Quantum dot (QD) provides a versatile platform for high-throughput processing of semiconductors for large-area optoelectronic applications. Unfortunately, the QD solar cell is hampered by the time-consuming layer-by-layer process, a major challenge in manufacturing printable devices. Here we demonstrate a sequential acylation-coordination protocol including amine-assisted ligand removal and Lewis base-coordinated surface restoration to synthesize conductive APbI3 (A = formamidinium (FA), Cs or methylammonium) colloidal perovskite QD (PeQD) inks that enable one-step PeQD film deposition without additional solid-state ligand exchange. The resultant PeQD film displays uniform morphology with elevated electronic coupling, more ordered structure and homogeneous energy landscape. Narrow-bandgap FAPbI3 PeQD-based solar cells achieve a champion efficiency of 16.61% (certified 16.20%), exceeding the values obtained with other QD inks and layer-by-layer processes. The conductive PeQD inks are compatible with large-area device (9 × 9 cm2) fabrication using the blade-coating technique with a speed up to 50 mm s−1.
{"title":"Conductive colloidal perovskite quantum dot inks towards fast printing of solar cells","authors":"Xuliang Zhang, Hehe Huang, Chenyu Zhao, Lujie Jin, Chihyung Lee, Youyong Li, Doo-Hyun Ko, Wanli Ma, Tom Wu, Jianyu Yuan","doi":"10.1038/s41560-024-01608-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41560-024-01608-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Quantum dot (QD) provides a versatile platform for high-throughput processing of semiconductors for large-area optoelectronic applications. Unfortunately, the QD solar cell is hampered by the time-consuming layer-by-layer process, a major challenge in manufacturing printable devices. Here we demonstrate a sequential acylation-coordination protocol including amine-assisted ligand removal and Lewis base-coordinated surface restoration to synthesize conductive APbI<sub>3</sub> (A = formamidinium (FA), Cs or methylammonium) colloidal perovskite QD (PeQD) inks that enable one-step PeQD film deposition without additional solid-state ligand exchange. The resultant PeQD film displays uniform morphology with elevated electronic coupling, more ordered structure and homogeneous energy landscape. Narrow-bandgap FAPbI<sub>3</sub> PeQD-based solar cells achieve a champion efficiency of 16.61% (certified 16.20%), exceeding the values obtained with other QD inks and layer-by-layer processes. The conductive PeQD inks are compatible with large-area device (9 × 9 cm<sup>2</sup>) fabrication using the blade-coating technique with a speed up to 50 mm s<sup>−1</sup>.</p>","PeriodicalId":19073,"journal":{"name":"Nature Energy","volume":"131 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":56.7,"publicationDate":"2024-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141974115","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-12DOI: 10.1038/s41560-024-01602-x
Pei Zhao, Shaojun Zhang, Paolo Santi, Dingsong Cui, Fang Wang, Peng Liu, Zhaosheng Zhang, Jin Liu, Zhenpo Wang, Carlo Ratti, Ye Wu
The electrification of trucks is a major challenge in achieving zero-emission transportation. Here we gathered year-long records from 61,598 electric trucks in China. Current electric trucks were found to be significantly underutilized compared with their diesel counterparts. Twenty-three per cent of electric delivery trucks and 30% of semi-trailers could achieve one-on-one replacement with diesel counterparts, while on average 3.8 electric delivery trucks and 3.6 electric semi-trailers are required to match the transportation demand that is served by one diesel truck separately. For diesel trucks that are capable of one-on-one replacement, electric trucks have 15–54% and 1–49% reductions in cost and life-cycle CO2 emissions, respectively. Enhancements in usage patterns, vehicle technologies and charging infrastructure can improve electrification feasibility, yielding cost and decarbonization benefits. Increased battery energy densities with optimized usage can make one-on-one electrification feasible for more than 85% of diesel semi-trailers. In addition, with cleaner electricity, most Chinese electric trucks in 2030 will have lower expected life-cycle CO2 emissions than diesel trucks.
