Pub Date : 2025-12-01DOI: 10.1038/s41561-025-01845-7
Carmen Gaina
Complex numerical simulations show how slivers of continental crust in the ocean were shaved from continental margins and then transported by transform fault complexes.
复杂的数值模拟表明，海洋中的大陆地壳是如何从大陆边缘被剥离出来，然后被转换断层复合体搬运的。
{"title":"Shaving continents into the oceans","authors":"Carmen Gaina","doi":"10.1038/s41561-025-01845-7","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41561-025-01845-7","url":null,"abstract":"Complex numerical simulations show how slivers of continental crust in the ocean were shaved from continental margins and then transported by transform fault complexes.","PeriodicalId":19053,"journal":{"name":"Nature Geoscience","volume":"18 12","pages":"1191-1192"},"PeriodicalIF":16.1,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145645252","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-01DOI: 10.1038/s41561-025-01853-7
Huang Huang, Marcus Gutjahr, Yuanyang Hu, Frerk Pöppelmeier, Gerhard Kuhn, Jörg Lippold, Thomas A. Ronge, Shuzhuang Wu, Patrick Blaser, Lester Lembke-Jene, Samuel L. Jaccard, Yimin Luo, Jimin Yu
Past atmospheric CO2 fluctuations are thought to be intricately tied to ocean circulation changes involving Southern Ocean and North Atlantic dynamics. The ocean’s capability to store carbon has been linked to the expansion and contraction of southern-sourced waters, but their provenance and structure remain poorly characterized in the past. Here we present neodymium isotope data from the Weddell–Enderby Basin, placing constraints on the spatiotemporal distribution of Antarctic Bottom Water in the Atlantic and Indian sectors of the Southern Ocean over the past 32,000 years. Our data reveal that glacial Antarctic Bottom Water was substantially contracted, with large volumes of the deep Southern Ocean occupied by carbon-rich Circumpolar Deep Waters sourced from the Pacific Ocean, conducive for lowering atmospheric CO2. During the last deglaciation, Antarctic Bottom Water expanded in two steps coinciding with Antarctic warming. This expansion drove Southern Ocean destratification, which possibly contributed to contemporaneous atmospheric CO2 rises. Different from the view that the North Atlantic processes dominated deglacial deep South Atlantic water-mass changes, our results indicate only limited influence from northern-sourced waters. Instead, Antarctic Bottom Water dynamics played a critical role in regulating deep ocean circulation and thereby carbon exchange between the deep Southern Ocean and the atmosphere. Antarctic Bottom Water progressively filled more of the deep Southern Ocean through the last deglaciation, potentially contributing to the increase in atmospheric CO2, according to neodymium isotope records from the Weddell–Enderby Basin.
{"title":"Expansion of Antarctic Bottom Water driven by Antarctic warming in the last deglaciation","authors":"Huang Huang, Marcus Gutjahr, Yuanyang Hu, Frerk Pöppelmeier, Gerhard Kuhn, Jörg Lippold, Thomas A. Ronge, Shuzhuang Wu, Patrick Blaser, Lester Lembke-Jene, Samuel L. Jaccard, Yimin Luo, Jimin Yu","doi":"10.1038/s41561-025-01853-7","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41561-025-01853-7","url":null,"abstract":"Past atmospheric CO2 fluctuations are thought to be intricately tied to ocean circulation changes involving Southern Ocean and North Atlantic dynamics. The ocean’s capability to store carbon has been linked to the expansion and contraction of southern-sourced waters, but their provenance and structure remain poorly characterized in the past. Here we present neodymium isotope data from the Weddell–Enderby Basin, placing constraints on the spatiotemporal distribution of Antarctic Bottom Water in the Atlantic and Indian sectors of the Southern Ocean over the past 32,000 years. Our data reveal that glacial Antarctic Bottom Water was substantially contracted, with large volumes of the deep Southern Ocean occupied by carbon-rich Circumpolar Deep Waters sourced from the Pacific Ocean, conducive for lowering atmospheric CO2. During the last deglaciation, Antarctic Bottom Water expanded in two steps coinciding with Antarctic warming. This expansion drove Southern Ocean destratification, which possibly contributed to contemporaneous atmospheric CO2 rises. Different from the view that the North Atlantic processes dominated deglacial deep South Atlantic water-mass changes, our results indicate only limited influence from northern-sourced waters. Instead, Antarctic Bottom Water dynamics played a critical role in regulating deep ocean circulation and thereby carbon exchange between the deep Southern Ocean and the atmosphere. Antarctic Bottom Water progressively filled more of the deep Southern Ocean through the last deglaciation, potentially contributing to the increase in atmospheric CO2, according to neodymium isotope records from the Weddell–Enderby Basin.","PeriodicalId":19053,"journal":{"name":"Nature Geoscience","volume":"19 1","pages":"113-119"},"PeriodicalIF":16.1,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145645232","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-28DOI: 10.1038/s41561-025-01858-2
