Pub Date : 2024-07-19DOI: 10.1038/s41561-024-01483-5
Jiaxin Xie, Xiaomang Liu, Scott Jasechko, Wouter R. Berghuijs, Kaiwen Wang, Changming Liu, Markus Reichstein, Martin Jung, Sujan Koirala
Groundwater-sustained baseflow is a vital source of river flow, especially during dry seasons. The proportion of river flow sustained by baseflow—the baseflow index—is essential for assessing fluvial nutrient cycling and contaminant transport. However, the global baseflow index remains highly uncertain, with current Earth system model simulations ranging from 12% to 94%. Here we estimate the global baseflow index to be 59% ± 7% based on an emergent constraint approach, which integrates 50 Earth system models with baseflow indices derived from streamflow observations in 15,567 basins. Our observational constraint indicates that at least 21% ± 3% of precipitation recharges groundwater, which is approximately double the figure reported in the Sixth Assessment Report of the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Thus, our research suggests a more active role of groundwater in the global water cycle than most Earth system models currently simulate. We present evidence that the considerable disagreement in simulated baseflow stems from unrealistic and varied model representations of infiltration, aquifer structure and groundwater dynamics. These processes should be prioritized so that models can capture active groundwater–river connections. Groundwater supplies about 59% of global river flow, suggesting a larger contribution of groundwater to the global water cycle than currently appreciated, according to an analysis integrating estimates from models and observations.
{"title":"Majority of global river flow sustained by groundwater","authors":"Jiaxin Xie, Xiaomang Liu, Scott Jasechko, Wouter R. Berghuijs, Kaiwen Wang, Changming Liu, Markus Reichstein, Martin Jung, Sujan Koirala","doi":"10.1038/s41561-024-01483-5","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41561-024-01483-5","url":null,"abstract":"Groundwater-sustained baseflow is a vital source of river flow, especially during dry seasons. The proportion of river flow sustained by baseflow—the baseflow index—is essential for assessing fluvial nutrient cycling and contaminant transport. However, the global baseflow index remains highly uncertain, with current Earth system model simulations ranging from 12% to 94%. Here we estimate the global baseflow index to be 59% ± 7% based on an emergent constraint approach, which integrates 50 Earth system models with baseflow indices derived from streamflow observations in 15,567 basins. Our observational constraint indicates that at least 21% ± 3% of precipitation recharges groundwater, which is approximately double the figure reported in the Sixth Assessment Report of the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Thus, our research suggests a more active role of groundwater in the global water cycle than most Earth system models currently simulate. We present evidence that the considerable disagreement in simulated baseflow stems from unrealistic and varied model representations of infiltration, aquifer structure and groundwater dynamics. These processes should be prioritized so that models can capture active groundwater–river connections. Groundwater supplies about 59% of global river flow, suggesting a larger contribution of groundwater to the global water cycle than currently appreciated, according to an analysis integrating estimates from models and observations.","PeriodicalId":19053,"journal":{"name":"Nature Geoscience","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":15.7,"publicationDate":"2024-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141725801","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
As the world’s second most consumed resource, sand is being depleted at an alarming rate. China accounted for nearly half of the world’s sand consumption in 2012. Here we present a material flow analysis of sand from 1995 to 2020 that shows China’s overall sand supply surged by approximately 400% over the study period, yet the proportion of natural sand dropped from ~80% to ~21% due to the increasing use of manufactured sand. From 2010 to 2020, China’s natural sand supply nearly halved due to the strict policies on natural sand mining and the promotion of manufactured sand. This shift demonstrates a possibility for mitigating impacts on natural sand resources during industrialization and urbanization. The increasing use of manufactured sand in China since 2010 has greatly reduced the proportion of natural sand in the country’s total sand supply, from 80% in 1995 to 21% in 2020, according to a material flow analysis of sand in China.
