Pub Date : 2025-10-03DOI: 10.1038/s41560-025-01865-y
Jun Pyo Son, Juhyoun Park, Hae-Yong Kim, Jae-Seung Kim, Yong Bae Song, Changhoon Kim, Donghyeok Kim, Jong Seok Kim, Junwoo Lee, Sunho Ko, Soon-Jae Jung, Seungwoo Choi, Docheon Ahn, Keun Hwa Chae, Gihan Kwon, Dominik Wierzbicki, Yonghua Du, Hyun-Wook Lee, Dong-Hwa Seo, Kyung-Wan Nam, Yoon Seok Jung
Advances in battery technology have been impeded by the voltage constraints of electrolytes. Here we present a high-energy all-solid-state battery design featuring >5 V operation and an ultrahigh areal capacity of 35.3 mAh cm−2; these attributes were enabled by a highly conductive and ultrahigh-voltage stable fluoride solid electrolyte, LiCl–4Li2TiF6 (1.7 × 10−5 S cm−1 at 30 °C). LiCl–4Li2TiF6 shields high-voltage spinel oxide cathodes, achieving 106 mAh g−1 at 2C with 75.2% retention over 500 cycles for LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4, sharply contrasting with the conventional LiNbO3 counterpart, which decomposes and fails to prevent detrimental interfacial degradation. The efficacy of LiCl–4Li2TiF6 is validated across various systems, including LiCoMnO4, LiFe0.5Mn1.5O4 and pouch-type LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4||Li (or Ag–C) all-solid-state batteries, and further demonstrated by operability down to 2.3 V with 258 mAh g−1 and ultrathick 1.8-mm electrodes. This shielding layer with >5 V stability introduces a transformative design paradigm by revisiting the previously forbidden high-voltage cathodes. Realizing >5 V batteries is hindered by the instability of electrolytes. Here, a fluoride shielding layer, LiCl-4Li2TiF6, enables high-voltage, high-capacity all-solid-state batteries because of its combined oxidative stability and Li+ conductivity.
电解质的电压限制阻碍了电池技术的进步。在这里，我们提出了一种高能全固态电池设计，具有5v工作和35.3 mAh cm - 2的超高面积容量；这些特性是通过高导电性和超高压稳定的氟化物固体电解质LiCl-4Li2TiF6（在30°C时1.7 × 10−5 S cm−1）实现的。LiCl-4Li2TiF6屏蔽高压尖晶石氧化物阴极，在2C温度下达到106 mAh g−1，LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4在500次循环中保持75.2%，与传统的LiNbO3形成鲜明对比，后者会分解并不能阻止有害的界面降解。LiCl-4Li2TiF6在LiCoMnO4、LiFe0.5Mn1.5O4和袋式LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4||Li（或Ag-C）全固态电池等多种系统上的有效性得到了验证，并进一步证明了其在258 mAh g - 1和超厚1.8 mm电极下可操作性低至2.3 V。这种具有>； 5v稳定性的屏蔽层通过重新审视以前禁止的高压阴极，引入了一种变革性的设计范式。电解液的不稳定性阻碍了5v电池的实现。在这里，一种氟化物屏蔽层，LiCl-4Li2TiF6，由于其氧化稳定性和Li+导电性的结合，可以实现高压，高容量的全固态电池。
{"title":"Five-volt-class high-capacity all-solid-state lithium batteries","authors":"Jun Pyo Son, Juhyoun Park, Hae-Yong Kim, Jae-Seung Kim, Yong Bae Song, Changhoon Kim, Donghyeok Kim, Jong Seok Kim, Junwoo Lee, Sunho Ko, Soon-Jae Jung, Seungwoo Choi, Docheon Ahn, Keun Hwa Chae, Gihan Kwon, Dominik Wierzbicki, Yonghua Du, Hyun-Wook Lee, Dong-Hwa Seo, Kyung-Wan Nam, Yoon Seok Jung","doi":"10.1038/s41560-025-01865-y","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41560-025-01865-y","url":null,"abstract":"Advances in battery technology have been impeded by the voltage constraints of electrolytes. Here we present a high-energy all-solid-state battery design featuring >5 V operation and an ultrahigh areal capacity of 35.3 mAh cm−2; these attributes were enabled by a highly conductive