Nature Geoscience最新文献

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Rare-earth-rich rhabdophane

IF 15.7 1区地球科学 Q1 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Nature Geoscience

Pub Date : 2025-02-11 DOI: 10.1038/s41561-024-01633-9

Tobias G. Bamforth

Rhabdophane contains high concentrations of the rare earth elements, yet Tobias Bamforth argues that it remains underappreciated as a significant host of these critical metals.

引用次数: 0

Annual-scale variability in both the rotation rate and near surface of Earth’s inner core

IF 18.3 1区地球科学 Q1 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Nature Geoscience

Pub Date : 2025-02-10 DOI: 10.1038/s41561-025-01642-2

John E. Vidale, Wei Wang, Ruoyan Wang, Guanning Pang, Keith Koper

The inner core has been inferred to change its rotation rate or shape over years to decades since the discovery of temporal variability in seismic waves from repeating earthquakes that travelled through the inner core. Recent work confirmed that the inner core rotated faster and then slower than the rest of Earth in the last few decades; this work analysed inner-core-traversing (PKIKP) seismic waves recorded by the Eielson (ILAR) and Yellowknife (YKA) arrays in northern North America from 121 repeating earthquake pairs between 1991 and 2023 in the South Sandwich Islands. Here we extend this set of repeating earthquakes and compare pairs at times when the inner core re-occupied the same position, revealing non-rotational changes at YKA but not ILAR between 2004 and 2008. We propose that these changes originate in the shallow inner core, and so affect the inner-core-grazing YKA ray paths more than the deeper-bottoming ray paths to ILAR. We thus resolve the long-standing debate on whether temporal variability in PKIKP waves results from rotation or more local action near the inner-core boundary: it is tentatively both. The changes near the inner-core boundary most likely result from viscous deformation driven by coupling between boundary topography and mantle density anomalies or traction on the inner core from outer-core convection.

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引用次数: 0

Earth’s inner core is changing in shape as well as in rotation rate

IF 18.3 1区地球科学 Q1 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Nature Geoscience

Pub Date : 2025-02-10 DOI: 10.1038/s41561-025-01647-x

The rigid-body motion of Earth’s wandering inner core has now been reliably tracked over the past 20 years. With this knowledge, we can compare seismic recordings obtained when the inner core returns to the same position after moving for several years. More is changing than just the inner core position; the soft outermost inner core probably deforms.

引用次数: 0

Rapid rise of early ocean pH under elevated weathering rates

IF 18.3 1区地球科学 Q1 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Nature Geoscience

Pub Date : 2025-02-10 DOI: 10.1038/s41561-025-01649-9

Meng Guo, Jun Korenaga

Ocean pH is a fundamental property regulating various aspects of Earth system evolution. However, early ocean pH remains controversial, with estimates ranging from strongly acidic to alkaline. Here we develop a model integrating global carbon cycling with ocean geochemistry, and incorporating continental growth and mantle thermal evolution. By coupling global carbon cycle with ocean charge balance, and by using solid Earth processes of mantle degassing and crustal evolution to specify the history of volatile distribution and ocean chemistry, we show that a rapid increase in ocean pH is likely during the Hadean to the early Archaean eons, with pH evolving from 5 to neutral by approximately 4.0 Gyr ago. This rapid pH evolution is attributed primarily to elevated rates of both seafloor and continental weathering during the Hadean. This acceleration in weathering rates originates in the unique aspects of Hadean geodynamics, including rapid crust formation, different crustal lithology and fast plate motion. Earth probably transformed from a hostile state to a habitable one by the end of the Hadean, approximately 4.0 Gyr ago, with important implications for planetary habitability and the origin of life.

