Pub Date : 2024-10-30DOI: 10.1038/s41561-024-01571-6
By incorporating remote sensing and modelling evidence, we show that China’s growing biomass carbon stock over the past two decades has been dominated by the expansion and conservation of woody areas. Approximately half of the biomass carbon sinks were attributed to direct management effects with substantial contributions from national ecological restoration projects.
{"title":"Human management has a crucial role in China’s land carbon balance","authors":"","doi":"10.1038/s41561-024-01571-6","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41561-024-01571-6","url":null,"abstract":"By incorporating remote sensing and modelling evidence, we show that China’s growing biomass carbon stock over the past two decades has been dominated by the expansion and conservation of woody areas. Approximately half of the biomass carbon sinks were attributed to direct management effects with substantial contributions from national ecological restoration projects.","PeriodicalId":19053,"journal":{"name":"Nature Geoscience","volume":"17 11","pages":"1077-1078"},"PeriodicalIF":15.7,"publicationDate":"2024-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142536893","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-28DOI: 10.1038/s41561-024-01581-4
Wenyan Zhang, Lucas Porz, Rümeysa Yilmaz, Klaus Wallmann, Timo Spiegel, Andreas Neumann, Moritz Holtappels, Sabine Kasten, Jannis Kuhlmann, Nadja Ziebarth, Bettina Taylor, Ha Thi Minh Ho-Hagemann, Frank-Detlef Bockelmann, Ute Daewel, Lea Bernhardt, Corinna Schrum
Bottom trawling represents the most widespread anthropogenic physical disturbance to seafloor sediments on continental shelves. While trawling-induced changes to benthic ecology have been widely recognized, the impacts on long-term organic carbon storage in marine sediments remains uncertain. Here we combined datasets of sediment and bottom trawling for a heavily trawled region, the North Sea, to explore their potential mutual dependency. A pattern emerges when comparing the surface sediment organic carbon-to-mud ratio with the trawling intensity represented by the multi-year averaged swept area ratio. The organic carbon-to-mud ratio exhibits a systematic response to trawling where the swept area ratio is larger than 1 yr−1. Three-dimensional physical–biogeochemical simulation results suggest that the observed pattern is attributed to the correlated dynamics of mud and organic carbon during transport and redeposition in response to trawling. Both gain and loss of sedimentary organic carbon may occur in weakly trawled areas, whereas a net reduction of sedimentary organic carbon is found in intensely trawled grounds. Cessation of trawling allows restoration of sedimentary carbon stock and benthic biomass, but their recovery occurs at different timescales. Our results point out a need for management of intensely trawled grounds to enhance the CO2 sequestration capacity in shelf seas. Intensive bottom trawling causes a long-term reduction of organic carbon stored in seafloor sediments, suggesting a need for more effective management, according to observations and biogeochemical modelling.
{"title":"Long-term carbon storage in shelf sea sediments reduced by intensive bottom trawling","authors":"Wenyan Zhang, Lucas Porz, Rümeysa Yilmaz, Klaus Wallmann, Timo Spiegel, Andreas Neumann, Moritz Holtappels, Sabine Kasten, Jannis Kuhlmann, Nadja Ziebarth, Bettina Taylor, Ha Thi Minh Ho-Hagemann, Frank-Detlef Bockelmann, Ute Daewel, Lea Bernhardt, Corinna Schrum","doi":"10.1038/s41561-024-01581-4","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41561-024-01581-4","url":null,"abstract":"Bottom trawling represents the most widespread anthropogenic physical disturbance to seafloor sediments on continental shelves. While trawling-induced changes to benthic ecology have been widely recognized, the impacts on long-term organic carbon storage in marine sediments remains uncertain. Here we combined datasets of sediment and bottom trawling for a heavily trawled region, the North Sea, to explore their potential mutual dependency. A pattern emerges when comparing the surface sediment organic carbon-to-mud ratio with the trawling intensity represented by the multi-year averaged swept area ratio. The organic carbon-to-mud ratio exhibits a systematic response to trawling where the swept area ratio is larger than 1 yr−1. Three-dimensional physical–biogeochemical simulation results suggest that the observed pattern is attributed to the correlated dynamics of mud and organic carbon during transport and redeposition in response to trawling. Both gain and loss of sedimentary organic carbon may occur in weakly trawled areas, whereas a net reduction of sedimentary organic carbon is found in intensely trawled grounds. Cessation of trawling allows restoration of sedimentary carbon stock and benthic biomass, but their recovery occurs at different timescales. Our results point out a need for management of intensely trawled grounds to enhance the CO2 sequestration capacity in shelf seas. Intensive bottom trawling causes a long-term reduction of organic carbon stored in seafloor sediments, suggesting a need for more effective management, according to observations and biogeochemical modelling.","PeriodicalId":19053,"journal":{"name":"Nature Geoscience","volume":"17 12","pages":"1268-1276"},"PeriodicalIF":15.7,"publicationDate":"2024-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41561-024-01581-4.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142519267","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-28DOI: 10.1038/s41561-024-01576-1
