Meeting climate targets requires widespread deployment of low-carbon technologies such as distributed photovoltaics, heat pumps and electric vehicles. Without mitigating actions, changing power flows associated with these technologies would adversely impact some local networks. The extent of these impacts, and the optimal means of avoiding them, remains unclear. Here we use local-level data and network simulation to estimate variation in future network upgrade costs in over 40,000 geographical regions comprising all of Great Britain. We find that costs vary substantially between localities, and are typically highest in urban areas, and areas with highest deployment of heat pumps and electric vehicles. We estimate reductions in required upgrades associated with local flexibility, which vary substantially between localities. We show that using geographically disaggregated data to inform flexibility deployment across the country could reduce network upgrade costs by hundreds of millions of pounds relative to an approach that treats localities as homogeneous. Increased deployment of electrification through solar power, heat pumps and electric vehicles requires power-network upgrades, but their full impacts are unclear. Few et al. take a local-level approach to examine network upgrade needs, finding large regional variations, and explore how flexibility can minimize impacts.
{"title":"A geographically disaggregated approach to integrate low-carbon technologies across local electricity networks","authors":"Sheridan Few, Predrag Djapic, Goran Strbac, Jenny Nelson, Chiara Candelise","doi":"10.1038/s41560-024-01542-6","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41560-024-01542-6","url":null,"abstract":"Meeting climate targets requires widespread deployment of low-carbon technologies such as distributed photovoltaics, heat pumps and electric vehicles. Without mitigating actions, changing power flows associated with these technologies would adversely impact some local networks. The extent of these impacts, and the optimal means of avoiding them, remains unclear. Here we use local-level data and network simulation to estimate variation in future network upgrade costs in over 40,000 geographical regions comprising all of Great Britain. We find that costs vary substantially between localities, and are typically highest in urban areas, and areas with highest deployment of heat pumps and electric vehicles. We estimate reductions in required upgrades associated with local flexibility, which vary substantially between localities. We show that using geographically disaggregated data to inform flexibility deployment across the country could reduce network upgrade costs by hundreds of millions of pounds relative to an approach that treats localities as homogeneous. Increased deployment of electrification through solar power, heat pumps and electric vehicles requires power-network upgrades, but their full impacts are unclear. Few et al. take a local-level approach to examine network upgrade needs, finding large regional variations, and explore how flexibility can minimize impacts.","PeriodicalId":19073,"journal":{"name":"Nature Energy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":49.7,"publicationDate":"2024-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41560-024-01542-6.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141156687","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Elastocaloric cooling using shape memory alloys is a promising candidate for next-generation environmentally friendly refrigeration. The temperature lift (Tlift), that is, the ability of the cooling device to transfer heat from a low-temperature source to a high-temperature sink, is a critical performance indicator. However, increasing the Tlift of existing elastocaloric devices is difficult due to the narrow temperature window across which the individual elastocaloric materials exhibit superelasticity (for example, ≤50 K for commercially-available NiTi shape memory alloys). Here we construct a multi-material cascade elastocaloric cooling device using NiTi with three different temperatures at which the martensite-to-austenite transition is completed, also called austenite finish temperature. By matching the working temperature distribution of the NiTi units with their austenite finish temperatures, we expand the device’s superelastic temperature window to over 100 K and achieved a Tlift of 75 K on the water side. This work demonstrates the great potential of multi-material cascade elastocaloric regenerators for space cooling in the near future. Elastocaloric cooling, an emerging refrigeration technology, has so far yielded limited performance in devices. Zhou et al. increase the temperature lift of such devices to 75 K by combining three NiTi elastocaloric materials with different phase-transition temperatures.
