Penicillium expansum, one of the patulin producing fungi that causes decay on apple, is recognized as the main source of patulin contamination on apple and apple products. The widely used method for patulin analysis in apple juice is liquid-liquid extraction with ethyl acetate followed by HPLC-UV or LC-MS detection. Previous studies have shown cyclodextrin polymers to exhibit favorable adsorption properties for several classes of small organic molecules, including patulin in apple juice. In this study, an insoluble polymer composed of cyclodextrin crosslinked with 4 ,4 ʼ -methylenebis(phenyl isocyanate) was synthesized for use in the solid phase extraction of patulin from apple juice. Conditions investigated for this method were solvent for column conditioning, sample volume to load patulin on the column, solvent for washing, and solvent and volume for patulin elution and optimized recovery of patulin from the column. At the optimized conditions, the recovery and relative standard deviation (RSD) of patulin from apple juice spiked at 10, 20, 50, 80 and 100 ng mL were 78 and 20 %, 71 and 13 %, 78 and 17 %, 71 and 7.1 %, 67 and 2.9 %, respectively. Limit of quantitation (LOQ) of patulin in apple juice by this method was 10 ng mL.
膨胀青霉是一种产生棒曲霉素的真菌，能引起苹果的腐烂，被认为是苹果和苹果产品棒曲霉素污染的主要来源。常用的苹果汁中棒曲霉素分析方法是乙酸乙酯液液萃取- HPLC-UV或LC-MS检测。先前的研究表明，环糊精聚合物对几类小有机分子具有良好的吸附性能，包括苹果汁中的展霉素。以环糊精与4,4′-亚甲基双(苯基异氰酸酯)交联为原料合成了一种不溶性聚合物，用于固相萃取苹果汁中的展霉素。考察了色谱柱的溶剂条件、柱上装展青霉素的进样量、洗涤溶剂条件、展青霉素洗脱的溶剂和体积条件，并优化了展青霉素的回收率。在优化条件下，在10、20、50、80和100 ng mL加标条件下，苹果汁中展青霉素的回收率和相对标准偏差分别为78%和20%、71%和13%、78%和17%、71%和7.1%、67%和2.9%。该方法在苹果汁中棒曲霉素的定量限为10 ng mL。
{"title":"Use of cyclodextrin-based polymer for patulin analysis in apple juice","authors":"Takashi Shirasawa, M. Ueda, M. Appell, T. Goto","doi":"10.2520/MYCO.63.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2520/MYCO.63.1","url":null,"abstract":"Penicillium expansum, one of the patulin producing fungi that causes decay on apple, is recognized as the main source of patulin contamination on apple and apple products. The widely used method for patulin analysis in apple juice is liquid-liquid extraction with ethyl acetate followed by HPLC-UV or LC-MS detection. Previous studies have shown cyclodextrin polymers to exhibit favorable adsorption properties for several classes of small organic molecules, including patulin in apple juice. In this study, an insoluble polymer composed of cyclodextrin crosslinked with 4 ,4 ʼ -methylenebis(phenyl isocyanate) was synthesized for use in the solid phase extraction of patulin from apple juice. Conditions investigated for this method were solvent for column conditioning, sample volume to load patulin on the column, solvent for washing, and solvent and volume for patulin elution and optimized recovery of patulin from the column. At the optimized conditions, the recovery and relative standard deviation (RSD) of patulin from apple juice spiked at 10, 20, 50, 80 and 100 ng mL were 78 and 20 %, 71 and 13 %, 78 and 17 %, 71 and 7.1 %, 67 and 2.9 %, respectively. Limit of quantitation (LOQ) of patulin in apple juice by this method was 10 ng mL.","PeriodicalId":19069,"journal":{"name":"Mycotoxins","volume":"36 1","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77963139","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"New evolution in fumonisin production and contamination in foods","authors":"S. Tabata","doi":"10.2520/MYCO.63.191","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2520/MYCO.63.191","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19069,"journal":{"name":"Mycotoxins","volume":"17 1","pages":"191-199"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86909577","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Fusarium species are plant pathogenic fungi commonly found in the field. Wet and temperate weather during the growth of grain plants often results in diseases caused by several Fusarium species, which cause two forms of agricul-tural damage: a reduction in harvest (shriveled grains) and a threat to food safety (contamination of grains by mycotoxins). Since 2001 , I have been involved in the development of analytical methods for major Fusarium toxins that can potentially pollute crop grains (especially rice and wheat) and the investigation of the retention of these toxins during processing, such as milling. In this review, I will present two topics; “ Detection of fumonisins in rice ” and “ Retention of deoxynivalenol and nivalenol during milling of wheat ” . .