Michael H. Hecht, Samuel Krevor, Albert S. Yen, Adrian J. Brown, Nicolas Randazzo, Michael A. Mischna, Mark A. Sephton, Samuel P. Kounaves, Andrew Steele, James W. Rice Jr, Isaac B. Smith, Max Coleman, David Flannery, Marc Fries
Geomorphological and mineralogical evidence is consistent with aqueous activity on ancient Mars, yet explaining the presence of substantial liquid water on early Mars remains challenging. Another fluid, liquid CO2, was probably present during Martian history, at least in the subsurface, and could even have been stable at the surface under a sufficiently dense CO2-rich early atmosphere. Liquid CO2 flows have been proposed as an alternative to water to explain morphological features, but it is widely accepted that water is the fluid responsible for mineral alteration. Interestingly, however, experimental research on geologic sequestration on Earth has revealed a surprising degree of chemical reactivity between CO2 fluid and minerals if the fluid is water-saturated, as it would probably have been on Mars. The resulting alteration products — carbonates, phyllosilicates and possibly sulfates — are consistent with minerals found on Mars today. We therefore propose that the formation of some of the aqueous mineral alteration observed on the Martian surface may have been mediated by liquid CO2. Further laboratory investigations are needed to test this hypothesis. Aqueous mineral alteration on ancient Mars may have been mediated by reactions with water-saturated liquid CO2, a hypothesis inspired by carbon sequestration experiments for Earth.
{"title":"Mineral alteration in water-saturated liquid CO2 on early Mars","authors":"Michael H. Hecht, Samuel Krevor, Albert S. Yen, Adrian J. Brown, Nicolas Randazzo, Michael A. Mischna, Mark A. Sephton, Samuel P. Kounaves, Andrew Steele, James W. Rice Jr, Isaac B. Smith, Max Coleman, David Flannery, Marc Fries","doi":"10.1038/s41561-024-01576-1","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41561-024-01576-1","url":null,"abstract":"Geomorphological and mineralogical evidence is consistent with aqueous activity on ancient Mars, yet explaining the presence of substantial liquid water on early Mars remains challenging. Another fluid, liquid CO2, was probably present during Martian history, at least in the subsurface, and could even have been stable at the surface under a sufficiently dense CO2-rich early atmosphere. Liquid CO2 flows have been proposed as an alternative to water to explain morphological features, but it is widely accepted that water is the fluid responsible for mineral alteration. Interestingly, however, experimental research on geologic sequestration on Earth has revealed a surprising degree of chemical reactivity between CO2 fluid and minerals if the fluid is water-saturated, as it would probably have been on Mars. The resulting alteration products — carbonates, phyllosilicates and possibly sulfates — are consistent with minerals found on Mars today. We therefore propose that the formation of some of the aqueous mineral alteration observed on the Martian surface may have been mediated by liquid CO2. Further laboratory investigations are needed to test this hypothesis. Aqueous mineral alteration on ancient Mars may have been mediated by reactions with water-saturated liquid CO2, a hypothesis inspired by carbon sequestration experiments for Earth.","PeriodicalId":19053,"journal":{"name":"Nature Geoscience","volume":"17 12","pages":"1204-1208"},"PeriodicalIF":15.7,"publicationDate":"2024-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142519265","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-25DOI: 10.1038/s41561-024-01570-7
Daniel J. Ford, Jamie D. Shutler, Javier Blanco-Sacristán, Sophie Corrigan, Thomas G. Bell, Mingxi Yang, Vassilis Kitidis, Philip D. Nightingale, Ian Brown, Werenfrid Wimmer, David K. Woolf, Tânia Casal, Craig Donlon, Gavin H. Tilstone, Ian Ashton