{"title":"Substantial increase in China’s manufactured sand supply since 2010","authors":"Heming Wang, Peng Wang, Xu Zhang, Wei-Qiang Chen, Asaf Tzachor, Tomer Fishman, Heinz Schandl, Michele Acuto, Yi Yang, Yingying Lu, Catrin Böcher, Fengmei Ma, Chao Zhang, Qiang Yue, Tao Du, Jianguo Liu, Yong-Guan Zhu","doi":"10.1038/s41561-024-01501-6","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41561-024-01501-6","url":null,"abstract":"As the world’s second most consumed resource, sand is being depleted at an alarming rate. China accounted for nearly half of the world’s sand consumption in 2012. Here we present a material flow analysis of sand from 1995 to 2020 that shows China’s overall sand supply surged by approximately 400% over the study period, yet the proportion of natural sand dropped from ~80% to ~21% due to the increasing use of manufactured sand. From 2010 to 2020, China’s natural sand supply nearly halved due to the strict policies on natural sand mining and the promotion of manufactured sand. This shift demonstrates a possibility for mitigating impacts on natural sand resources during industrialization and urbanization. The increasing use of manufactured sand in China since 2010 has greatly reduced the proportion of natural sand in the country’s total sand supply, from 80% in 1995 to 21% in 2020, according to a material flow analysis of sand in China.","PeriodicalId":19053,"journal":{"name":"Nature Geoscience","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":15.7,"publicationDate":"2024-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141725900","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-16DOI: 10.1038/s41561-024-01495-1
Yanhao Lin, Takayuki Ishii, Wim van Westrenen, Tomoo Katsura, Ho-Kwang Mao
Heat delivered from accretionary impacts is thought to have led to extensive melting of early Earth’s silicate mantle, resulting in a deep magma ocean covering the surface. The mantle’s oxygen fugacity is thought to have increased over accretion and core formation due to increasingly oxidated impactors and lower mantle self-oxidation, but the influence of this on the solidus of deep primitive mantle materials has not been well constrained. Here we assess the effect of oxygen fugacity on conditions at the bottom of a magma ocean by experimentally determining the solidus of mantle pyrolite at pressures of 16–26 GPa at high oxygen fugacities. We find that over this pressure range, the solidus in experiments conducted under oxidizing conditions is at least 230–450 °C lower than in experiments conducted under more reducing conditions. Assuming constant magma ocean temperature, this would imply a magma ocean floor that deepens by about 60 km for each log unit increase in mantle oxygen fugacity. The strong influence of oxygen fugacity on mantle melting suggests that models of early Earth thermal evolution and geochemical models of core formation should be reassessed. The melting behaviour of Earth’s primitive mantle was strongly sensitive to changes in oxygen fugacity, according to high-pressure experiments on pyrolite under different redox conditions.
{"title":"Melting at the base of a terrestrial magma ocean controlled by oxygen fugacity","authors":"Yanhao Lin, Takayuki Ishii, Wim van Westrenen, Tomoo Katsura, Ho-Kwang Mao","doi":"10.1038/s41561-024-01495-1","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41561-024-01495-1","url":null,"abstract":"Heat delivered from accretionary impacts is thought to have led to extensive melting of early Earth’s silicate mantle, resulting in a deep magma ocean covering the surface. The mantle’s oxygen fugacity is thought to have increased over accretion and core formation due to increasingly oxidated impactors and lower mantle self-oxidation, but the influence of this on the solidus of deep primitive mantle materials has not been well constrained. Here we assess the effect of oxygen fugacity on conditions at the bottom of a magma ocean by experimentally determining the solidus of mantle pyrolite at pressures of 16–26 GPa at high oxygen fugacities. We find that over this pressure range, the solidus in experiments conducted under oxidizing conditions is at least 230–450 °C lower than in experiments conducted under more reducing conditions. Assuming constant magma ocean temperature, this would imply a magma ocean floor that deepens by about 60 km for each log unit increase in mantle oxygen fugacity. The strong influence of oxygen fugacity on mantle melting suggests that models of early Earth thermal evolution and geochemical models of core formation should be reassessed. The melting behaviour of Earth’s primitive mantle was strongly sensitive to changes in oxygen fugacity, according to high-pressure experiments on pyrolite under different redox conditions.","PeriodicalId":19053,"journal":{"name":"Nature Geoscience","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":15.7,"publicationDate":"2024-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41561-024-01495-1.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141624980","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-15DOI: 10.1038/s41561-024-01504-3
Lei Liu, Zhang Wen, Sheng Liu, Xiuying Zhang, Xuejun Liu
{"title":"Publisher Correction: Decline in atmospheric nitrogen deposition in China between 2010 and 2020","authors":"Lei Liu, Zhang Wen, Sheng Liu, Xiuying Zhang, Xuejun Liu","doi":"10.1038/s41561-024-01504-3","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41561-024-01504-3","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19053,"journal":{"name":"Nature Geoscience","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":15.7,"publicationDate":"2024-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41561-024-01504-3.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141968523","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-12DOI: 10.1038/s41561-024-01499-x
The Holocene flooding and sedimentation history of the Nile illustrates how fluvial geomorphology has long influenced human society.
