (BIFs). The end of BIF deposition by photoferrotrophs has been interpreted as the result of a deepening of water-column oxygenation below the photic zone, concomitant with the proliferation of cyanobacteria. However, photoferrotrophs may have experienced competition from other anaerobic Fe(II)-oxidizing microorganisms, altering the formation mechanism of BIFs. Here we utilize microbial incubations to show that nitrate-reducing Fe(II) oxidizers metabolically outcompete photoferrotrophs for dissolved Fe(II). Moreover, both experiments and numerical modelling show that the nitrate-reducing Fe(II) oxidizers inhibit photoferrotrophy via the production of toxic intermediates. Four different photoferrotrophs, representing both green sulfur and purple non-sulfur bacteria, are susceptible to this toxic effect despite having genomic capabilities for nitric oxide detoxification. Indeed, despite nitric oxide detoxification mechanisms being ubiquitous in some groups of phototrophs at the genomic level (for example, Chlorobi and Cyanobacteria) it is likely that they would still be affected. We suggest that the production of reactive nitrogen species during nitrate-reducing Fe(II) oxidation in ferruginous environments may have inhibited the activity of photoferrotrophs in the ancient oceans and thus impeded their role in the precipitation of BIFs. Banded iron formation deposition by photoferrotrophic organisms in the early Earth’s oceans may have been inhibited by competition for iron and toxicity from nitrate-reducing microorganisms, according to a microbial incubation and numerical modelling study.
{"title":"Inhibition of phototrophic iron oxidation by nitric oxide in ferruginous environments","authors":"Verena Nikeleit, Adrian Mellage, Giorgio Bianchini, Lea Sauter, Steffen Buessecker, Stefanie Gotterbarm, Manuel Schad, Kurt Konhauser, Aubrey L. Zerkle, Patricia Sánchez-Baracaldo, Andreas Kappler, Casey Bryce","doi":"10.1038/s41561-024-01560-9","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41561-024-01560-9","url":null,"abstract":"Anoxygenic phototrophic Fe(II) oxidizers (photoferrotrophs) are thought to have thrived in Earth’s ancient ferruginous oceans and played a primary role in the precipitation of Archaean and Palaeoproterozoic (3.8–1.85-billion-year-old) banded iron formations (BIFs). The end of BIF deposition by photoferrotrophs has been interpreted as the result of a deepening of water-column oxygenation below the photic zone, concomitant with the proliferation of cyanobacteria. However, photoferrotrophs may have experienced competition from other anaerobic Fe(II)-oxidizing microorganisms, altering the formation mechanism of BIFs. Here we utilize microbial incubations to show that nitrate-reducing Fe(II) oxidizers metabolically outcompete photoferrotrophs for dissolved Fe(II). Moreover, both experiments and numerical modelling show that the nitrate-reducing Fe(II) oxidizers inhibit photoferrotrophy via the production of toxic intermediates. Four different photoferrotrophs, representing both green sulfur and purple non-sulfur bacteria, are susceptible to this toxic effect despite having genomic capabilities for nitric oxide detoxification. Indeed, despite nitric oxide detoxification mechanisms being ubiquitous in some groups of phototrophs at the genomic level (for example, Chlorobi and Cyanobacteria) it is likely that they would still be affected. We suggest that the production of reactive nitrogen species during nitrate-reducing Fe(II) oxidation in ferruginous environments may have inhibited the activity of photoferrotrophs in the ancient oceans and thus impeded their role in the precipitation of BIFs. Banded iron formation deposition by photoferrotrophic organisms in the early Earth’s oceans may have been inhibited by competition for iron and toxicity from nitrate-reducing microorganisms, according to a microbial incubation and numerical modelling study.","PeriodicalId":19053,"journal":{"name":"Nature Geoscience","volume":"17 11","pages":"1169-1174"},"PeriodicalIF":15.7,"publicationDate":"2024-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41561-024-01560-9.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142370128","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-04DOI: 10.1038/s41561-024-01555-6
G. Koman, A. S. Bower, N. P. Holliday, H. H. Furey, Y. Fu, T. C. Biló
The lower limb of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation is an important feature of Earth’s climate system as it returns recently ventilated water to the deep ocean and is a major sink for anthropogenic carbon. The Deep Western Boundary Current—the primary component of the lower limb—flows southwards along the eastern flank of Greenland transporting dense water formed in the Nordic seas. Since 2014, the Deep Western Boundary Current has been continuously monitored at this location from a mooring array to observe the current’s velocity and hydrographic structure close to its source. Here we find that the Deep Western Boundary Current transport has decreased by 26% over the first six years of observations, due to (1) a thinning of the traditionally defined Deep Western Boundary Current layer (σθ > 27.8 kg m−3) from a known freshening signal propagating through the subpolar region (56%), and (2) weakening velocities (44%). Despite this decrease, the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation has remained relatively steady over the same period. Ultimately, this difference is due to the methods used to define these two circulations. Finding such notably different trends for two seemingly dependent circulations raises the question of how to best define these transports. The amount of water transported southwards by the Deep Western Boundary Current shows a 26% decline since 2014 in mooring array monitoring data, despite the strength of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation remaining stable.