The ocean annually absorbs about a quarter of all anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. Global estimates of air–sea CO2 fluxes are typically based on bulk measurements of CO2 in air and seawater and neglect the effects of vertical temperature gradients near the ocean surface. Theoretical and laboratory observations indicate that these gradients alter air–sea CO2 fluxes, because the air–sea CO2 concentration difference is highly temperature sensitive. However, in situ field evidence supporting their effect is so far lacking. Here we present independent direct air–sea CO2 fluxes alongside indirect bulk fluxes collected along repeat transects in the Atlantic Ocean (50° N to 50° S) in 2018 and 2019. We find that accounting for vertical temperature gradients reduces the difference between direct and indirect fluxes from 0.19 mmol m−2 d−1 to 0.08 mmol m−2 d−1 (N = 148). This implies an increase in the Atlantic CO2 sink of ~0.03 PgC yr−1 (~7% of the Atlantic Ocean sink). These field results validate theoretical, modelling and observational-based efforts, all of which predicted that accounting for near-surface temperature gradients would increase estimates of global ocean CO2 uptake. Accounting for this increased ocean uptake will probably require some revision to how global carbon budgets are quantified. Accounting for near-surface temperature gradients leads to estimates for annual CO2 uptake in the North Atlantic that are 7% higher, based on a comparison of eddy covariance and bulk CO2 measurements, which is consistent with theory, laboratory assessments and model analysis.
{"title":"Enhanced ocean CO2 uptake due to near-surface temperature gradients","authors":"Daniel J. Ford, Jamie D. Shutler, Javier Blanco-Sacristán, Sophie Corrigan, Thomas G. Bell, Mingxi Yang, Vassilis Kitidis, Philip D. Nightingale, Ian Brown, Werenfrid Wimmer, David K. Woolf, Tânia Casal, Craig Donlon, Gavin H. Tilstone, Ian Ashton","doi":"10.1038/s41561-024-01570-7","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41561-024-01570-7","url":null,"abstract":"The ocean annually absorbs about a quarter of all anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. Global estimates of air–sea CO2 fluxes are typically based on bulk measurements of CO2 in air and seawater and neglect the effects of vertical temperature gradients near the ocean surface. Theoretical and laboratory observations indicate that these gradients alter air–sea CO2 fluxes, because the air–sea CO2 concentration difference is highly temperature sensitive. However, in situ field evidence supporting their effect is so far lacking. Here we present independent direct air–sea CO2 fluxes alongside indirect bulk fluxes collected along repeat transects in the Atlantic Ocean (50° N to 50° S) in 2018 and 2019. We find that accounting for vertical temperature gradients reduces the difference between direct and indirect fluxes from 0.19 mmol m−2 d−1 to 0.08 mmol m−2 d−1 (N = 148). This implies an increase in the Atlantic CO2 sink of ~0.03 PgC yr−1 (~7% of the Atlantic Ocean sink). These field results validate theoretical, modelling and observational-based efforts, all of which predicted that accounting for near-surface temperature gradients would increase estimates of global ocean CO2 uptake. Accounting for this increased ocean uptake will probably require some revision to how global carbon budgets are quantified. Accounting for near-surface temperature gradients leads to estimates for annual CO2 uptake in the North Atlantic that are 7% higher, based on a comparison of eddy covariance and bulk CO2 measurements, which is consistent with theory, laboratory assessments and model analysis.","PeriodicalId":19053,"journal":{"name":"Nature Geoscience","volume":"17 11","pages":"1135-1140"},"PeriodicalIF":15.7,"publicationDate":"2024-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41561-024-01570-7.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142489277","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-21DOI: 10.1038/s41561-024-01559-2
Emanuele Bevacqua, Oldrich Rakovec, Dominik L. Schumacher, Rohini Kumar, Stephan Thober, Luis Samaniego, Sonia I. Seneviratne, Jakob Zscheischler
In 2022, Europe faced an extensive summer drought with severe socioeconomic consequences. Quantifying the influence of human-induced climate change on such an extreme event can help prepare for future droughts. Here, by combining observations and climate model outputs with hydrological and land-surface simulations, we show that Central and Southern Europe experienced the highest observed total water storage deficit since satellite observations began in 2002, probably representing the highest and most widespread soil moisture deficit in the past six decades. While precipitation deficits primarily drove the soil moisture drought, human-induced global warming contributed to over 30% of the drought intensity and its spatial extent via enhanced evaporation. We identify that 14–41% of the climate change contribution was mediated by the warming-driven drying of the soil that occurred before the hydrological year of 2022, indicating the importance of considering lagged climate change effects to avoid underestimating associated risks. Human-induced climate change had qualitatively similar effects on the extremely low observed river discharges. These results highlight that global warming effects on droughts are already underway, widespread and long lasting, and that drought risk may escalate with further human-induced warming in the future. An attribution analysis using observations, hydrological models and climate models suggests that both direct and lagged effects of climate warming contributed to Europe experiencing the highest observed water storage deficit in the satellite era during the widespread drought of 2022.