尼罗河全新世的洪水和沉积历史说明了河川地貌如何长期影响着人类社会。
{"title":"Lessons from the Nile about rivers and society","authors":"","doi":"10.1038/s41561-024-01499-x","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41561-024-01499-x","url":null,"abstract":"The Holocene flooding and sedimentation history of the Nile illustrates how fluvial geomorphology has long influenced human society.","PeriodicalId":19053,"journal":{"name":"Nature Geoscience","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":15.7,"publicationDate":"2024-07-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41561-024-01499-x.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141597757","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-12DOI: 10.1038/s41561-024-01478-2
Mostafa Kiani Shahvandi, Surendra Adhikari, Mathieu Dumberry, Sadegh Modiri, Robert Heinkelmann, Harald Schuh, Siddhartha Mishra, Benedikt Soja
Earth’s spin axis slowly moves relative to the crust over time. A 120-year-long record of this polar motion from astronomical and more modern geodetic measurements displays interannual and multidecadal fluctuations of 20 to 40 milliarcseconds superimposed on a secular trend of about 3 milliarcseconds per year. Earth’s polar motion is thought to be driven by various surface and interior processes, but how these processes operate and interact to produce the observed signal remains enigmatic. Here we show that predictions made by an ensemble of physics-informed neural networks trained on measurements to capture geophysical processes can explain the main features of the observed polar motion. We find that glacial isostatic adjustment and mantle convection primarily account for the secular trend. Mass redistribution on the Earth’s surface—for example, ice melting and global changes in water storage—yields a relatively weak trend but explains about 90% of the interannual and multidecadal variations. We also find that core processes contribute to both the secular trend and fluctuations in polar motion, either due to variations in torque at the core–mantle boundary or dynamical feedback of the core in response to surface mass changes. Our findings provide constraints on core–mantle interactions for which observations are rare and global ice mass balance over the past century and suggest feedback operating between climate-related surface processes and core dynamics. Core processes, dynamically linked to mantle and climate-related surface processes, contribute to both the long-term trend and shorter-term fluctuations observed in Earth’s polar motion, according to predictions from physics-informed neural networks.
{"title":"Contributions of core, mantle and climatological processes to Earth’s polar motion","authors":"Mostafa Kiani Shahvandi, Surendra Adhikari, Mathieu Dumberry, Sadegh Modiri, Robert Heinkelmann, Harald Schuh, Siddhartha Mishra, Benedikt Soja","doi":"10.1038/s41561-024-01478-2","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41561-024-01478-2","url":null,"abstract":"Earth’s spin axis slowly moves relative to the crust over time. A 120-year-long record of this polar motion from astronomical and more modern geodetic measurements displays interannual and multidecadal fluctuations of 20 to 40 milliarcseconds superimposed on a secular trend of about 3 milliarcseconds per year. Earth’s polar motion is thought to be driven by various surface and interior processes, but how these processes operate and interact to produce the observed signal remains enigmatic. Here we show that predictions made by an ensemble of physics-informed neural networks trained on measurements to capture geophysical processes can explain the main features of the observed polar motion. We find that glacial isostatic adjustment and mantle convection primarily account for the secular trend. Mass redistribution on the Earth’s surface—for example, ice melting and global changes in water storage—yields a relatively weak trend but explains about 90% of the interannual and multidecadal variations. We also find that core processes contribute to both the secular trend and fluctuations in polar motion, either due to variations in torque at the core–mantle boundary or dynamical feedback of the core in response to surface mass changes. Our findings provide constraints on core–mantle interactions for which observations are rare and global ice mass balance over the past century and suggest feedback operating between climate-related surface processes and core dynamics. Core processes, dynamically linked to mantle and climate-related surface processes, contribute to both the long-term trend and shorter-term fluctuations observed in Earth’s polar motion, according to predictions from physics-informed neural networks.","PeriodicalId":19053,"journal":{"name":"Nature Geoscience","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":15.7,"publicationDate":"2024-07-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41561-024-01478-2.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141597607","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-12DOI: 10.1038/s41561-024-01491-5
Lei Huang, R. Iestyn Woolway, Axel Timmermann, Sun-Seon Lee, Keith B. Rodgers, Ryohei Yamaguchi
Lake surface temperatures are projected to increase under climate change, which could trigger shifts in the future distribution of thermally sensitive aquatic species. Of particular concern for lake ecosystems are when temperatures increase outside the range of natural variability, without analogue either today or in the past. However, our knowledge of when such no-analogue conditions will appear remains uncertain. Here, using daily outputs from a large ensemble of SSP3-7.0 Earth system model projections, we show that these conditions will emerge at the surface of many northern lakes under a global warming of 4.0 °C above pre-industrial conditions. No-analogue conditions will occur sooner, under 2.4 °C of warming, at lower latitudes, primarily due to a weaker range of natural variability, which increases the likelihood of the upper natural limit of lake temperature being exceeded. Similar patterns are also projected in subsurface water, with no-analogue conditions occurring first at low latitudes and occurring last, if at all, at higher latitudes. Our study suggests that global warming will induce changes across the water column, particularly at low latitudes, leading to the emergence of unparalleled climates with no modern counterparts, probably affecting their habitability and leading to rearrangements of freshwater habitats this century. Earth system models project that lake temperatures will warm beyond the range of natural variability to which aquatic ecosystems are adapted in the coming decades, with conditions exceeding natural analogues sooner at lower latitudes.