{"title":"Analysis of major Fusarium toxins and their retention during processing","authors":"M. Kushiro","doi":"10.2520/MYCO.63.117","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2520/MYCO.63.117","url":null,"abstract":"Fusarium species are plant pathogenic fungi commonly found in the field. Wet and temperate weather during the growth of grain plants often results in diseases caused by several Fusarium species, which cause two forms of agricul-tural damage: a reduction in harvest (shriveled grains) and a threat to food safety (contamination of grains by mycotoxins). Since 2001 , I have been involved in the development of analytical methods for major Fusarium toxins that can potentially pollute crop grains (especially rice and wheat) and the investigation of the retention of these toxins during processing, such as milling. In this review, I will present two topics; “ Detection of fumonisins in rice ” and “ Retention of deoxynivalenol and nivalenol during milling of wheat ” . .","PeriodicalId":19069,"journal":{"name":"Mycotoxins","volume":"23 39 1","pages":"117-131"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90275055","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Prevention of aflatoxin contamination by biocontrol","authors":"S. Sakuda","doi":"10.2520/MYCO.63.217","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2520/MYCO.63.217","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19069,"journal":{"name":"Mycotoxins","volume":"1 1","pages":"217-224"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77237503","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Development of quick detection system of mycotoxins using fluorescence fingerprint","authors":"J. Sugiyama","doi":"10.2520/MYCO.63.201","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2520/MYCO.63.201","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19069,"journal":{"name":"Mycotoxins","volume":"45 1","pages":"201-208"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77660672","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Fusarium species are common fi lamentous fungi, and are distributed worldwide in crop fi elds. Some of the species are known to produce mycotoxins such as trichothecenes, zearalenone, and fumonisins, which are responsible for mycotoxicoses in humans and animals. Since 1980 , I have been studying the chemical characteristics of selected Fusarium species, along with plant and murine pathogenicity caused by Fusarium crookwellense and Fusarium solani , respectively. In this review, I outline my experimental Fusarium studies, including some experiences during those studies.
{"title":"Fusarium species: Mycotoxin production, and plant and murine pathogenicity","authors":"Y. Sugiura","doi":"10.2520/MYCO.62.49","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2520/MYCO.62.49","url":null,"abstract":"Fusarium species are common fi lamentous fungi, and are distributed worldwide in crop fi elds. Some of the species are known to produce mycotoxins such as trichothecenes, zearalenone, and fumonisins, which are responsible for mycotoxicoses in humans and animals. Since 1980 , I have been studying the chemical characteristics of selected Fusarium species, along with plant and murine pathogenicity caused by Fusarium crookwellense and Fusarium solani , respectively. In this review, I outline my experimental Fusarium studies, including some experiences during those studies.","PeriodicalId":19069,"journal":{"name":"Mycotoxins","volume":"42 1","pages":"49-61"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81677078","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Summary Economically devastating outbreaks and epidemics of Fusarium head blight (FHB) or scab of wheat and barley have occurred worldwide over the past two decades. Although the primary etiological agent of FHB was thought to comprise a single panmictic species, Fusarium graminearum, a series of studies we conducted over the past decade, employing genealogical concordance/discordance phylogenetic species recognition (GCPSR) 1) , revealed that this morphospecies comprises at least 16 phylogenetically distinct species (referred to hereafter as the F. graminearum species complex ＝FGSC). Results of a multilocus molecular phylogeny, based on maximum parsimony and maximum likelihood analyses of 12 combined genes comprising 16.3 kb of aligned DNA sequence data, suggest that the different species groups within the FGSC radiated in Asia, North America, South America, Australia and/or Africa. The significant biogeographic structure of these lineages, together with evidence of disjunct species in Asia and North America, are consistent with widespread allopatric speciation within the FGSC. In contrast to the results obtained using GCPSR, morphological species recognition using conidial characters and colony morphology was only able to distinguish 6 species and 3 species groups among the 16 species within the FGSC, highlighting the need for sensitive molecular diagnostic tools to facilitate species identifi cation. A validated multilocus genotyping assay was developed to address the need for species determination and trichothecene toxin chemotype prediction, and this assay has been extraordinarily useful in the discovery of novel FGSC species represented in our global FHB surveys. Ongoing molecular and phenotypic analyses are being conducted to elucidate the full spectrum of FHB pathogen diversity, their trichothecene toxin potential and biogeographic distribution. Increased understanding of the distribution and agricultural signifi cance of variation within the FGSC is needed for the development of novel disease and mycotoxin control strategies, including improvements in agricultural biosecurity designed to limit the introduction and spread of non-indigenous FHB pathogens.