{"title":"Direct and lagged climate change effects intensified the 2022 European drought","authors":"Emanuele Bevacqua, Oldrich Rakovec, Dominik L. Schumacher, Rohini Kumar, Stephan Thober, Luis Samaniego, Sonia I. Seneviratne, Jakob Zscheischler","doi":"10.1038/s41561-024-01559-2","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41561-024-01559-2","url":null,"abstract":"In 2022, Europe faced an extensive summer drought with severe socioeconomic consequences. Quantifying the influence of human-induced climate change on such an extreme event can help prepare for future droughts. Here, by combining observations and climate model outputs with hydrological and land-surface simulations, we show that Central and Southern Europe experienced the highest observed total water storage deficit since satellite observations began in 2002, probably representing the highest and most widespread soil moisture deficit in the past six decades. While precipitation deficits primarily drove the soil moisture drought, human-induced global warming contributed to over 30% of the drought intensity and its spatial extent via enhanced evaporation. We identify that 14–41% of the climate change contribution was mediated by the warming-driven drying of the soil that occurred before the hydrological year of 2022, indicating the importance of considering lagged climate change effects to avoid underestimating associated risks. Human-induced climate change had qualitatively similar effects on the extremely low observed river discharges. These results highlight that global warming effects on droughts are already underway, widespread and long lasting, and that drought risk may escalate with further human-induced warming in the future. An attribution analysis using observations, hydrological models and climate models suggests that both direct and lagged effects of climate warming contributed to Europe experiencing the highest observed water storage deficit in the satellite era during the widespread drought of 2022.","PeriodicalId":19053,"journal":{"name":"Nature Geoscience","volume":"17 11","pages":"1100-1107"},"PeriodicalIF":15.7,"publicationDate":"2024-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41561-024-01559-2.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142451827","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-18DOI: 10.1038/s41561-024-01558-3
Luc S. Doucet, Zheng-Xiang Li
The Earth’s mantle is divided by the circum-Pacific subduction girdle into the African and Pacific domains, each featuring a large low-shear-wave-velocity province (LLSVP) in the lower mantle. However, how this hemispherical-scale mantle structure links to Earth’s plate tectonic evolution remains unclear. Previous geochemical work has suggested the presence of a north–south hemispheric subdivision, with large-scale mantle heterogeneities in the Southern Hemisphere, termed the DUPAL (Dupré and Allegre) anomaly. Here we compile elemental and isotopic data of both shallow-mantle-derived oceanic igneous rocks from mid-ocean ridges and deeper-mantle plume-related samples (ocean islands and oceanic plateaus) and analyse these using supervised machine learning classification methods. Data from both shallow- and deeper-mantle-sourced samples illustrate a consistent chemical dichotomy. Our results indicate that heterogeneities in the present-day shallow and deep mantle are not exclusively controlled by the north–south hemispheric DUPAL anomaly. Instead, they are consistent with a chemical dichotomy between the African and Pacific mantle domains and their associated LLSVPs. These observations can best be explained by tectonic supercycles over the past one billion years involving two supercontinents and two superoceans. Samples from both the shallow and deeper mantle suggest a consistent geochemical dichotomy between the African and Pacific mantle domains that is developed through tectonic supercycles, according to a supervised machine learning study.