海洋 pH 值是调节地球系统演化各方面的基本属性。然而，早期海洋的 pH 值仍然存在争议，估计值从强酸性到碱性不等。在这里，我们建立了一个模型，将全球碳循环与海洋地球化学结合起来，并纳入了大陆生长和地幔热演化。通过将全球碳循环与海洋电荷平衡结合起来，并利用地幔脱气和地壳演化的固体地球过程来具体说明挥发物分布和海洋化学的历史，我们表明海洋的pH值很可能在哈代至太古宙早期迅速上升，到大约4.0亿年前，pH值从5演化为中性。这种快速的 pH 值演变主要归因于黑影纪期间海底和大陆风化速率的加快。风化速率的加快源于哈代地球动力学的独特方面，包括快速的地壳形成、不同的地壳岩性和快速的板块运动。地球很可能在距今约 4.0 亿年前的黑影纪末期从敌对状态转变为宜居状态，这对行星的宜居性和生命起源具有重要影响。

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引用次数: 0

Geochemistry of lithospheric aqueous fluids modified by nanoconfinement

IF 15.7 1区地球科学 Q1 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Nature Geoscience

Pub Date : 2025-02-10 DOI: 10.1038/s41561-024-01629-5

Alireza Chogani, Helen E. King, Benjamin Tutolo, Aleksandar Živković, Oliver Plümper

Water is a principal component of Earth’s fluids, and its interaction with rocks governs lithospheric geochemical and geodynamic processes. Water–rock interactions are crucial in societally relevant resource management, including subsurface extraction and storage of energy, the deep carbon cycle and generating critical metal deposits. The prevailing view is that fluids navigate through the lithosphere without being influenced by the distinct properties that arise from matter confined at the nanoscale. Here we use electron microscopy and neutron scattering data to show that a diverse range of lithospheric rocks, including sandstones, peridotites and serpentinites, consistently show nanoporosity, predominantly with pore sizes < 100 nanometres. Using molecular dynamics simulations, we demonstrate that water’s dielectric permittivity—a fundamental property that governs its geochemical behaviour—diverges in nanoconfinement from its bulk counterpart under conditions ranging from ambient to extremes of 700 °C and 5 GPa. Our geochemical simulations suggest that changes in water permittivity due to confinement will decrease mineral solubility, a process that is not currently considered in models of fluid–rock interactions. Given that permittivity is also intimately linked to ion speciation, pore-size-dependent properties should be expected to exert a primary influence on rock reactivity and the geochemical evolution of fluids during fluid–rock interactions. Diverse lithospheric rocks show nanoporosity that changes the geochemistry of fluids and rock reactivity during fluid–rock interactions, according to a study including electron microscopy, molecular dynamics and thermodynamic modelling.

水是地球流体的主要成分，它与岩石的相互作用影响着岩石圈的地球化学和地球动力过程。水与岩石的相互作用对社会相关的资源管理至关重要，包括地下能源的开采和储存、深层碳循环以及关键金属矿床的生成。目前的主流观点认为，流体在岩石圈中穿行时不会受到纳米尺度物质所产生的独特性质的影响。在这里，我们利用电子显微镜和中子散射数据表明，各种岩石圈岩石，包括砂岩、橄榄岩和蛇纹岩，都持续显示出纳米孔隙度，主要是孔隙大小< 100纳米。利用分子动力学模拟，我们证明了水的介电常数--支配其地球化学行为的基本特性--在从环境到 700 °C 和 5 GPa 的极端条件下，其纳米孔隙率与其体积对应物存在差异。我们的地球化学模拟表明，封闭导致的水介电常数变化将降低矿物溶解度，而这一过程目前在流体-岩石相互作用模型中尚未被考虑。鉴于介电常数还与离子种类密切相关，因此在流体-岩石相互作用过程中，与孔隙大小相关的性质应该会对岩石反应性和流体的地球化学演化产生主要影响。

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引用次数: 0

Explainability can foster trust in artificial intelligence in geoscience

IF 15.7 1区地球科学 Q1 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Nature Geoscience

Pub Date : 2025-02-05 DOI: 10.1038/s41561-025-01639-x

Jesper Sören Dramsch, Monique M. Kuglitsch, Miguel-Ángel Fernández-Torres, Andrea Toreti, Rustem Arif Albayrak, Lorenzo Nava, Saman Ghaffarian, Ximeng Cheng, Jackie Ma, Wojciech Samek, Rudy Venguswamy, Anirudh Koul, Raghavan Muthuregunathan, Arthur Hrast Essenfelder

Uptake of explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) methods in geoscience is currently limited. We argue that such methods that reveal the decision processes of AI models can foster trust in their results and facilitate the broader adoption of AI.

