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Nitrogen fixation in the North Atlantic supported by Gulf Stream eddy-borne diazotrophs 湾流涡带重氮营养体支持的北大西洋固氮作用
IF 18.3 1区 地球科学 Q1 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-10-11 DOI: 10.1038/s41561-024-01567-2
Cora Hoerstmann, Borja Aguiar-González, Stéphanie Barrillon, Cécile Carpaneto Bastos, Olivier Grosso, M. D. Pérez-Hernández, Andrea M. Doglioli, Anne A. Petrenko, Lidia I. Carracedo, Mar Benavides

Mesoscale oceanic eddies contribute to the redistribution of resources needed for plankton to thrive. However, due to their fluid-trapping capacity, they can also isolate plankton communities, subjecting them to rapidly changing environmental conditions. Diazotrophs, which fix dinitrogen (N2), are key members of the plankton community, providing reactive nitrogen, particularly in large nutrient-depleted regions such as subtropical gyres. However, there is still limited knowledge about how mesoscale structures characterized by specific local environmental conditions can affect the distribution and metabolic response of diazotrophs when compared with the large-scale dynamics of an oceanic region. Here we investigated genetic diazotroph diversity and N2 fixation rates in a transect across the Gulf Stream and two associated eddies, a region with intense mesoscale activity known for its important role in nutrient transport into the North Atlantic Gyre. We show that eddy edges are hotspots for diazotroph activity with potential community connectivity between eddies. Using a long-term mesoscale eddy database, we quantified N2 fixation rates as up to 17 times higher within eddies than in ambient waters, overall providing ~21 µmol N m−2 yr−1 to the region. Our results indicate that mesoscale eddies are hotspots of reactive nitrogen production within the broader marine nitrogen cycle.