{"title":"Large-scale mantle heterogeneity as a legacy of plate tectonic supercycles","authors":"Luc S. Doucet, Zheng-Xiang Li","doi":"10.1038/s41561-024-01558-3","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41561-024-01558-3","url":null,"abstract":"The Earth’s mantle is divided by the circum-Pacific subduction girdle into the African and Pacific domains, each featuring a large low-shear-wave-velocity province (LLSVP) in the lower mantle. However, how this hemispherical-scale mantle structure links to Earth’s plate tectonic evolution remains unclear. Previous geochemical work has suggested the presence of a north–south hemispheric subdivision, with large-scale mantle heterogeneities in the Southern Hemisphere, termed the DUPAL (Dupré and Allegre) anomaly. Here we compile elemental and isotopic data of both shallow-mantle-derived oceanic igneous rocks from mid-ocean ridges and deeper-mantle plume-related samples (ocean islands and oceanic plateaus) and analyse these using supervised machine learning classification methods. Data from both shallow- and deeper-mantle-sourced samples illustrate a consistent chemical dichotomy. Our results indicate that heterogeneities in the present-day shallow and deep mantle are not exclusively controlled by the north–south hemispheric DUPAL anomaly. Instead, they are consistent with a chemical dichotomy between the African and Pacific mantle domains and their associated LLSVPs. These observations can best be explained by tectonic supercycles over the past one billion years involving two supercontinents and two superoceans. Samples from both the shallow and deeper mantle suggest a consistent geochemical dichotomy between the African and Pacific mantle domains that is developed through tectonic supercycles, according to a supervised machine learning study.","PeriodicalId":19053,"journal":{"name":"Nature Geoscience","volume":"17 11","pages":"1175-1181"},"PeriodicalIF":15.7,"publicationDate":"2024-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41561-024-01558-3.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142448230","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-11DOI: 10.1038/s41561-024-01556-5
Etienne Legrain, Emilie Capron, Laurie Menviel, Axel Wohleber, Frédéric Parrenin, Grégory Teste, Amaëlle Landais, Marie Bouchet, Roberto Grilli, Christoph Nehrbass-Ahles, Lucas Silva, Hubertus Fischer, Thomas F. Stocker
Centennial-scale increases of atmospheric carbon dioxide, known as carbon dioxide jumps, are identified during deglacial, glacial and interglacial periods and linked to the Northern Hemisphere abrupt climate variations. However, the limited number of identified carbon dioxide jumps prevents investigating the role of orbital background conditions on the different components of the global carbon cycle that may lead to such rapid atmospheric carbon dioxide releases. Here we present a high-resolution carbon dioxide record measured on an Antarctic ice core between 260,000 and 190,000 years ago, which reveals seven additional carbon dioxide Jumps. Eighteen of the 22 jumps identified over the past 500,000 years occurred under a context of high obliquity. Simulations performed with an Earth system model of intermediate complexity point towards both the Southern Ocean and the continental biosphere as the two main carbon sources during carbon dioxide jumps connected to Heinrich ice rafting events. Notably, the continental biosphere appears as the obliquity-dependent carbon dioxide source for these abrupt events. We demonstrate that the orbital-scale external forcing directly impacts past abrupt atmospheric carbon dioxide changes. Centennial-scale releases of atmospheric CO2 occurred during periods of high obliquity over the past 500,000, suggesting a link between external forcing and atmospheric CO2 variations, according to a record from an Antarctic ice core.