使用形状记忆合金的弹性致冷技术是下一代环保制冷技术的理想选择。温度升力（Tlift），即冷却装置将热量从低温源传递到高温汇的能力，是一项关键的性能指标。然而，由于单个弹性材料表现出超弹性的温度窗口较窄（例如，镍钛形状记忆合金的温度窗口≤50 K），要提高现有弹性装置的升温能力十分困难。在这里，我们使用镍钛构建了一种多材料级联弹性冷却装置，在三种不同的温度下完成马氏体到奥氏体的转变，也称为奥氏体完成温度。通过将镍钛单元的工作温度分布与其奥氏体完成温度相匹配，我们将该装置的超弹性温度窗口扩大到 100 K 以上，并在水侧实现了 75 K 的温度升高。这项工作证明了多材料级联弹性再生器在不久的将来用于空间冷却的巨大潜力。
{"title":"A multi-material cascade elastocaloric cooling device for large temperature lift","authors":"Guoan Zhou, Zexi Li, Qiuhong Wang, Yuxiang Zhu, Peng Hua, Shuhuai Yao, Qingping Sun","doi":"10.1038/s41560-024-01537-3","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41560-024-01537-3","url":null,"abstract":"Elastocaloric cooling using shape memory alloys is a promising candidate for next-generation environmentally friendly refrigeration. The temperature lift (Tlift), that is, the ability of the cooling device to transfer heat from a low-temperature source to a high-temperature sink, is a critical performance indicator. However, increasing the Tlift of existing elastocaloric devices is difficult due to the narrow temperature window across which the individual elastocaloric materials exhibit superelasticity (for example, ≤50 K for commercially-available NiTi shape memory alloys). Here we construct a multi-material cascade elastocaloric cooling device using NiTi with three different temperatures at which the martensite-to-austenite transition is completed, also called austenite finish temperature. By matching the working temperature distribution of the NiTi units with their austenite finish temperatures, we expand the device’s superelastic temperature window to over 100 K and achieved a Tlift of 75 K on the water side. This work demonstrates the great potential of multi-material cascade elastocaloric regenerators for space cooling in the near future. Elastocaloric cooling, an emerging refrigeration technology, has so far yielded limited performance in devices. Zhou et al. increase the temperature lift of such devices to 75 K by combining three NiTi elastocaloric materials with different phase-transition temperatures.","PeriodicalId":19073,"journal":{"name":"Nature Energy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":49.7,"publicationDate":"2024-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141085540","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-22DOI: 10.1038/s41560-024-01533-7
Sabrina Spatari
Large scale cellulosic biofuel production involves complex interactions between biomass supply, biorefineries and the networks that connect them. New fine-scale spatially explicit modelling seeks to better understand how these components could best integrate with carbon capture to minimize greenhouse gas emissions and optimize biofuel supply chains.
{"title":"Optimizing all links in the chain","authors":"Sabrina Spatari","doi":"10.1038/s41560-024-01533-7","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41560-024-01533-7","url":null,"abstract":"Large scale cellulosic biofuel production involves complex interactions between biomass supply, biorefineries and the networks that connect them. New fine-scale spatially explicit modelling seeks to better understand how these components could best integrate with carbon capture to minimize greenhouse gas emissions and optimize biofuel supply chains.","PeriodicalId":19073,"journal":{"name":"Nature Energy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":49.7,"publicationDate":"2024-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141079052","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-22DOI: 10.1038/s41560-024-01532-8
Eric G. O’Neill, Caleb H. Geissler, Christos T. Maravelias
The large-scale production of cellulosic biofuels would involve spatially distributed systems including biomass fields, logistics networks and biorefineries. Better understanding of the interactions between landscape-related decisions and the design of biorefineries with carbon capture and storage (CCS) in a supply chain context is needed to enable efficient systems. Here we analyse the cost and greenhouse gas mitigation potential for cellulosic biofuel supply chains in the US Midwest using realistic spatially explicit land availability and crop productivity data and consider fuel conversion technologies with detailed CCS design for their associated CO2 streams. Optimization methods identify trade-offs and design strategies leading to systems with attractive environmental and economic performance. Strategic and operational decisions depend on underlying spatial features and are sensitive to biofuel demand and CCS incentives. US CCS incentives neglect to motivate greenhouse gas mitigation from all supply chain emission sources, which leverage spatial interactions between CCS, electricity prices and the biomass landscape. The US Midwest is a promising region for the production of cellulosic biofuel, yet a greater understanding of the interactions between landscape-related decisions, biorefinery design and carbon capture integration is still needed. O’Neill et al. use fine-scale spatially explicit modelling to analyse the cost and greenhouse gas mitigation potential for such fuels in this region.