大西洋经向翻转环流下缘是地球气候系统的一个重要特征，因为它将最近排出的海水送回深海，是人为碳的一个主要汇。深西边界流--下缘的主要组成部分--沿格陵兰岛东侧向南流动，输送在北欧海域形成的高密度海水。自 2014 年以来，深西边界流一直在该地点通过系泊阵列进行持续监测，以观察其源头附近的流速和水文结构。在此，我们发现，在最初六年的观测中，深西边界流的传输量减少了 26%，原因是：(1) 传统定义的深西边界流层（σθ > 27.8 kg m-3）变薄，而这一变薄来自于通过副极地地区传播的已知清新信号（56%）；(2) 速度减弱（44%）。尽管速度减弱，大西洋经向翻转环流在同期却保持相对稳定。归根结底，这种差异是由于界定这两种环流的方法不同造成的。在两个看似相互依赖的环流中发现如此明显不同的趋势，这就提出了一个问题，即如何最好地定义这些输送。
{"title":"Observed decrease in Deep Western Boundary Current transport in subpolar North Atlantic","authors":"G. Koman, A. S. Bower, N. P. Holliday, H. H. Furey, Y. Fu, T. C. Biló","doi":"10.1038/s41561-024-01555-6","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41561-024-01555-6","url":null,"abstract":"The lower limb of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation is an important feature of Earth’s climate system as it returns recently ventilated water to the deep ocean and is a major sink for anthropogenic carbon. The Deep Western Boundary Current—the primary component of the lower limb—flows southwards along the eastern flank of Greenland transporting dense water formed in the Nordic seas. Since 2014, the Deep Western Boundary Current has been continuously monitored at this location from a mooring array to observe the current’s velocity and hydrographic structure close to its source. Here we find that the Deep Western Boundary Current transport has decreased by 26% over the first six years of observations, due to (1) a thinning of the traditionally defined Deep Western Boundary Current layer (σθ > 27.8 kg m−3) from a known freshening signal propagating through the subpolar region (56%), and (2) weakening velocities (44%). Despite this decrease, the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation has remained relatively steady over the same period. Ultimately, this difference is due to the methods used to define these two circulations. Finding such notably different trends for two seemingly dependent circulations raises the question of how to best define these transports. The amount of water transported southwards by the Deep Western Boundary Current shows a 26% decline since 2014 in mooring array monitoring data, despite the strength of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation remaining stable.","PeriodicalId":19053,"journal":{"name":"Nature Geoscience","volume":"17 11","pages":"1148-1153"},"PeriodicalIF":15.7,"publicationDate":"2024-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142370132","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-04DOI: 10.1038/s41561-024-01564-5
Thomas P. Roland, Oliver T. Bartlett, Dan J. Charman, Karen Anderson, Dominic A. Hodgson, Matthew J. Amesbury, Ilya Maclean, Peter T. Fretwell, Andrew Fleming
The Antarctic Peninsula has experienced considerable anthropogenic warming in recent decades. While cryospheric responses are well defined, the responses of moss-dominated terrestrial ecosystems have not been quantified. Analysis of Landsat archives (1986–2021) using a Google Earth Engine cloud-processing workflow suggest widespread greening across the Antarctic Peninsula. The area of likely vegetation cover increased from 0.863 km2 in 1986 to 11.947 km2 in 2021, with an accelerated rate of change in recent years (2016–2021: 0.424 km2 yr−1) relative to the study period (1986–2021: 0.317 km2 yr−1). This trend echoes a wider pattern of greening in cold-climate ecosystems in response to recent warming, suggesting future widespread changes in the Antarctic Peninsula’s terrestrial ecosystems and their long-term functioning. Analyses of satellite observations from 1986 to 2021 suggest that the Antarctic Peninsula is greening at an accelerated rate.
{"title":"Sustained greening of the Antarctic Peninsula observed from satellites","authors":"Thomas P. Roland, Oliver T. Bartlett, Dan J. Charman, Karen Anderson, Dominic A. Hodgson, Matthew J. Amesbury, Ilya Maclean, Peter T. Fretwell, Andrew Fleming","doi":"10.1038/s41561-024-01564-5","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41561-024-01564-5","url":null,"abstract":"The Antarctic Peninsula has experienced considerable anthropogenic warming in recent decades. While cryospheric responses are well defined, the responses of moss-dominated terrestrial ecosystems have not been quantified. Analysis of Landsat archives (1986–2021) using a Google Earth Engine cloud-processing workflow suggest widespread greening across the Antarctic Peninsula. The area of likely vegetation cover increased from 0.863 km2 in 1986 to 11.947 km2 in 2021, with an accelerated rate of change in recent years (2016–2021: 0.424 km2 yr−1) relative to the study period (1986–2021: 0.317 km2 yr−1). This trend echoes a wider pattern of greening in cold-climate ecosystems in response to recent warming, suggesting future widespread changes in the Antarctic Peninsula’s terrestrial ecosystems and their long-term functioning. Analyses of satellite observations from 1986 to 2021 suggest that the Antarctic Peninsula is greening at an accelerated rate.","PeriodicalId":19053,"journal":{"name":"Nature Geoscience","volume":"17 11","pages":"1121-1126"},"PeriodicalIF":15.7,"publicationDate":"2024-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41561-024-01564-5.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142370133","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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