{"title":"Centennial-scale variations in the carbon cycle enhanced by high obliquity","authors":"Etienne Legrain, Emilie Capron, Laurie Menviel, Axel Wohleber, Frédéric Parrenin, Grégory Teste, Amaëlle Landais, Marie Bouchet, Roberto Grilli, Christoph Nehrbass-Ahles, Lucas Silva, Hubertus Fischer, Thomas F. Stocker","doi":"10.1038/s41561-024-01556-5","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41561-024-01556-5","url":null,"abstract":"Centennial-scale increases of atmospheric carbon dioxide, known as carbon dioxide jumps, are identified during deglacial, glacial and interglacial periods and linked to the Northern Hemisphere abrupt climate variations. However, the limited number of identified carbon dioxide jumps prevents investigating the role of orbital background conditions on the different components of the global carbon cycle that may lead to such rapid atmospheric carbon dioxide releases. Here we present a high-resolution carbon dioxide record measured on an Antarctic ice core between 260,000 and 190,000 years ago, which reveals seven additional carbon dioxide Jumps. Eighteen of the 22 jumps identified over the past 500,000 years occurred under a context of high obliquity. Simulations performed with an Earth system model of intermediate complexity point towards both the Southern Ocean and the continental biosphere as the two main carbon sources during carbon dioxide jumps connected to Heinrich ice rafting events. Notably, the continental biosphere appears as the obliquity-dependent carbon dioxide source for these abrupt events. We demonstrate that the orbital-scale external forcing directly impacts past abrupt atmospheric carbon dioxide changes. Centennial-scale releases of atmospheric CO2 occurred during periods of high obliquity over the past 500,000, suggesting a link between external forcing and atmospheric CO2 variations, according to a record from an Antarctic ice core.","PeriodicalId":19053,"journal":{"name":"Nature Geoscience","volume":"17 11","pages":"1154-1161"},"PeriodicalIF":15.7,"publicationDate":"2024-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142404923","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-11DOI: 10.1038/s41561-024-01553-8
Michael P. Byrne, Gabriele C. Hegerl, Jacob Scheff, Ori Adam, Alexis Berg, Michela Biasutti, Simona Bordoni, Aiguo Dai, Ruth Geen, Matthew Henry, Spencer A. Hill, Cathy Hohenegger, Vincent Humphrey, Manoj Joshi, Alexandra G. Konings, Marysa M. Laguë, F. Hugo Lambert, Flavio Lehner, Justin S. Mankin, Kaighin A. McColl, Karen A. McKinnon, Angeline G. Pendergrass, Marianne Pietschnig, Luca Schmidt, Andrew P. Schurer, E. Marian Scott, David Sexton, Steven C. Sherwood, Lucas R. Vargas Zeppetello, Yi Zhang
Climate over land—where humans live and the majority of food is produced—is changing rapidly, driving severe impacts through extreme heat, wildfires, drought and flooding. Our ability to monitor and model this changing climate is being transformed through new observational systems and increasingly complex Earth system models. But fundamental understanding of the processes governing land climate has not kept pace, weakening our ability to interpret and utilize data from these advanced tools. Here we argue that for land-climate science to accelerate forwards, an alternative approach is needed. We advocate a parallel scientific effort, one emphasizing robust theories, that aims to inspire current and future land-climate scientists to better comprehend the processes governing land climate, its variability and extremes and its sensitivity to global warming. Such an effort, we believe, is essential to better understand the risks people face, where they live, in an era of climate change. Accelerating progress in land-climate science requires a renewed focus on developing theory to complement and underpin Earth system models and observations.