在气候变化的影响下，湖泊表面温度预计会升高，这可能会导致对温度敏感的水生物种的未来分布发生变化。对于湖泊生态系统来说，尤其值得关注的是，当温度上升超出自然变化范围时，无论是现在还是过去，都不会出现类似情况。然而，我们对这种无类比条件何时出现的了解仍不确定。在这里，我们利用 SSP3-7.0 地球系统模型预测的大型集合的日输出结果，表明在全球变暖比工业化前温度高 4.0 °C 的情况下，北方许多湖泊的表面将出现这种情况。在全球变暖 2.4 ℃ 的情况下，低纬度地区将更快出现类似情况，这主要是由于自然变率范围较小，从而增加了湖泊温度超过自然上限的可能性。类似的模式也会出现在地下水中，低纬度地区会首先出现无模拟条件，而高纬度地区则会最后出现（如果有的话）。我们的研究表明，全球变暖将引起整个水体的变化，尤其是在低纬度地区，从而导致出现无与伦比的现代气候，这可能会影响它们的可居住性，并导致本世纪淡水栖息地的重新布局。
{"title":"Emergence of lake conditions that exceed natural temperature variability","authors":"Lei Huang, R. Iestyn Woolway, Axel Timmermann, Sun-Seon Lee, Keith B. Rodgers, Ryohei Yamaguchi","doi":"10.1038/s41561-024-01491-5","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41561-024-01491-5","url":null,"abstract":"Lake surface temperatures are projected to increase under climate change, which could trigger shifts in the future distribution of thermally sensitive aquatic species. Of particular concern for lake ecosystems are when temperatures increase outside the range of natural variability, without analogue either today or in the past. However, our knowledge of when such no-analogue conditions will appear remains uncertain. Here, using daily outputs from a large ensemble of SSP3-7.0 Earth system model projections, we show that these conditions will emerge at the surface of many northern lakes under a global warming of 4.0 °C above pre-industrial conditions. No-analogue conditions will occur sooner, under 2.4 °C of warming, at lower latitudes, primarily due to a weaker range of natural variability, which increases the likelihood of the upper natural limit of lake temperature being exceeded. Similar patterns are also projected in subsurface water, with no-analogue conditions occurring first at low latitudes and occurring last, if at all, at higher latitudes. Our study suggests that global warming will induce changes across the water column, particularly at low latitudes, leading to the emergence of unparalleled climates with no modern counterparts, probably affecting their habitability and leading to rearrangements of freshwater habitats this century. Earth system models project that lake temperatures will warm beyond the range of natural variability to which aquatic ecosystems are adapted in the coming decades, with conditions exceeding natural analogues sooner at lower latitudes.","PeriodicalId":19053,"journal":{"name":"Nature Geoscience","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":15.7,"publicationDate":"2024-07-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41561-024-01491-5.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141597609","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Silica in a state of shock","authors":"Falko Langenhorst","doi":"10.1038/s41561-024-01477-3","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41561-024-01477-3","url":null,"abstract":"Simple silica exists in many forms on Earth, as Falko Langenhorst explains. Some of these polymorphs can shed light on the Earth’s violent past.","PeriodicalId":19053,"journal":{"name":"Nature Geoscience","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":15.7,"publicationDate":"2024-07-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141597761","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-11DOI: 10.1038/s41561-024-01489-z
David Hernández-Uribe
The geodynamic setting leading to the formation of Earth’s first continents remains debated. Zircons preserved in Archaean granitoids record evidence of a relatively oxidizing and wet magmatic source. Subduction-related mechanisms for the formation of Archaean granitoids have been invoked to explain these signatures, suggesting an early initiation of subduction on Earth between 4.0 and 3.6 billion years ago, in the Eoarchaean era. Here I use forward petrological modelling and Monte Carlo randomization models to show that relatively oxidizing and wet magmas resembling Archaean granitoids worldwide can occur from melts derived from the partial melting of an overthickened mafic crust in a non-subduction scenario. The formation of oxidizing and wet magmatic signatures is therefore not diagnostic of continental crust generation by subduction or of subduction initiation in the Eoarchaean. Instead, the apparent observed increase in oxygen fugacity and water contents during the Eoarchaean may indicate magmatic thickening and melting of overthickened crust with time, suggesting that this process may have contributed to the development of Earth’s first continents. The high oxygen fugacities and water contents recorded by zircons from Archaean granitoids can be explained by partial melting at the base of overthickened oceanic crust without requiring subduction, according to a phase equilibrium modelling study.