在过去的二十年里，小麦和大麦枯萎病(FHB)在世界范围内发生了具有经济破坏性的暴发和流行。虽然FHB的主要病原被认为是由一个单一的泛菌种——镰刀菌(Fusarium graminearum)组成，但我们在过去十年中进行的一系列研究，采用谱系一致性/不一致性系统发育物种识别(GCPSR) 1)，揭示了该形态物种包括至少16个系统发育上不同的物种(以下称为F. graminearum species complex =FGSC)。基于对12个组合基因(16.3 kb对齐DNA序列数据)的最大简约性和最大似然分析的多位点分子系统发育结果表明，FGSC内的不同物种群辐射于亚洲、北美、南美、澳大利亚和/或非洲。这些谱系的重要生物地理结构，以及亚洲和北美的分离物种的证据，与FGSC内广泛的异域物种形成一致。与使用GCPSR获得的结果相比，利用分生孢子特征和菌落形态进行形态学物种识别只能区分FGSC内16个物种中的6个物种和3个物种群，这突出表明需要灵敏的分子诊断工具来促进物种识别。我们开发了一种经过验证的多位点基因分型方法，以解决物种确定和毛霉毒素化学型预测的需求，该方法在我们全球FHB调查中发现新的FGSC物种时非常有用。目前正在进行分子和表型分析，以阐明FHB病原体多样性的全谱，它们的毛霉毒素潜力和生物地理分布。需要进一步了解FGSC内变异的分布和农业意义，以制定新的疾病和真菌毒素控制策略，包括改善农业生物安全，以限制非本地FHB病原体的引入和传播。
{"title":"Systematics, Phylogeny and Trichothecene Mycotoxin Potential of Fusarium Head Blight Cereal Pathogens","authors":"T. Aoki, T. Ward, H. Kistler, Kerry O'Donnell","doi":"10.2520/MYCO.62.91","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2520/MYCO.62.91","url":null,"abstract":"Summary Economically devastating outbreaks and epidemics of Fusarium head blight (FHB) or scab of wheat and barley have occurred worldwide over the past two decades. Although the primary etiological agent of FHB was thought to comprise a single panmictic species, Fusarium graminearum, a series of studies we conducted over the past decade, employing genealogical concordance/discordance phylogenetic species recognition (GCPSR) 1) , revealed that this morphospecies comprises at least 16 phylogenetically distinct species (referred to hereafter as the F. graminearum species complex ＝FGSC). Results of a multilocus molecular phylogeny, based on maximum parsimony and maximum likelihood analyses of 12 combined genes comprising 16.3 kb of aligned DNA sequence data, suggest that the different species groups within the FGSC radiated in Asia, North America, South America, Australia and/or Africa. The significant biogeographic structure of these lineages, together with evidence of disjunct species in Asia and North America, are consistent with widespread allopatric speciation within the FGSC. In contrast to the results obtained using GCPSR, morphological species recognition using conidial characters and colony morphology was only able to distinguish 6 species and 3 species groups among the 16 species within the FGSC, highlighting the need for sensitive molecular diagnostic tools to facilitate species identifi cation. A validated multilocus genotyping assay was developed to address the need for species determination and trichothecene toxin chemotype prediction, and this assay has been extraordinarily useful in the discovery of novel FGSC species represented in our global FHB surveys. Ongoing molecular and phenotypic analyses are being conducted to elucidate the full spectrum of FHB pathogen diversity, their trichothecene toxin potential and biogeographic distribution. Increased understanding of the distribution and agricultural signifi cance of variation within the FGSC is needed for the development of novel disease and mycotoxin control strategies, including improvements in agricultural biosecurity designed to limit the introduction and spread of non-indigenous FHB pathogens.","PeriodicalId":19069,"journal":{"name":"Mycotoxins","volume":"1 1","pages":"91-102"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89432917","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The major mycotoxins such as aflatoxins, patulin, ochratoxins, citrinin and fumonisins, zearalenone were researched for food safety. Analytical methods for afl atoxins, patulin, ochratoxins, citrinin and fumonisins were developed. Each method consists of quantifi cation and confi rmation, and has good performance in recovery, sensitivity, repeatability, and selectivity. With these methods, mycotoxin contamination in food and foodstuffs were studied. Afl atoxins were found in nuts, cereals, spices, beans and dairy products. Some samples contained more than 10 μg/kg of afl atoxin B1 , the regulatory level then in Japan. Afl atoxin contamination in buckwheat, coix seed, crude sugar, white pepper and red pepper were found at the fi rst time in Japan. Physical, chemical and biological degradation of aflatoxins was investigated. Pure aflatoxins were reduced by some physical or chemical procedure. But detoxification of aflatoxins in foods was quite difficult because of the stability of afl atoxins in foods. Patulin was found in some apple juice. It was the fi rst fi nding of patulin contamination in Japan. Patulin was also found in domestic apples. This fact revealed that patulin contamination occurs in Japan. Ochratoxins were found in cereals, coffee, cacao, and fruit products. Most levels of ochratoxins were less than 1 μg/kg. Citrinin was found in cereals, and some of them were co-contaminated with ochratoxin. Developing analytical methods, examinations, and regulations for mycotoxins are considered to be important for food safety.