中尺度海洋漩涡有助于重新分配浮游生物生长所需的资源。然而,由于中尺度洋流具有捕捉流体的能力,它们也会隔离浮游生物群落,使其受到快速变化的环境条件的影响。固定二氮(N2)的重氮营养体是浮游生物群落的关键成员,可提供活性氮,尤其是在亚热带大涡旋等营养贫乏地区。然而,与大洋区域的大尺度动态相比,人们对以当地特定环境条件为特征的中尺度结构如何影响重氮营养盐的分布和代谢反应的了解仍然有限。在这里,我们研究了湾流和两个相关漩涡横断面上的遗传重氮营养体多样性和氮固定率,湾流和两个相关漩涡是一个中尺度活动剧烈的区域,因其在北大西洋环流营养物质输送中的重要作用而闻名。我们的研究表明,漩涡边缘是重氮营养体活动的热点,漩涡之间具有潜在的群落连通性。利用长期的中尺度漩涡数据库,我们对漩涡内的 N2 固定率进行了量化,其固定率比环境水域高出 17 倍,总体上为该区域提供了约 21 µmol N m-2 yr-1。我们的研究结果表明,在更广泛的海洋氮循环中,中尺度漩涡是活性氮产生的热点。
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引用次数: 0
Utility of artificial intelligence in geoscience 人工智能在地球科学中的应用
IF 15.7 1区 地球科学 Q1 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-10-09 DOI: 10.1038/s41561-024-01548-5
Stefan Lachowycz
Nature Geoscience spoke with Dr Mariana Clare, a machine learning scientist at the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts; Prof. Haifeng Qian, an environmental scientist at Zhejiang University of Technology; and Dr Theresa Sawi, a seismologist at the US Geological Survey, about using artificial intelligence (AI) in their research and in geoscience generally.
自然-地球科学》采访了欧洲中期天气预报中心的机器学习科学家玛丽安娜-克莱尔(Mariana Clare)博士、浙江工业大学的环境科学家钱海峰教授和美国地质调查局的地震学家特雷莎-萨维(Theresa Sawi)博士,请他们谈谈如何将人工智能(AI)应用于他们的研究和整个地球科学领域。
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引用次数: 0
Collaboration between artificial intelligence and Earth science communities for mutual benefit 人工智能与地球科学界互利合作
IF 15.7 1区 地球科学 Q1 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-10-09 DOI: 10.1038/s41561-024-01550-x
Min Chen, Zhen Qian, Niklas Boers, Felix Creutzig, Gustau Camps-Valls, Klaus Hubacek, Christophe Claramunt, John P. Wilson, Stefano Nativi, Anthony J. Jakeman, R. Dietmar Müller, Michael Batty, Chenghu Zhou, Fahu Chen, Qiao Wang, Fan Zhang, C. Michael Barton, Josef Strobl, Michael Meadows, Carlo Ratti, Philipp Hess, Qingsong Xu, Zhixin Zhang, Qiushi Gu, A-Xing Zhu, Hui Lin, Linwang Yuan, Guonian Lü
Artificial intelligence is rapidly being integrated into Earth science, but how Earth science may benefit artificial intelligence has been overlooked. We call for mutual balancing between the two disciplines and improving cross-disciplinary collaboration.
人工智能正在迅速融入地球科学,但地球科学如何使人工智能受益却一直被忽视。我们呼吁两个学科之间相互平衡,加强跨学科合作。
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引用次数: 0
Advancing geoscience with AI 用人工智能推动地球科学发展
IF 15.7 1区 地球科学 Q1 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-10-09 DOI: 10.1038/s41561-024-01572-5
Artificial intelligence is increasingly enabling geoscience research. Ensuring community trust in its outcomes requires education and transparency.
人工智能正越来越多地为地球科学研究服务。要确保社区对其成果的信任,就需要开展教育和提高透明度。
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引用次数: 0
Olivine’s trembling transformations 奥利维娜颤抖的变化
IF 15.7 1区 地球科学 Q1 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-10-09 DOI: 10.1038/s41561-024-01547-6
Tomohiro Ohuchi
Olivine is stable and abundant in the Earth’s upper mantle, and its transformations may drive large earthquakes deeper in the mantle, as Tomohiro Ohuchi explains.
正如 Tomohiro Ohuchi 解释的那样,橄榄石在地球上地幔中稳定而丰富,它的转变可能会推动地幔深处发生大地震。
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引用次数: 0
Subarctic permafrost formation around seafloor seeps 海底渗流周围的亚北极永久冻土形成
IF 15.7 1区 地球科学 Q1 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-10-09 DOI: 10.1038/s41561-024-01549-4
Michael Angelopoulos, Charles K. Paull
Emerging evidence indicates that groundwater flow significantly impacts the distribution and characteristics of subsea permafrost, as well as the geomorphology of the subarctic seafloor.
新出现的证据表明,地下水流对海底永久冻土的分布和特征以及亚北极海底的地貌有重大影响。
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引用次数: 0
Photoferrotrophs are inhibited by denitrification in ferruginous habitats 铁锈色栖息地的反硝化作用对光食性生物有抑制作用
IF 18.3 1区 地球科学 Q1 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-10-08 DOI: 10.1038/s41561-024-01561-8
Laboratory experiments show that Fe(II) oxidizing phototrophic bacteria, or photoferrotrophs, thought to be a major depositor of Archean and Palaeoproterozoic iron formations, are inhibited by toxic intermediates produced during denitrification in iron-rich systems. This identifies a previously overlooked stressor impacting mineral formation by photoferrotrophs during early Earth history.
实验室实验表明,在富铁系统中,反硝化过程中产生的有毒中间产物会抑制铁(II)氧化光养细菌(或称光铁嗜酸菌)的作用,而光铁嗜酸菌被认为是奥陶纪和古新生代铁地层的主要沉积物。这确定了在地球早期历史中影响光铁锈体矿物形成的一个以前被忽视的压力源。
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引用次数: 0
Geodiversity challenges for a sustainable future 可持续未来的地质多样性挑战
IF 15.7 1区 地球科学 Q1 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-10-06 DOI: 10.1038/s41561-024-01551-w
Jack Matthews, Lucie Kubalíková, Ľubomír Štrba, Helena Tukiainen
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引用次数: 0
Inhibition of phototrophic iron oxidation by nitric oxide in ferruginous environments 一氧化氮对铁质环境中光养铁氧化的抑制作用
IF 18.3 1区 地球科学 Q1 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-10-04 DOI: 10.1038/s41561-024-01560-9
Verena Nikeleit, Adrian Mellage, Giorgio Bianchini, Lea Sauter, Steffen Buessecker, Stefanie Gotterbarm, Manuel Schad, Kurt Konhauser, Aubrey L. Zerkle, Patricia Sánchez-Baracaldo, Andreas Kappler, Casey Bryce