Adrien Wehrlé, Martin P. Lüthi, Andrea Kneib-Walter, Ana Nap, Hugo Rousseau, Guillaume Jouvet, Fabian Walter
Outlet glaciers and ice streams of the ice sheet of Kalaallit Nunaat (Greenland) transport ice from the interior towards the ocean, so understanding their dynamics is crucial in the context of accelerating Arctic warming. Glacier flow dynamics are predominantly monitored by satellites, thus important processes that occur on timescales shorter than the acquisition frequency (typically days) remain undetected. Therefore, the short-term dynamics of fast-flowing glaciers remains poorly understood and insufficiently constrained in numerical models. Here we use high-rate field observations by global navigation satellite system stations and a Terrestrial Radar Interferometer on Greenland’s fastest ice stream, Sermeq Kujalleq in Kangia (Jakobshavn Isbræ), to characterize its response to the drainage of two surface lakes. The ensuing subglacial flood caused a pulse of faster flow that rapidly propagated downstream—over 16 km within 4 hours—towards the terminus, where it triggered a longer than usual calving episode, lasting 2 hours. The undamped and fast propagation of this speed-up pulse, together with the instantaneous response of the surrounding shear margins, indicate strong coupling within the ice-stream system. Our results highlight how inland areas can accommodate large disturbances with minimal long-term impact on ice motion and efficiently propagate them downstream to trigger irreversible changes at glacier termini. Drainage of two surface lakes on Greenland’s fastest ice stream caused a pulse of faster flow to propagate downstream and triggered a long calving episode, suggesting the entire stream is strongly coupled, according to geophysical field observations.
{"title":"Velocity and calving response of a major Greenland ice stream to a lake drainage event","authors":"Adrien Wehrlé, Martin P. Lüthi, Andrea Kneib-Walter, Ana Nap, Hugo Rousseau, Guillaume Jouvet, Fabian Walter","doi":"10.1038/s41561-025-01858-2","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41561-025-01858-2","url":null,"abstract":"Outlet glaciers and ice streams of the ice sheet of Kalaallit Nunaat (Greenland) transport ice from the interior towards the ocean, so understanding their dynamics is crucial in the context of accelerating Arctic warming. Glacier flow dynamics are predominantly monitored by satellites, thus important processes that occur on timescales shorter than the acquisition frequency (typically days) remain undetected. Therefore, the short-term dynamics of fast-flowing glaciers remains poorly understood and insufficiently constrained in numerical models. Here we use high-rate field observations by global navigation satellite system stations and a Terrestrial Radar Interferometer on Greenland’s fastest ice stream, Sermeq Kujalleq in Kangia (Jakobshavn Isbræ), to characterize its response to the drainage of two surface lakes. The ensuing subglacial flood caused a pulse of faster flow that rapidly propagated downstream—over 16 km within 4 hours—towards the terminus, where it triggered a longer than usual calving episode, lasting 2 hours. The undamped and fast propagation of this speed-up pulse, together with the instantaneous response of the surrounding shear margins, indicate strong coupling within the ice-stream system. Our results highlight how inland areas can accommodate large disturbances with minimal long-term impact on ice motion and efficiently propagate them downstream to trigger irreversible changes at glacier termini. Drainage of two surface lakes on Greenland’s fastest ice stream caused a pulse of faster flow to propagate downstream and triggered a long calving episode, suggesting the entire stream is strongly coupled, according to geophysical field observations.","PeriodicalId":19053,"journal":{"name":"Nature Geoscience","volume":"19 1","pages":"84-89"},"PeriodicalIF":16.1,"publicationDate":"2025-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145611457","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-26DOI: 10.1038/s41561-025-01869-z
High-resolution global climate simulations reveal that mesoscale moisture convergence, rather than thermodynamic effects alone, drives much of the projected intensification of extreme rainfall under warming. These results demonstrate that better representing mesoscale dynamics substantially improves the robustness of future rainfall projections, offering critical insights for flood-risk assessment and climate adaptation.