引用次数: 0

Increased crevassing across accelerating Greenland Ice Sheet margins

IF 15.7 1区地球科学 Q1 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Nature Geoscience

Pub Date : 2025-02-03 DOI: 10.1038/s41561-024-01636-6

Thomas R. Chudley, Ian M. Howat, Michalea D. King, Emma J. MacKie

Surface crevassing on the Greenland Ice Sheet is a large source of uncertainty in processes controlling mass loss due to a lack of comprehensive observations of their location and evolution through time. Here we use high-resolution digital elevation models to map the three-dimensional volume of crevasse fields across the Greenland Ice Sheet in 2016 and 2021. We show that, between the two years, large and significant increases in crevasse volume occurred at marine-terminating sectors with accelerating flow (up to +25.3 ± 10.1% in the southeast sector), while the change in total ice-sheet-wide crevasse volume was within measurement error (+4.3 ± 5.9%). The sectoral increases were offset by a reduction in crevasse volume in the central west sector (−14.2 ± 3.2%), particularly at Sermeq Kujalleq (Jakobshavn Isbræ), which exhibited slowdown and thickening over the study period. Changes in crevasse volume correlate strongly with antecedent discharge changes, indicating that the acceleration of ice flow in Greenland forces significant increases in crevassing on a timescale of less than five years. This response provides a mechanism for mass-loss-promoting feedbacks on sub-decadal timescales, including increased calving, faster flow and accelerated water transfer to the bed. Greenland-wide observations of crevasse volume and distribution suggest substantial increases in crevassing between 2016 and 2021 at marine-terminating sectors with accelerating ice flow.

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引用次数: 0

Contribution of sandy beaches to the global marine silicon cycle

IF 15.7 1区地球科学 Q1 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Nature Geoscience

Pub Date : 2025-01-30 DOI: 10.1038/s41561-024-01628-6

Marius Aparicio, Antoine Le Bihan, Catherine Jeandel, Sebastien Fabre, Rafael Almar, Ivana M. Mingo

Dissolved silicon levels in the ocean, which can shape marine carbon cycling owing to silicon’s role as a nutrient, are largely controlled by influxes from land. While riverine and groundwater silicon fluxes are relatively well understood, this is not the case for inputs stemming from the intense physical mixing of beaches made up of silicon-rich minerals. Here we investigate how energy dissipation due to breaking waves influences quartz dissolution rates in an experimental setup simulating a sandy beach made of pure α-quartz. The concentrations of dissolved silicon obtained show a substantial increase in the dissolution rate due to wave action, supporting related previous findings. The observed laboratory physico-chemical mechanism is upscaled to the worldwide sandy coastlines using global reanalysis. Overall, controlling for differences in wave power and sea surface temperature, this suggests that beaches contribute 8.4 ± 3.0 Tmol of dissolved silicon to the ocean each year, which is similar to the flux coming from rivers. This suggests, on the basis of a statistical analysis, that the global abiotic silicon cycle may not be in steady state as had previously been assumed and that sandy beaches must be considered when developing silicon budgets for the global ocean. Waves breaking on sandy beaches globally contribute a similar amount of dissolved silicon to oceans as that from rivers, according to a global analysis informed by experiments performed on a simulated quartz sand beach.

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引用次数: 0

Burning of woody debris dominates fire emissions in the Amazon and Cerrado

IF 15.7 1区地球科学 Q1 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Nature Geoscience

Pub Date : 2025-01-27 DOI: 10.1038/s41561-024-01637-5

Matthias Forkel, Christine Wessollek, Vincent Huijnen, Niels Andela, Adrianus de Laat, Daniel Kinalczyk, Christopher Marrs, Dave van Wees, Ana Bastos, Philippe Ciais, Dominic Fawcett, Johannes W. Kaiser, Carine Klauberg, Erico Kutchartt, Rodrigo Leite, Wei Li, Carlos Silva, Stephen Sitch, Jefferson Goncalves De Souza, Sönke Zaehle, Stephen Plummer