{"title":"Development of analytical methods for mycotoxins, and research for food safety","authors":"S. Tabata","doi":"10.2520/MYCO.62.63","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2520/MYCO.62.63","url":null,"abstract":"The major mycotoxins such as aflatoxins, patulin, ochratoxins, citrinin and fumonisins, zearalenone were researched for food safety. Analytical methods for afl atoxins, patulin, ochratoxins, citrinin and fumonisins were developed. Each method consists of quantifi cation and confi rmation, and has good performance in recovery, sensitivity, repeatability, and selectivity. With these methods, mycotoxin contamination in food and foodstuffs were studied. Afl atoxins were found in nuts, cereals, spices, beans and dairy products. Some samples contained more than 10 μg/kg of afl atoxin B1 , the regulatory level then in Japan. Afl atoxin contamination in buckwheat, coix seed, crude sugar, white pepper and red pepper were found at the fi rst time in Japan. Physical, chemical and biological degradation of aflatoxins was investigated. Pure aflatoxins were reduced by some physical or chemical procedure. But detoxification of aflatoxins in foods was quite difficult because of the stability of afl atoxins in foods. Patulin was found in some apple juice. It was the fi rst fi nding of patulin contamination in Japan. Patulin was also found in domestic apples. This fact revealed that patulin contamination occurs in Japan. Ochratoxins were found in cereals, coffee, cacao, and fruit products. Most levels of ochratoxins were less than 1 μg/kg. Citrinin was found in cereals, and some of them were co-contaminated with ochratoxin. Developing analytical methods, examinations, and regulations for mycotoxins are considered to be important for food safety.","PeriodicalId":19069,"journal":{"name":"Mycotoxins","volume":"4 1","pages":"63-75"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89319107","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Hossen, Megumi Yoshida, H. Nakagawa, H. Nagashima, H. Okadome, T. Nakajima, M. Kushiro
The fate of Fusarium mycotoxin nivalenol during milling of a Japanese wheat cultivar was investigated. Grain samples with two distinct nivalenol levels were test-milled to produce six fl our fractions (Breaking flours: 1B, 2B, and 3B, Middling flours: 1M, 2M, and 3M) and two outer layer fractions (bran and shorts). Patent flour for human consumption was made from 1B, 1M, 2B, and 2M, while low-grade flour was made from 3B and 3M. These four samples; Patent flour, low-grade flour, bran and shorts were analyzed for the content of nivalenol by HPLC-UV. Two samples showed similar patterns of nivalenol distribution in milling fractions.
{"title":"Distribution of nivalenol in milling fractions of severely Fusarium-infected Japanese soft winter wheat grains","authors":"S. Hossen, Megumi Yoshida, H. Nakagawa, H. Nagashima, H. Okadome, T. Nakajima, M. Kushiro","doi":"10.2520/MYCO.62.77","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2520/MYCO.62.77","url":null,"abstract":"The fate of Fusarium mycotoxin nivalenol during milling of a Japanese wheat cultivar was investigated. Grain samples with two distinct nivalenol levels were test-milled to produce six fl our fractions (Breaking flours: 1B, 2B, and 3B, Middling flours: 1M, 2M, and 3M) and two outer layer fractions (bran and shorts). Patent flour for human consumption was made from 1B, 1M, 2B, and 2M, while low-grade flour was made from 3B and 3M. These four samples; Patent flour, low-grade flour, bran and shorts were analyzed for the content of nivalenol by HPLC-UV. Two samples showed similar patterns of nivalenol distribution in milling fractions.","PeriodicalId":19069,"journal":{"name":"Mycotoxins","volume":"56 1","pages":"77-82"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73964119","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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