{"title":"Mesoscale moisture convergence drives stronger rainfall extremes","authors":"","doi":"10.1038/s41561-025-01869-z","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41561-025-01869-z","url":null,"abstract":"High-resolution global climate simulations reveal that mesoscale moisture convergence, rather than thermodynamic effects alone, drives much of the projected intensification of extreme rainfall under warming. These results demonstrate that better representing mesoscale dynamics substantially improves the robustness of future rainfall projections, offering critical insights for flood-risk assessment and climate adaptation.","PeriodicalId":19053,"journal":{"name":"Nature Geoscience","volume":"19 1","pages":"10-11"},"PeriodicalIF":16.1,"publicationDate":"2025-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145599615","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-25DOI: 10.1038/s41561-025-01860-8
Our simulations identified how small, swirling ocean eddies carry and mix warm water beneath Thwaites ice cavities in the Amundsen Sea Embayment, West Antarctica. Much like how storms in the atmosphere batter coastlines, these energetic eddies enhanced mixing at the ice-shelf base and substantially increased submarine melting.
{"title":"Weather-like ocean processes modulate Antarctic ice-shelf melting","authors":"","doi":"10.1038/s41561-025-01860-8","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41561-025-01860-8","url":null,"abstract":"Our simulations identified how small, swirling ocean eddies carry and mix warm water beneath Thwaites ice cavities in the Amundsen Sea Embayment, West Antarctica. Much like how storms in the atmosphere batter coastlines, these energetic eddies enhanced mixing at the ice-shelf base and substantially increased submarine melting.","PeriodicalId":19053,"journal":{"name":"Nature Geoscience","volume":"18 12","pages":"1196-1197"},"PeriodicalIF":16.1,"publicationDate":"2025-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145593891","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-25DOI: 10.1038/s41561-025-01844-8
Enner Alcântara, Cheila Flavia Baião, Yasmim Guimarães, José A. Marengo, José Roberto Mantovani
Flash floods must be placed at the heart of Earth system science and global climate adaptation efforts, as they increasingly define hydroclimate risk in a warming world.
山洪暴发必须成为地球系统科学和全球气候适应工作的核心，因为它们日益成为全球变暖中的水文气候风险。
{"title":"Tropical flash floods are becoming more frequent and widespread but are still underestimated","authors":"Enner Alcântara, Cheila Flavia Baião, Yasmim Guimarães, José A. Marengo, José Roberto Mantovani","doi":"10.1038/s41561-025-01844-8","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41561-025-01844-8","url":null,"abstract":"Flash floods must be placed at the heart of Earth system science and global climate adaptation efforts, as they increasingly define hydroclimate risk in a warming world.","PeriodicalId":19053,"journal":{"name":"Nature Geoscience","volume":"18 12","pages":"1182-1184"},"PeriodicalIF":16.1,"publicationDate":"2025-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145593892","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-24DOI: 10.1038/s41561-025-01824-y
Andrew McCaig
Drill cores from the mid-ocean ridge in the South Atlantic suggest that mass-wasting deposits formed against ridge faults host abundant calcite and so may store substantial amounts of carbon dioxide.