{"title":"Challenges and opportunities in truck electrification revealed by big operational data","authors":"Pei Zhao, Shaojun Zhang, Paolo Santi, Dingsong Cui, Fang Wang, Peng Liu, Zhaosheng Zhang, Jin Liu, Zhenpo Wang, Carlo Ratti, Ye Wu","doi":"10.1038/s41560-024-01602-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41560-024-01602-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The electrification of trucks is a major challenge in achieving zero-emission transportation. Here we gathered year-long records from 61,598 electric trucks in China. Current electric trucks were found to be significantly underutilized compared with their diesel counterparts. Twenty-three per cent of electric delivery trucks and 30% of semi-trailers could achieve one-on-one replacement with diesel counterparts, while on average 3.8 electric delivery trucks and 3.6 electric semi-trailers are required to match the transportation demand that is served by one diesel truck separately. For diesel trucks that are capable of one-on-one replacement, electric trucks have 15–54% and 1–49% reductions in cost and life-cycle CO<sub>2</sub> emissions, respectively. Enhancements in usage patterns, vehicle technologies and charging infrastructure can improve electrification feasibility, yielding cost and decarbonization benefits. Increased battery energy densities with optimized usage can make one-on-one electrification feasible for more than 85% of diesel semi-trailers. In addition, with cleaner electricity, most Chinese electric trucks in 2030 will have lower expected life-cycle CO<sub>2</sub> emissions than diesel trucks.</p>","PeriodicalId":19073,"journal":{"name":"Nature Energy","volume":"44 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":56.7,"publicationDate":"2024-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141918866","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-08DOI: 10.1038/s41560-024-01595-7
Eric McCalla
Battery researchers are struggling to design viable all-solid batteries, which promise enhanced safety but are currently achievable only at a high cost and with complex cell designs. Now a study on a sulfide-based cathode material demonstrates that a radical redesign of the electrode using 100% active material may help address the issue.
{"title":"Electrodes with 100% active materials","authors":"Eric McCalla","doi":"10.1038/s41560-024-01595-7","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41560-024-01595-7","url":null,"abstract":"Battery researchers are struggling to design viable all-solid batteries, which promise enhanced safety but are currently achievable only at a high cost and with complex cell designs. Now a study on a sulfide-based cathode material demonstrates that a radical redesign of the electrode using 100% active material may help address the issue.","PeriodicalId":19073,"journal":{"name":"Nature Energy","volume":"9 9","pages":"1056-1057"},"PeriodicalIF":49.7,"publicationDate":"2024-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141904258","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-07DOI: 10.1038/s41560-024-01600-z
Fangyuan Jiang, Yangwei Shi, Tanka R. Rana, Daniel Morales, Isaac E. Gould, Declan P. McCarthy, Joel A. Smith, M. Greyson Christoforo, Muammer Y. Yaman, Faiz Mandani, Tanguy Terlier, Hannah Contreras, Stephen Barlow, Aditya D. Mohite, Henry J. Snaith, Seth R. Marder, J. Devin MacKenzie, Michael D. McGehee, David S. Ginger
As perovskite photovoltaics stride towards commercialization, reverse bias degradation in shaded cells that must current match illuminated cells is a serious challenge. Previous research has emphasized the role of iodide and silver oxidation, and the role of hole tunnelling from the electron-transport layer into the perovskite to enable the flow of current under reverse bias in causing degradation. Here we show that device architecture engineering has a significant impact on the reverse bias behaviour of perovskite solar cells. By implementing both a ~35-nm-thick conjugated polymer hole transport layer and a more electrochemically stable back electrode, we demonstrate average breakdown voltages exceeding −15 V, comparable to those of silicon cells. Our strategy for increasing the breakdown voltage reduces the number of bypass diodes needed to protect a solar module that is partially shaded, which has been proven to be an effective strategy for silicon solar panels. Perovskite solar cells degrade when subjected to reverse bias. Jiang et al. show that relatively thick hole transport layers and metal back contacts with improved electrochemical stability afford better tolerance to reverse bias.