{"title":"Large-scale spatially explicit analysis of carbon capture at cellulosic biorefineries","authors":"Eric G. O’Neill, Caleb H. Geissler, Christos T. Maravelias","doi":"10.1038/s41560-024-01532-8","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41560-024-01532-8","url":null,"abstract":"The large-scale production of cellulosic biofuels would involve spatially distributed systems including biomass fields, logistics networks and biorefineries. Better understanding of the interactions between landscape-related decisions and the design of biorefineries with carbon capture and storage (CCS) in a supply chain context is needed to enable efficient systems. Here we analyse the cost and greenhouse gas mitigation potential for cellulosic biofuel supply chains in the US Midwest using realistic spatially explicit land availability and crop productivity data and consider fuel conversion technologies with detailed CCS design for their associated CO2 streams. Optimization methods identify trade-offs and design strategies leading to systems with attractive environmental and economic performance. Strategic and operational decisions depend on underlying spatial features and are sensitive to biofuel demand and CCS incentives. US CCS incentives neglect to motivate greenhouse gas mitigation from all supply chain emission sources, which leverage spatial interactions between CCS, electricity prices and the biomass landscape. The US Midwest is a promising region for the production of cellulosic biofuel, yet a greater understanding of the interactions between landscape-related decisions, biorefinery design and carbon capture integration is still needed. O’Neill et al. use fine-scale spatially explicit modelling to analyse the cost and greenhouse gas mitigation potential for such fuels in this region.","PeriodicalId":19073,"journal":{"name":"Nature Energy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":49.7,"publicationDate":"2024-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41560-024-01532-8.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141079104","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-20DOI: 10.1038/s41560-024-01518-6
Emmanuel Aramendia, Paul E. Brockway, Peter G. Taylor, Jonathan B. Norman, Matthew K. Heun, Zeke Marshall
The net energy implications of the energy transition have so far been analysed at best at the final energy stage. Here we argue that expanding the analysis to the useful stage is crucial. We estimate fossil fuelsʼ useful-stage energy returns on investment (EROIs) over the period 1971–2020, globally and nationally, and disaggregate EROIs by end use. We find that fossil fuelsʼ useful-stage EROIs (~3.5:1) are considerably lower than at the final stage (~8.5:1), due to low final-to-useful efficiencies. Further, we estimate the final-stage EROI for which electricity-yielding renewable energy would deliver the same net useful energy as fossil fuels (EROI equivalent) to be approximately 4.6:1. The EROIs of electricity-yielding renewable energy systems, based on published estimations, are found to be higher than the determined EROI equivalent, even considering the effects of intermittency under a range of energy transition scenarios. Results suggest that the energy transition may happen without a decline in net useful energy, countering the view that renewable energy systems cannot replace fossil fuels without incurring a substantial energy penalty. Net energy implications of the energy transition have primarily been assessed at the final energy stage to date. New research considers the useful-stage energy return on investment and finds that wind and solar photovoltaics outperform fossil fuels, shedding light on their investment potential.