{"title":"Submarine talus may contribute to climate cooling","authors":"Andrew McCaig","doi":"10.1038/s41561-025-01824-y","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41561-025-01824-y","url":null,"abstract":"Drill cores from the mid-ocean ridge in the South Atlantic suggest that mass-wasting deposits formed against ridge faults host abundant calcite and so may store substantial amounts of carbon dioxide.","PeriodicalId":19053,"journal":{"name":"Nature Geoscience","volume":"18 12","pages":"1187-1188"},"PeriodicalIF":16.1,"publicationDate":"2025-11-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145583073","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-24DOI: 10.1038/s41561-025-01839-5
Rosalind M. Coggon, Elliot J. Carter, Lewis J. C. Grant, Aled D. Evans, Christopher M. Lowery, Damon A. H. Teagle, Pamela D. Kempton, Matthew J. Cooper, Claire M. Routledge, Elmar Albers, Justin Estep, Gail L. Christeson, Michelle Harris, Thomas M. Belgrano, Jason B. Sylvan, Julia S. Reece, Emily R. Estes, Trevor Williams, on behalf of The South Atlantic Transect IODP Expedition 390 & 393 Scientists
Calcium carbonate precipitation in ageing ocean crust sequesters carbon dioxide dissolved in seawater through seafloor weathering reactions, influencing atmospheric CO2 concentrations on million-year timescales. However, this crustal carbon sink, and the extent it balances CO2 degassing during crustal formation at mid-ocean ridges, remain poorly quantified due to limited sampling of the vast ridge flanks where CO2 uptake continues for millions of years. Here we quantify the carbon sink hosted within talus breccias that accumulated through mass wasting 61 million years ago during rift faulting at the slow spreading Mid-Atlantic Ridge, cored during International Ocean Discovery Program South Atlantic Transect Expedition 390. After 40 million years of carbonate cementation, these breccias contain ~7.5 wt% seawater-derived CO2, 2 to 40 times more than previously cored upper crust. Our estimates of talus breccia abundance based on fault geometries indicate that talus formed at slow-spreading ridges can accommodate a CO2 sink equivalent to a large proportion of the CO2 released during accretion of the underlying crust. The proportion of plate divergence accommodated by faulting, and hence talus abundance, increases nonlinearly with decreasing spreading rate. Consequently, past variations in spreading rate may have impacted the balance between ocean crust CO2 release and uptake in Earth’s carbon cycle. Mass-wasting deposits that accumulated against mid-ocean ridge faults have high porosity in which calcium carbonate precipitated, storing seawater carbon dioxide, as revealed by cores of a 61-million-year-old seafloor talus deposit.
{"title":"A geological carbon cycle sink hosted by ocean crust talus breccias","authors":"Rosalind M. Coggon, Elliot J. Carter, Lewis J. C. Grant, Aled D. Evans, Christopher M. Lowery, Damon A. H. Teagle, Pamela D. Kempton, Matthew J. Cooper, Claire M. Routledge, Elmar Albers, Justin Estep, Gail L. Christeson, Michelle Harris, Thomas M. Belgrano, Jason B. Sylvan, Julia S. Reece, Emily R. Estes, Trevor Williams, on behalf of The South Atlantic Transect IODP Expedition 390 & 393 Scientists","doi":"10.1038/s41561-025-01839-5","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41561-025-01839-5","url":null,"abstract":"Calcium carbonate precipitation in ageing ocean crust sequesters carbon dioxide dissolved in seawater through seafloor weathering reactions, influencing atmospheric CO2 concentrations on million-year timescales. However, this crustal carbon sink, and the extent it balances CO2 degassing during crustal formation at mid-ocean ridges, remain poorly quantified due to limited sampling of the vast ridge flanks where CO2 uptake continues for millions of years. Here we quantify the carbon sink hosted within talus breccias that accumulated through mass wasting 61 million years ago during rift faulting at the slow spreading Mid-Atlantic Ridge, cored during International Ocean Discovery Program South Atlantic Transect Expedition 390. After 40 million years of carbonate cementation, these breccias contain ~7.5 wt% seawater-derived CO2, 2 to 40 times more than previously cored upper crust. Our estimates of talus breccia abundance based on fault geometries indicate that talus formed at slow-spreading ridges can accommodate a CO2 sink equivalent to a large proportion of the CO2 released during accretion of the underlying crust. The proportion of plate divergence accommodated by faulting, and hence talus abundance, increases nonlinearly with decreasing spreading rate. Consequently, past variations in spreading rate may have impacted the balance between ocean crust CO2 release and uptake in Earth’s carbon cycle. Mass-wasting deposits that accumulated against mid-ocean ridge faults have high porosity in which calcium carbonate precipitated, storing seawater carbon dioxide, as revealed by cores of a 61-million-year-old seafloor talus deposit.","PeriodicalId":19053,"journal":{"name":"Nature Geoscience","volume":"18 12","pages":"1279-1286"},"PeriodicalIF":16.1,"publicationDate":"2025-11-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.comhttps://www.nature.com/articles/s41561-025-01839-5.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145699209","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-24DOI: 10.1038/s41561-025-01880-4