and ultrahigh-voltage stable fluoride solid electrolyte, LiCl–4Li2TiF6 (1.7 × 10−5 S cm−1 at 30 °C). LiCl–4Li2TiF6 shields high-voltage spinel oxide cathodes, achieving 106 mAh g−1 at 2C with 75.2% retention over 500 cycles for LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4, sharply contrasting with the conventional LiNbO3 counterpart, which decomposes and fails to prevent detrimental interfacial degradation. The efficacy of LiCl–4Li2TiF6 is validated across various systems, including LiCoMnO4, LiFe0.5Mn1.5O4 and pouch-type LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4||Li (or Ag–C) all-solid-state batteries, and further demonstrated by operability down to 2.3 V with 258 mAh g−1 and ultrathick 1.8-mm electrodes. This shielding layer with >5 V stability introduces a transformative design paradigm by revisiting the previously forbidden high-voltage cathodes. Realizing >5 V batteries is hindered by the instability of electrolytes. Here, a fluoride shielding layer, LiCl-4Li2TiF6, enables high-voltage, high-capacity all-solid-state batteries because of its combined oxidative stability and Li+ conductivity.","PeriodicalId":19073,"journal":{"name":"Nature Energy","volume":"10 11","pages":"1334-1346"},"PeriodicalIF":60.1,"publicationDate":"2025-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145555769","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-03DOI: 10.1038/s41560-025-01846-1
Rui Kai Miao, Mengyang Fan, Ning Wang, Yong Zhao, Feng Li, Min Liu, Fatemeh Arabyarmohammadi, Yongxiang Liang, Weiyan Ni, Ke Xie, Yuanjun Chen, Puhua Sun, Jianan Erick Huang, Jinhong Wu, Jiheon Kim, Colin P. O’Brien, Yurou Celine Xiao, Zunmin Guo, Panagiotis Papangelakis, Ali Shayesteh Zeraati, Yi Xu, Cao-Thang Dinh, Edward H. Sargent, David Sinton
Electrochemical CO2 reduction can generate multi-carbon (C2+) products via a CO2-to-CO cascade followed by CO reduction (COR). However, COR energy efficiency remains below 40% due to sluggish ion transport within charge-selective membranes. Here we introduce an uncharged porous separator that enables facile transport of both ion types, reducing ohmic resistance and superconcentrating cations at the catalyst surface—lowering COR voltage by 150 mV at 200 mA cm−2. In previous electrolyser designs, porous separators were limited by cathode-to-anode H2 crossover; the low diffusivity of C2H4 and CO in water allows a separator three times thinner and 1.6 times more porous, markedly reducing overpotential. Operating at elevated temperatures with a nickel–iron-based anode further lowers voltage by 330 mV, leading to a full-cell voltage of 1.95 V at 200 mA cm−2 and an energy efficiency of 51% to C2+ products sustained over 250 h. The system also achieves a CO single-pass conversion of 97% and a C2H4 concentration of 87 wt% in the product gas stream. Electrochemical COx reduction to multi-carbon products is hindered by low energy efficiency, in part due to sluggish ion transport across charge-selective membranes used in electrolysers. Here the authors use a porous, non-charge-selective separator that enhances ion transport and improves performance for CO electrolysis.