{"title":"Estimation of useful-stage energy returns on investment for fossil fuels and implications for renewable energy systems","authors":"Emmanuel Aramendia, Paul E. Brockway, Peter G. Taylor, Jonathan B. Norman, Matthew K. Heun, Zeke Marshall","doi":"10.1038/s41560-024-01518-6","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41560-024-01518-6","url":null,"abstract":"The net energy implications of the energy transition have so far been analysed at best at the final energy stage. Here we argue that expanding the analysis to the useful stage is crucial. We estimate fossil fuelsʼ useful-stage energy returns on investment (EROIs) over the period 1971–2020, globally and nationally, and disaggregate EROIs by end use. We find that fossil fuelsʼ useful-stage EROIs (~3.5:1) are considerably lower than at the final stage (~8.5:1), due to low final-to-useful efficiencies. Further, we estimate the final-stage EROI for which electricity-yielding renewable energy would deliver the same net useful energy as fossil fuels (EROI equivalent) to be approximately 4.6:1. The EROIs of electricity-yielding renewable energy systems, based on published estimations, are found to be higher than the determined EROI equivalent, even considering the effects of intermittency under a range of energy transition scenarios. Results suggest that the energy transition may happen without a decline in net useful energy, countering the view that renewable energy systems cannot replace fossil fuels without incurring a substantial energy penalty. Net energy implications of the energy transition have primarily been assessed at the final energy stage to date. New research considers the useful-stage energy return on investment and finds that wind and solar photovoltaics outperform fossil fuels, shedding light on their investment potential.","PeriodicalId":19073,"journal":{"name":"Nature Energy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":49.7,"publicationDate":"2024-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41560-024-01518-6.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141069271","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-17DOI: 10.1038/s41560-024-01552-4
Yacob Mulugetta, Youba Sokona, Philipp A. Trotter, Samuel Fankhauser, Jessica Omukuti, Lucas Somavilla Croxatto, Bjarne Steffen, Meron Tesfamichael, Edo Abraham, Jean-Paul Adam, Lawrence Agbemabiese, Churchill Agutu, Mekalia Paulos Aklilu, Olakunle Alao, Bothwell Batidzirai, Getachew Bekele, Anteneh G. Dagnachew, Ogunlade Davidson, Fatima Denton, E. Ogheneruona Diemuodeke, Florian Egli, Gebrekidan Gebresilassie Eshetu, Mulualem Gebreslassie, Mamadou Goundiam, Haruna Kachalla Gujba, Yohannes Hailu, Adam D. Hawkes, Stephanie Hirmer, Helen Hoka, Mark Howells, Abdulrasheed Isah, Daniel Kammen, Francis Kemausuor, Ismail Khennas, Wikus Kruger, Ifeoma Malo, Linus Mofor, Minette Nago, Destenie Nock, Chukwumerije Okereke, S. Nadia Ouedraogo, Benedict Probst, Maria Schmidt, Tobias S. Schmidt, Carlos Shenga, Mohamed Sokona, Jan Christoph Steckel, Sebastian Sterl, Bernard Tembo, Julia Tomei, Peter Twesigye, Jim Watson, Harald Winkler, Abdulmutalib Yussuff
{"title":"Author Correction: Africa needs context-relevant evidence to shape its clean energy future","authors":"Yacob Mulugetta, Youba Sokona, Philipp A. Trotter, Samuel Fankhauser, Jessica Omukuti, Lucas Somavilla Croxatto, Bjarne Steffen, Meron Tesfamichael, Edo Abraham, Jean-Paul Adam, Lawrence Agbemabiese, Churchill Agutu, Mekalia Paulos Aklilu, Olakunle Alao, Bothwell Batidzirai, Getachew Bekele, Anteneh G. Dagnachew, Ogunlade Davidson, Fatima Denton, E. Ogheneruona Diemuodeke, Florian Egli, Gebrekidan Gebresilassie Eshetu, Mulualem Gebreslassie, Mamadou Goundiam, Haruna Kachalla Gujba, Yohannes Hailu, Adam D. Hawkes, Stephanie Hirmer, Helen Hoka, Mark Howells, Abdulrasheed Isah, Daniel Kammen, Francis Kemausuor, Ismail Khennas, Wikus Kruger, Ifeoma Malo, Linus Mofor, Minette Nago, Destenie Nock, Chukwumerije Okereke, S. Nadia Ouedraogo, Benedict Probst, Maria Schmidt, Tobias S. Schmidt, Carlos Shenga, Mohamed Sokona, Jan Christoph Steckel, Sebastian Sterl, Bernard Tembo, Julia Tomei, Peter Twesigye, Jim Watson, Harald Winkler, Abdulmutalib Yussuff","doi":"10.1038/s41560-024-01552-4","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41560-024-01552-4","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19073,"journal":{"name":"Nature Energy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":49.7,"publicationDate":"2024-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41560-024-01552-4.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141127101","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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