随着包晶光伏技术向商业化迈进，必须与照明电池电流匹配的遮光电池的反向偏压降解是一项严峻的挑战。先前的研究强调了碘化物和银氧化的作用，以及空穴从电子传输层隧穿到包晶体中，使电流在反向偏压下流动导致降解的作用。在这里，我们展示了器件结构工程对包晶石太阳能电池反向偏压行为的重大影响。通过采用约 35 纳米厚的共轭聚合物空穴传输层和电化学性能更稳定的背电极，我们展示了超过 -15 V 的平均击穿电压，与硅电池相当。我们提高击穿电压的策略减少了保护部分遮光的太阳能模块所需的旁路二极管数量，这已被证明是硅太阳能电池板的有效策略。
{"title":"Improved reverse bias stability in p–i–n perovskite solar cells with optimized hole transport materials and less reactive electrodes","authors":"Fangyuan Jiang, Yangwei Shi, Tanka R. Rana, Daniel Morales, Isaac E. Gould, Declan P. McCarthy, Joel A. Smith, M. Greyson Christoforo, Muammer Y. Yaman, Faiz Mandani, Tanguy Terlier, Hannah Contreras, Stephen Barlow, Aditya D. Mohite, Henry J. Snaith, Seth R. Marder, J. Devin MacKenzie, Michael D. McGehee, David S. Ginger","doi":"10.1038/s41560-024-01600-z","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41560-024-01600-z","url":null,"abstract":"As perovskite photovoltaics stride towards commercialization, reverse bias degradation in shaded cells that must current match illuminated cells is a serious challenge. Previous research has emphasized the role of iodide and silver oxidation, and the role of hole tunnelling from the electron-transport layer into the perovskite to enable the flow of current under reverse bias in causing degradation. Here we show that device architecture engineering has a significant impact on the reverse bias behaviour of perovskite solar cells. By implementing both a ~35-nm-thick conjugated polymer hole transport layer and a more electrochemically stable back electrode, we demonstrate average breakdown voltages exceeding −15 V, comparable to those of silicon cells. Our strategy for increasing the breakdown voltage reduces the number of bypass diodes needed to protect a solar module that is partially shaded, which has been proven to be an effective strategy for silicon solar panels. Perovskite solar cells degrade when subjected to reverse bias. Jiang et al. show that relatively thick hole transport layers and metal back contacts with improved electrochemical stability afford better tolerance to reverse bias.","PeriodicalId":19073,"journal":{"name":"Nature Energy","volume":"9 10","pages":"1275-1284"},"PeriodicalIF":49.7,"publicationDate":"2024-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141899746","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-06DOI: 10.1038/s41560-024-01597-5
Juan-Pablo Correa-Baena
Interfacial engineering is key to ensure the long-term stability of perovskite solar cells. Research now shows that chiral molecules can both improve the mechanical stability of the interfaces and afford passivation of defects at the perovskite surface, making solar cells more tolerant to thermal cycling stress.