电化学CO2还原可以通过CO2- CO级联反应生成多碳（C2+）产物，然后进行CO还原（COR）。然而，由于电荷选择膜内离子传输缓慢，COR的能量效率仍然低于40%。在这里，我们介绍了一种不带电的多孔分离器，可以方便地传输两种离子类型，降低催化剂表面的欧姆电阻和超浓缩阳离子-在200 mA cm - 2下将COR电压降低150 mV。在以前的电解槽设计中，多孔分离器受到阴极到阳极H2交叉的限制；C2H4和CO在水中的低扩散率使得分离器的厚度减少了三倍，多孔性增加了1.6倍，显著降低了过电位。在高温下，镍铁基阳极进一步降低了330 mV的电压，在200 mA cm - 2下的全电池电压为1.95 V，对C2+产品的能量效率为51%，持续时间超过250小时。该系统还实现了97%的CO单次转化率和产品气流中C2H4浓度为87 wt%。低能量效率阻碍了电化学COx还原为多碳产物，部分原因是由于电解槽中使用的电荷选择膜上的离子传输缓慢。在这里，作者使用了一种多孔的、非电荷选择性的分离器，增强了离子传输，提高了CO电解的性能。
{"title":"CO electrolysers with 51% energy efficiency towards C2+ using porous separators","authors":"Rui Kai Miao, Mengyang Fan, Ning Wang, Yong Zhao, Feng Li, Min Liu, Fatemeh Arabyarmohammadi, Yongxiang Liang, Weiyan Ni, Ke Xie, Yuanjun Chen, Puhua Sun, Jianan Erick Huang, Jinhong Wu, Jiheon Kim, Colin P. O’Brien, Yurou Celine Xiao, Zunmin Guo, Panagiotis Papangelakis, Ali Shayesteh Zeraati, Yi Xu, Cao-Thang Dinh, Edward H. Sargent, David Sinton","doi":"10.1038/s41560-025-01846-1","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41560-025-01846-1","url":null,"abstract":"Electrochemical CO2 reduction can generate multi-carbon (C2+) products via a CO2-to-CO cascade followed by CO reduction (COR). However, COR energy efficiency remains below 40% due to sluggish ion transport within charge-selective membranes. Here we introduce an uncharged porous separator that enables facile transport of both ion types, reducing ohmic resistance and superconcentrating cations at the catalyst surface—lowering COR voltage by 150 mV at 200 mA cm−2. In previous electrolyser designs, porous separators were limited by cathode-to-anode H2 crossover; the low diffusivity of C2H4 and CO in water allows a separator three times thinner and 1.6 times more porous, markedly reducing overpotential. Operating at elevated temperatures with a nickel–iron-based anode further lowers voltage by 330 mV, leading to a full-cell voltage of 1.95 V at 200 mA cm−2 and an energy efficiency of 51% to C2+ products sustained over 250 h. The system also achieves a CO single-pass conversion of 97% and a C2H4 concentration of 87 wt% in the product gas stream. Electrochemical COx reduction to multi-carbon products is hindered by low energy efficiency, in part due to sluggish ion transport across charge-selective membranes used in electrolysers. Here the authors use a porous, non-charge-selective separator that enhances ion transport and improves performance for CO electrolysis.","PeriodicalId":19073,"journal":{"name":"Nature Energy","volume":"10 10","pages":"1197-1204"},"PeriodicalIF":60.1,"publicationDate":"2025-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145341924","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-02DOI: 10.1038/s41560-025-01840-7
Xiaofeng Ye, Yueming Lucy Qiu, Destenie Nock, Bo Xing
In the USA, households with heat pumps tend to cool their homes earlier, and this adoption helps narrow the income-based disparities in cooling usage. Heat pumps can help to alleviate residential energy insecurity and contribute to making energy more affordable and homes more comfortable, especially in the summer.