The Amazon forest is fire sensitive, but, where fires were uncommon as a natural disturbance, deforestation and drought are accelerating fire occurrences, which threaten the integrity of the tropical forest, the carbon cycle and air quality. Fire emissions depend on fuel amount and type, moisture conditions and burning behaviour. Higher-resolution satellite data have helped more accurately map global burnt areas; however, the effects of fuels on the combustion process and on the composition of fire emissions remain uncertain in current fire emissions inventories. By using multiple Earth observation-based approaches, here we show that total fire emissions in the Amazon and Cerrado biomes are dominated by smouldering combustion of woody debris. The representation of woody debris and surface litter presents a critical uncertainty in fire emissions inventories and global vegetation models. For the fire season 1 August to 31 October 2020, for which all approaches are available, we found $$372^{605}_{277},mathrm{Tg}$$ (median and range across approaches) of dry matter burnt, corresponding to carbon monoxide emissions of $$39.1^{59}_{27},mathrm{Tg}$$ . Our results emphasize how Earth observation approaches for fuel and fire dynamics and of atmospheric trace gases reduce uncertainties of fire emission estimates. The findings enable diagnosing the representation of fuels, wildfire combustion and its effects on atmospheric composition and the carbon cycle in global vegetation–fire models. Fire emissions in the Amazon and Cerrado biomes are mainly produced from smouldering combustion of woody debris, according to observationally constrained fire emissions inventories.

{"title":"Burning of woody debris dominates fire emissions in the Amazon and Cerrado","authors":"Matthias Forkel, Christine Wessollek, Vincent Huijnen, Niels Andela, Adrianus de Laat, Daniel Kinalczyk, Christopher Marrs, Dave van Wees, Ana Bastos, Philippe Ciais, Dominic Fawcett, Johannes W. Kaiser, Carine Klauberg, Erico Kutchartt, Rodrigo Leite, Wei Li, Carlos Silva, Stephen Sitch, Jefferson Goncalves De Souza, Sönke Zaehle, Stephen Plummer","doi":"10.1038/s41561-024-01637-5","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41561-024-01637-5","url":null,"abstract":"The Amazon forest is fire sensitive, but, where fires were uncommon as a natural disturbance, deforestation and drought are accelerating fire occurrences, which threaten the integrity of the tropical forest, the carbon cycle and air quality. Fire emissions depend on fuel amount and type, moisture conditions and burning behaviour. Higher-resolution satellite data have helped more accurately map global burnt areas; however, the effects of fuels on the combustion process and on the composition of fire emissions remain uncertain in current fire emissions inventories. By using multiple Earth observation-based approaches, here we show that total fire emissions in the Amazon and Cerrado biomes are dominated by smouldering combustion of woody debris. The representation of woody debris and surface litter presents a critical uncertainty in fire emissions inventories and global vegetation models. For the fire season 1 August to 31 October 2020, for which all approaches are available, we found $$372^{605}_{277},mathrm{Tg}$$ (median and range across approaches) of dry matter burnt, corresponding to carbon monoxide emissions of $$39.1^{59}_{27},mathrm{Tg}$$ . Our results emphasize how Earth observation approaches for fuel and fire dynamics and of atmospheric trace gases reduce uncertainties of fire emission estimates. The findings enable diagnosing the representation of fuels, wildfire combustion and its effects on atmospheric composition and the carbon cycle in global vegetation–fire models. Fire emissions in the Amazon and Cerrado biomes are mainly produced from smouldering combustion of woody debris, according to observationally constrained fire emissions inventories.","PeriodicalId":19053,"journal":{"name":"Nature Geoscience","volume":"18 2","pages":"140-147"},"PeriodicalIF":15.7,"publicationDate":"2025-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143044122","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Deciphering unrest at Campi Flegrei

IF 15.7 1区地球科学 Q1 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Nature Geoscience

Pub Date : 2025-01-24 DOI: 10.1038/s41561-025-01640-4

Bruno Scaillet, Raffaello Cioni, Clive Oppenheimer

The cause of episodes of unrest at caldera volcanoes is often unclear. Analysis of the sulfur composition of gas emissions at Campi Flegrei in Italy suggests a magmatic origin of the recent unrest at this hazardous caldera.

引用次数: 0

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