{"title":"Generation of Archaean oxidizing and wet magmas from mafic crustal overthickening","authors":"David Hernández-Uribe","doi":"10.1038/s41561-024-01489-z","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41561-024-01489-z","url":null,"abstract":"The geodynamic setting leading to the formation of Earth’s first continents remains debated. Zircons preserved in Archaean granitoids record evidence of a relatively oxidizing and wet magmatic source. Subduction-related mechanisms for the formation of Archaean granitoids have been invoked to explain these signatures, suggesting an early initiation of subduction on Earth between 4.0 and 3.6 billion years ago, in the Eoarchaean era. Here I use forward petrological modelling and Monte Carlo randomization models to show that relatively oxidizing and wet magmas resembling Archaean granitoids worldwide can occur from melts derived from the partial melting of an overthickened mafic crust in a non-subduction scenario. The formation of oxidizing and wet magmatic signatures is therefore not diagnostic of continental crust generation by subduction or of subduction initiation in the Eoarchaean. Instead, the apparent observed increase in oxygen fugacity and water contents during the Eoarchaean may indicate magmatic thickening and melting of overthickened crust with time, suggesting that this process may have contributed to the development of Earth’s first continents. The high oxygen fugacities and water contents recorded by zircons from Archaean granitoids can be explained by partial melting at the base of overthickened oceanic crust without requiring subduction, according to a phase equilibrium modelling study.","PeriodicalId":19053,"journal":{"name":"Nature Geoscience","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":15.7,"publicationDate":"2024-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141584302","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-08DOI: 10.1038/s41561-024-01484-4
Lei Liu, Zhang Wen, Sheng Liu, Xiuying Zhang, Xuejun Liu
The deposition of atmospheric nitrogen sourced from emissions has broad environmental consequences, but long-term measurements of recent air pollution control and nitrogen management effectiveness in China are rare. Here we report measurements from a ground-based monitoring network that show a 14% decline in the rate of nitrogen deposition over China from 2010 to 2020, including a 34% decrease in oxidized nitrogen (mainly industrial) and a 10% decline in reduced nitrogen (mostly agricultural) with larger declines over eastern China. The increasing ratio of reduced to oxidized nitrogen deposition (from 1.5 to 2.0 between 2010 and 2020) underscores the need for effective agricultural nitrogen management. Nitrogen deposition in China decreased by 14% between 2010 and 2020, with greater declines in nitrogen from industrial than agricultural sources, according to decadal observations of atmospheric deposition of different forms of reactive nitrogen.
{"title":"Decline in atmospheric nitrogen deposition in China between 2010 and 2020","authors":"Lei Liu, Zhang Wen, Sheng Liu, Xiuying Zhang, Xuejun Liu","doi":"10.1038/s41561-024-01484-4","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41561-024-01484-4","url":null,"abstract":"The deposition of atmospheric nitrogen sourced from emissions has broad environmental consequences, but long-term measurements of recent air pollution control and nitrogen management effectiveness in China are rare. Here we report measurements from a ground-based monitoring network that show a 14% decline in the rate of nitrogen deposition over China from 2010 to 2020, including a 34% decrease in oxidized nitrogen (mainly industrial) and a 10% decline in reduced nitrogen (mostly agricultural) with larger declines over eastern China. The increasing ratio of reduced to oxidized nitrogen deposition (from 1.5 to 2.0 between 2010 and 2020) underscores the need for effective agricultural nitrogen management. Nitrogen deposition in China decreased by 14% between 2010 and 2020, with greater declines in nitrogen from industrial than agricultural sources, according to decadal observations of atmospheric deposition of different forms of reactive nitrogen.","PeriodicalId":19053,"journal":{"name":"Nature Geoscience","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":15.7,"publicationDate":"2024-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141557200","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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