{"title":"Heat pumps can help alleviate residential energy insecurity in the USA","authors":"Xiaofeng Ye, Yueming Lucy Qiu, Destenie Nock, Bo Xing","doi":"10.1038/s41560-025-01840-7","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41560-025-01840-7","url":null,"abstract":"In the USA, households with heat pumps tend to cool their homes earlier, and this adoption helps narrow the income-based disparities in cooling usage. Heat pumps can help to alleviate residential energy insecurity and contribute to making energy more affordable and homes more comfortable, especially in the summer.","PeriodicalId":19073,"journal":{"name":"Nature Energy","volume":"10 9","pages":"1056-1057"},"PeriodicalIF":60.1,"publicationDate":"2025-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.comhttps://www.nature.com/articles/s41560-025-01840-7.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145204896","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-02DOI: 10.1038/s41560-025-01845-2
Xiaofeng Ye, Yueming Lucy Qiu, Destenie Nock, Bo Xing
Adopting clean energy technologies offers households a viable solution to overcome energy insecurity. Heat pumps contribute to this potential by reducing energy expenses and increasing energy services. We examine the role of adopting heat pumps in mitigating energy insecurity, utilizing electricity records from 8,656 households in Phoenix, Arizona. We use a thermal comfort index to examine a household’s energy-limiting behaviour using a temperature–electricity response function. Our regression results show that households with heat pumps initiate cooling at 0.996 °C lower than those without and consume 0.476 kWh less electricity daily per degree increase in temperature. It indicates that heat pumps improve indoor comfort by activating earlier summer cooling. Cost savings from operation have a rebound effect of enabling greater comfort. Furthermore, this adoption reduces the energy equity gap across income groups, resulting in more similar and comfortable cooling start temperatures. This study supports the adoption of clean technologies to reduce energy insecurity. US households with heat pumps begin cooling earlier, and this adoption narrows the income-based disparities in cooling. Heat pumps help alleviate energy insecurity, make energy more affordable and make homes more comfortable.
{"title":"The comfort rebound from heat pumps and impact on household cooling behaviour and energy security","authors":"Xiaofeng Ye, Yueming Lucy Qiu, Destenie Nock, Bo Xing","doi":"10.1038/s41560-025-01845-2","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41560-025-01845-2","url":null,"abstract":"Adopting clean energy technologies offers households a viable solution to overcome energy insecurity. Heat pumps contribute to this potential by reducing energy expenses and increasing energy services. We examine the role of adopting heat pumps in mitigating energy insecurity, utilizing electricity records from 8,656 households in Phoenix, Arizona. We use a thermal comfort index to examine a household’s energy-limiting behaviour using a temperature–electricity response function. Our regression results show that households with heat pumps initiate cooling at 0.996 °C lower than those without and consume 0.476 kWh less electricity daily per degree increase in temperature. It indicates that heat pumps improve indoor comfort by activating earlier summer cooling. Cost savings from operation have a rebound effect of enabling greater comfort. Furthermore, this adoption reduces the energy equity gap across income groups, resulting in more similar and comfortable cooling start temperatures. This study supports the adoption of clean technologies to reduce energy insecurity. US households with heat pumps begin cooling earlier, and this adoption narrows the income-based disparities in cooling. Heat pumps help alleviate energy insecurity, make energy more affordable and make homes more comfortable.","PeriodicalId":19073,"journal":{"name":"Nature Energy","volume":"10 9","pages":"1166-1177"},"PeriodicalIF":60.1,"publicationDate":"2025-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145204893","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-26DOI: 10.1038/s41560-025-01881-y
Controlling the morphology of the active layer in organic solar cells (OSCs) is challenging. Now, acenaphthene is shown to induce the two-step crystallization of non-fullerene acceptors to achieve a highly oriented arrangement. The resulting improvement in the charge transport properties enables a binary OSC with 21% efficiency and a 83.2% fill factor.