Aliénor Lavergne
{"title":"Fingerprints of stratospheric particle transport and fallout","authors":"Aliénor Lavergne","doi":"10.1038/s41561-025-01880-4","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41561-025-01880-4","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19053,"journal":{"name":"Nature Geoscience","volume":"19 1","pages":"5-5"},"PeriodicalIF":16.1,"publicationDate":"2025-11-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145583074","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-21DOI: 10.1038/s41561-025-01856-4
Jinghao Qiu, Yao Zhang, Mengyang Cai, Trevor F. Keenan, Hongying Zhang, Pierre Gentine, Xiangzhong Luo, Mitra Cattry, Sha Zhou, Shilong Piao
Ecosystems are not only affected by current climate but are also shaped by antecedent climate through their influences on vegetation growth and environmental conditions. These lagged responses, known as memory effects, can either exacerbate or mitigate the impacts of climate extremes on ecosystem functions. However, the direction, strength and influential duration of memory effects on ecosystem productivity remain poorly understood. Here we implement an interpretable machine-learning framework based on eddy covariance data to model ecosystem gross primary productivity over the period 1995–2020 and further investigate the characteristics of memory effects on positive and negative extremes of ecosystem productivity. Our results show a large contribution from antecedent climate conditions (38.2%) to ecosystem productivity during extremes, with precipitation accounting for 42.2% of the memory effects, followed by temperature (22.1%) and vapour pressure deficit (20.8%). Extreme events conditioned by long-term climatic variations often cause higher productivity losses than short-term extremes, with semi-arid ecosystems exhibiting the largest productivity anomalies and prolonged memory effects. Our results highlight the role of memory effects in regulating carbon flux variations and provide an observation-constrained benchmark for these effects. Extreme events driven by long-term variations in precipitation, temperature and vapour pressure deficit often result in greater losses in ecosystem productivity than short-term extremes, according to an analysis of global eddy covariance flux data from 1995 to 2020.
{"title":"Large contribution of antecedent climate to ecosystem productivity anomalies during extreme events","authors":"Jinghao Qiu, Yao Zhang, Mengyang Cai, Trevor F. Keenan, Hongying Zhang, Pierre Gentine, Xiangzhong Luo, Mitra Cattry, Sha Zhou, Shilong Piao","doi":"10.1038/s41561-025-01856-4","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41561-025-01856-4","url":null,"abstract":"Ecosystems are not only affected by current climate but are also shaped by antecedent climate through their influences on vegetation growth and environmental conditions. These lagged responses, known as memory effects, can either exacerbate or mitigate the impacts of climate extremes on ecosystem functions. However, the direction, strength and influential duration of memory effects on ecosystem productivity remain poorly understood. Here we implement an interpretable machine-learning framework based on eddy covariance data to model ecosystem gross primary productivity over the period 1995–2020 and further investigate the characteristics of memory effects on positive and negative extremes of ecosystem productivity. Our results show a large contribution from antecedent climate conditions (38.2%) to ecosystem productivity during extremes, with precipitation accounting for 42.2% of the memory effects, followed by temperature (22.1%) and vapour pressure deficit (20.8%). Extreme events conditioned by long-term climatic variations often cause higher productivity losses than short-term extremes, with semi-arid ecosystems exhibiting the largest productivity anomalies and prolonged memory effects. Our results highlight the role of memory effects in regulating carbon flux variations and provide an observation-constrained benchmark for these effects. Extreme events driven by long-term variations in precipitation, temperature and vapour pressure deficit often result in greater losses in ecosystem productivity than short-term extremes, according to an analysis of global eddy covariance flux data from 1995 to 2020.","PeriodicalId":19053,"journal":{"name":"Nature Geoscience","volume":"19 1","pages":"25-32"},"PeriodicalIF":16.1,"publicationDate":"2025-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145560287","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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