{"title":"Theory and the future of land-climate science","authors":"Michael P. Byrne, Gabriele C. Hegerl, Jacob Scheff, Ori Adam, Alexis Berg, Michela Biasutti, Simona Bordoni, Aiguo Dai, Ruth Geen, Matthew Henry, Spencer A. Hill, Cathy Hohenegger, Vincent Humphrey, Manoj Joshi, Alexandra G. Konings, Marysa M. Laguë, F. Hugo Lambert, Flavio Lehner, Justin S. Mankin, Kaighin A. McColl, Karen A. McKinnon, Angeline G. Pendergrass, Marianne Pietschnig, Luca Schmidt, Andrew P. Schurer, E. Marian Scott, David Sexton, Steven C. Sherwood, Lucas R. Vargas Zeppetello, Yi Zhang","doi":"10.1038/s41561-024-01553-8","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41561-024-01553-8","url":null,"abstract":"Climate over land—where humans live and the majority of food is produced—is changing rapidly, driving severe impacts through extreme heat, wildfires, drought and flooding. Our ability to monitor and model this changing climate is being transformed through new observational systems and increasingly complex Earth system models. But fundamental understanding of the processes governing land climate has not kept pace, weakening our ability to interpret and utilize data from these advanced tools. Here we argue that for land-climate science to accelerate forwards, an alternative approach is needed. We advocate a parallel scientific effort, one emphasizing robust theories, that aims to inspire current and future land-climate scientists to better comprehend the processes governing land climate, its variability and extremes and its sensitivity to global warming. Such an effort, we believe, is essential to better understand the risks people face, where they live, in an era of climate change. Accelerating progress in land-climate science requires a renewed focus on developing theory to complement and underpin Earth system models and observations.","PeriodicalId":19053,"journal":{"name":"Nature Geoscience","volume":"17 11","pages":"1079-1086"},"PeriodicalIF":15.7,"publicationDate":"2024-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142404922","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-11DOI: 10.1038/s41561-024-01567-2
Cora Hoerstmann, Borja Aguiar-González, Stéphanie Barrillon, Cécile Carpaneto Bastos, Olivier Grosso, M. D. Pérez-Hernández, Andrea M. Doglioli, Anne A. Petrenko, Lidia I. Carracedo, Mar Benavides
Mesoscale oceanic eddies contribute to the redistribution of resources needed for plankton to thrive. However, due to their fluid-trapping capacity, they can also isolate plankton communities, subjecting them to rapidly changing environmental conditions. Diazotrophs, which fix dinitrogen (N2), are key members of the plankton community, providing reactive nitrogen, particularly in large nutrient-depleted regions such as subtropical gyres. However, there is still limited knowledge about how mesoscale structures characterized by specific local environmental conditions can affect the distribution and metabolic response of diazotrophs when compared with the large-scale dynamics of an oceanic region. Here we investigated genetic diazotroph diversity and N2 fixation rates in a transect across the Gulf Stream and two associated eddies, a region with intense mesoscale activity known for its important role in nutrient transport into the North Atlantic Gyre. We show that eddy edges are hotspots for diazotroph activity with potential community connectivity between eddies. Using a long-term mesoscale eddy database, we quantified N2 fixation rates as up to 17 times higher within eddies than in ambient waters, overall providing ~21 µmol N m−2 yr−1 to the region. Our results indicate that mesoscale eddies are hotspots of reactive nitrogen production within the broader marine nitrogen cycle. Nitrogen fixation by diazotrophs within North Atlantic eddies, especially near the edges of the mesoscale structures, is a key component of the North Atlantic marine nitrogen cycle, according to an analysis of genetic and past eddy activity data.
中尺度海洋漩涡有助于重新分配浮游生物生长所需的资源。然而，由于中尺度洋流具有捕捉流体的能力，它们也会隔离浮游生物群落，使其受到快速变化的环境条件的影响。固定二氮（N2）的重氮营养体是浮游生物群落的关键成员，可提供活性氮，尤其是在亚热带大涡旋等营养贫乏地区。然而，与大洋区域的大尺度动态相比，人们对以当地特定环境条件为特征的中尺度结构如何影响重氮营养盐的分布和代谢反应的了解仍然有限。在这里，我们研究了湾流和两个相关漩涡横断面上的遗传重氮营养体多样性和氮固定率，湾流和两个相关漩涡是一个中尺度活动剧烈的区域，因其在北大西洋环流营养物质输送中的重要作用而闻名。我们的研究表明，漩涡边缘是重氮营养体活动的热点，漩涡之间具有潜在的群落连通性。利用长期的中尺度漩涡数据库，我们对漩涡内的 N2 固定率进行了量化，其固定率比环境水域高出 17 倍，总体上为该区域提供了约 21 µmol N m-2 yr-1。我们的研究结果表明，在更广泛的海洋氮循环中，中尺度漩涡是活性氮产生的热点。
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Pub Date : 2024-10-09DOI: 10.1038/s41561-024-01548-5
Stefan Lachowycz
Nature Geoscience spoke with Dr Mariana Clare, a machine learning scientist at the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts; Prof. Haifeng Qian, an environmental scientist at Zhejiang University of Technology; and Dr Theresa Sawi, a seismologist at the US Geological Survey, about using artificial intelligence (AI) in their research and in geoscience generally.
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