{"title":"Increasing the efficiency of binary organic solar cells through a two-step crystallization process","authors":"","doi":"10.1038/s41560-025-01881-y","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41560-025-01881-y","url":null,"abstract":"Controlling the morphology of the active layer in organic solar cells (OSCs) is challenging. Now, acenaphthene is shown to induce the two-step crystallization of non-fullerene acceptors to achieve a highly oriented arrangement. The resulting improvement in the charge transport properties enables a binary OSC with 21% efficiency and a 83.2% fill factor.","PeriodicalId":19073,"journal":{"name":"Nature Energy","volume":"10 10","pages":"1195-1196"},"PeriodicalIF":60.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145341929","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-26DOI: 10.1038/s41560-025-01862-1
Jiehao Fu, Hongxiang Li, Heng Liu, Peihao Huang, Haiyan Chen, Patrick W. K. Fong, Top Archie Dela Peña, Mingjie Li, Xinhui Lu, Pei Cheng, Zeyun Xiao, Shirong Lu, Gang Li
The crystallization dynamics of non-fullerene acceptors influences the morphology and charge dynamics of the resulting organic solar cells, ultimately determining device performance. However, optimizing the molecular arrangement of donor and acceptor materials within the active layer remains challenging. Here we control the crystallization kinetics of non-fullerene acceptors with a crystallization-regulating agent, acenaphthene. Acenaphthene changes the self-organization of acceptor molecules by inducing a two-step crystallization: it first fixes the packing motif of the acceptor and then refines the crystallized framework, leading to highly oriented acceptors in the active layer. This forms several charge-transport pathways that improve the charge-transport properties of the device. As a result, efficiencies of 20.9% (20.4% certified) and 21% (20.5% certified) are achieved in D18/L8-BO and PM1/L8-BO-X binary organic solar cells, respectively, with a maximum fill factor of 83.2% (82.2% certified). The result is a step forward in the development of organic solar cells. Optimizing the crystallization of the active materials in organic solar cells is challenging. Fu et al. use an acenaphthene additive to induce a two-step crystallization of the non-fullerene acceptor, achieving a certified 20.5% power conversion efficiency.
{"title":"Two-step crystallization modulated through acenaphthene enabling 21% binary organic solar cells and 83.2% fill factor","authors":"Jiehao Fu, Hongxiang Li, Heng Liu, Peihao Huang, Haiyan Chen, Patrick W. K. Fong, Top Archie Dela Peña, Mingjie Li, Xinhui Lu, Pei Cheng, Zeyun Xiao, Shirong Lu, Gang Li","doi":"10.1038/s41560-025-01862-1","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41560-025-01862-1","url":null,"abstract":"The crystallization dynamics of non-fullerene acceptors influences the morphology and charge dynamics of the resulting organic solar cells, ultimately determining device performance. However, optimizing the molecular arrangement of donor and acceptor materials within the active layer remains challenging. Here we control the crystallization kinetics of non-fullerene acceptors with a crystallization-regulating agent, acenaphthene. Acenaphthene changes the self-organization of acceptor molecules by inducing a two-step crystallization: it first fixes the packing motif of the acceptor and then refines the crystallized framework, leading to highly oriented acceptors in the active layer. This forms several charge-transport pathways that improve the charge-transport properties of the device. As a result, efficiencies of 20.9% (20.4% certified) and 21% (20.5% certified) are achieved in D18/L8-BO and PM1/L8-BO-X binary organic solar cells, respectively, with a maximum fill factor of 83.2% (82.2% certified). The result is a step forward in the development of organic solar cells. Optimizing the crystallization of the active materials in organic solar cells is challenging. Fu et al. use an acenaphthene additive to induce a two-step crystallization of the non-fullerene acceptor, achieving a certified 20.5% power conversion efficiency.","PeriodicalId":19073,"journal":{"name":"Nature Energy","volume":"10 10","pages":"1251-1261"},"PeriodicalIF":60.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145341992","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-23DOI: 10.1038/s41560-025-01855-0
Although central to the global energy mix, certain technologies like nuclear energy receive comparatively little attention at Nature Energy. We aim to reflect the diversity of innovation driving the energy transition, including critical advances in systems design and engineering that enable these technologies.
{"title":"A broader view of energy","authors":"","doi":"10.1038/s41560-025-01855-0","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41560-025-01855-0","url":null,"abstract":"Although central to the global energy mix, certain technologies like nuclear energy receive comparatively little attention at Nature Energy. We aim to reflect the diversity of innovation driving the energy transition, including critical advances in systems design and engineering that enable these technologies.","PeriodicalId":19073,"journal":{"name":"Nature Energy","volume":"10 9","pages":"1041-1041"},"PeriodicalIF":60.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.comhttps://www.nature.com/articles/s41560-025-01855-0.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145204891","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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