Anoxygenic phototrophic Fe(II) oxidizers (photoferrotrophs) are thought to have thrived in Earth’s ancient ferruginous oceans and played a primary role in the precipitation of Archaean and Palaeoproterozoic (3.8–1.85-billion-year-old) banded iron formations (BIFs). The end of BIF deposition by photoferrotrophs has been interpreted as the result of a deepening of water-column oxygenation below the photic zone, concomitant with the proliferation of cyanobacteria. However, photoferrotrophs may have experienced competition from other anaerobic Fe(II)-oxidizing microorganisms, altering the formation mechanism of BIFs. Here we utilize microbial incubations to show that nitrate-reducing Fe(II) oxidizers metabolically outcompete photoferrotrophs for dissolved Fe(II). Moreover, both experiments and numerical modelling show that the nitrate-reducing Fe(II) oxidizers inhibit photoferrotrophy via the production of toxic intermediates. Four different photoferrotrophs, representing both green sulfur and purple non-sulfur bacteria, are susceptible to this toxic effect despite having genomic capabilities for nitric oxide detoxification. Indeed, despite nitric oxide detoxification mechanisms being ubiquitous in some groups of phototrophs at the genomic level (for example, Chlorobi and Cyanobacteria) it is likely that they would still be affected. We suggest that the production of reactive nitrogen species during nitrate-reducing Fe(II) oxidation in ferruginous environments may have inhibited the activity of photoferrotrophs in the ancient oceans and thus impeded their role in the precipitation of BIFs.

据认为,无氧光养铁(II)氧化物(光铁藻)曾在地球的古铁锈海洋中繁衍生息,并在太古宙和古近纪(38-18.5 亿年前)带状铁层(BIFs)的沉淀过程中发挥了主要作用。光铁锈层沉积的结束被解释为光照区以下水柱含氧量加深以及蓝藻大量繁殖的结果。然而,光能嗜水生物可能经历了来自其他厌氧铁(II)氧化微生物的竞争,从而改变了 BIFs 的形成机制。在这里,我们利用微生物培养方法证明,硝酸盐还原型铁(II)氧化剂在代谢过程中会比光铁嗜水菌更容易获得溶解的铁(II)。此外,实验和数值模拟都表明,硝酸盐还原型铁(II)氧化剂通过产生有毒的中间产物来抑制光铁锈作用。代表绿色硫细菌和紫色非硫细菌的四种不同的光铁锈营养体,尽管基因组具有一氧化氮解毒能力,但都容易受到这种毒性效应的影响。事实上,尽管一氧化氮解毒机制在某些光养菌群(如绿僵菌和蓝藻)的基因组水平上无处不在,但它们仍有可能受到影响。我们认为,铁锈质环境中硝酸盐还原铁(II)氧化过程中产生的活性氮物种可能抑制了古海洋中光铁细菌的活性,从而阻碍了它们在 BIFs 沉淀过程中发挥作用。
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引用次数: 0
Observed decrease in Deep Western Boundary Current transport in subpolar North Atlantic 观测到北大西洋副极地深层西边界洋流湍流减少
IF 18.3 1区 地球科学 Q1 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2024-10-04 DOI: 10.1038/s41561-024-01555-6
G. Koman, A. S. Bower, N. P. Holliday, H. H. Furey, Y. Fu, T. C. Biló

The lower limb of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation is an important feature of Earth’s climate system as it returns recently ventilated water to the deep ocean and is a major sink for anthropogenic carbon. The Deep Western Boundary Current—the primary component of the lower limb—flows southwards along the eastern flank of Greenland transporting dense water formed in the Nordic seas. Since 2014, the Deep Western Boundary Current has been continuously monitored at this location from a mooring array to observe the current’s velocity and hydrographic structure close to its source. Here we find that the Deep Western Boundary Current transport has decreased by 26% over the first six years of observations, due to (1) a thinning of the traditionally defined Deep Western Boundary Current layer (σθ > 27.8 kg m−3) from a known freshening signal propagating through the subpolar region (56%), and (2) weakening velocities (44%). Despite this decrease, the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation has remained relatively steady over the same period. Ultimately, this difference is due to the methods used to define these two circulations. Finding such notably different trends for two seemingly dependent circulations raises the question of how to best define these transports.

大西洋经向翻转环流下缘是地球气候系统的一个重要特征,因为它将最近排出的海水送回深海,是人为碳的一个主要汇。深西边界流--下缘的主要组成部分--沿格陵兰岛东侧向南流动,输送在北欧海域形成的高密度海水。自 2014 年以来,深西边界流一直在该地点通过系泊阵列进行持续监测,以观察其源头附近的流速和水文结构。在此,我们发现,在最初六年的观测中,深西边界流的传输量减少了 26%,原因是:(1) 传统定义的深西边界流层(σθ > 27.8 kg m-3)变薄,而这一变薄来自于通过副极地地区传播的已知清新信号(56%);(2) 速度减弱(44%)。尽管速度减弱,大西洋经向翻转环流在同期却保持相对稳定。归根结底,这种差异是由于界定这两种环流的方法不同造成的。在两个看似相互依赖的环流中发现如此明显不同的趋势,这就提出了一个问题,即如何最好地定义这些输送。
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Nature Geoscience
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