{"title":"Chirality for stable interfaces","authors":"Juan-Pablo Correa-Baena","doi":"10.1038/s41560-024-01597-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41560-024-01597-5","url":null,"abstract":"Interfacial engineering is key to ensure the long-term stability of perovskite solar cells. Research now shows that chiral molecules can both improve the mechanical stability of the interfaces and afford passivation of defects at the perovskite surface, making solar cells more tolerant to thermal cycling stress.","PeriodicalId":19073,"journal":{"name":"Nature Energy","volume":"44 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":56.7,"publicationDate":"2024-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141895384","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The anion-exchange-membrane fuel cell (AEMFC) is an attractive and cost-effective energy-conversion technology because it can use Earth-abundant and low-cost non-precious metal catalysts. However, non-precious metals used in AEMFCs to catalyse the hydrogen oxidation reaction are prone to self-oxidation, resulting in irreversible failure. Here we show a quantum well-like catalytic structure (QWCS), constructed by atomically confining Ni nanoparticles within a carbon-doped-MoOx/MoOx heterojunction (C-MoOx/MoOx) that can selectively transfer external electrons from the hydrogen oxidation reaction while remaining itself metallic. Electrons of Ni nanoparticles gain a barrier of 1.11 eV provided by the QWCS leading to Ni stability up to 1.2 V versus the reversible hydrogen electrode (VRHE) whereas electrons released from the hydrogen oxidation reaction easily cross the barrier by a gating operation of QWCS upon hydrogen adsorption. The QWCS-catalysed AEMFC achieved a high-power density of 486 mW mgNi−1 and withstood hydrogen starvation operations during shutdown–start cycles, whereas a counterpart AEMFC without QWCS failed in a single cycle. Non-precious metals used at the anode of anion-exchange-membrane fuel cells to catalyse hydrogen oxidation are prone to self-oxidation. Here Zhou and colleagues report that a quantum well-like catalytic structure containing Ni nanoparticles within a C-doped MoOx/MoOx heterojunction can mitigate such degradation by a gating operation.
{"title":"Quantum confinement-induced anti-electrooxidation of metallic nickel electrocatalysts for hydrogen oxidation","authors":"Yuanyuan Zhou, Wei Yuan, Mengting Li, Zhenyang Xie, Xiaoyun Song, Yang Yang, Jian Wang, Li Li, Wei Ding, Wen-Feng Lin, Zidong Wei","doi":"10.1038/s41560-024-01604-9","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41560-024-01604-9","url":null,"abstract":"The anion-exchange-membrane fuel cell (AEMFC) is an attractive and cost-effective energy-conversion technology because it can use Earth-abundant and low-cost non-precious metal catalysts. However, non-precious metals used in AEMFCs to catalyse the hydrogen oxidation reaction are prone to self-oxidation, resulting in irreversible failure. Here we show a quantum well-like catalytic structure (QWCS), constructed by atomically confining Ni nanoparticles within a carbon-doped-MoOx/MoOx heterojunction (C-MoOx/MoOx) that can selectively transfer external electrons from the hydrogen oxidation reaction while remaining itself metallic. Electrons of Ni nanoparticles gain a barrier of 1.11 eV provided by the QWCS leading to Ni stability up to 1.2 V versus the reversible hydrogen electrode (VRHE) whereas electrons released from the hydrogen oxidation reaction easily cross the barrier by a gating operation of QWCS upon hydrogen adsorption. The QWCS-catalysed AEMFC achieved a high-power density of 486 mW mgNi−1 and withstood hydrogen starvation operations during shutdown–start cycles, whereas a counterpart AEMFC without QWCS failed in a single cycle. Non-precious metals used at the anode of anion-exchange-membrane fuel cells to catalyse hydrogen oxidation are prone to self-oxidation. Here Zhou and colleagues report that a quantum well-like catalytic structure containing Ni nanoparticles within a C-doped MoOx/MoOx heterojunction can mitigate such degradation by a gating operation.","PeriodicalId":19073,"journal":{"name":"Nature Energy","volume":"9 10","pages":"1297-1309"},"PeriodicalIF":49.7,"publicationDate":"2024-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41560-024-01604-9.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141895393","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-02DOI: 10.1038/s41560-024-01610-x
Qing Zhao
The surfaces of polycrystalline perovskite films impact the long-term performance of perovskite solar cells, yet their microstructure is not well understood. Research now reveals the existence of concave grain structures at the surface of the perovskite layer facing the electron transport layer, and their detrimental effect on the stability of the interface and eventually the devices.
{"title":"Smoothing down interfaces","authors":"Qing Zhao","doi":"10.1038/s41560-024-01610-x","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41560-024-01610-x","url":null,"abstract":"The surfaces of polycrystalline perovskite films impact the long-term performance of perovskite solar cells, yet their microstructure is not well understood. Research now reveals the existence of concave grain structures at the surface of the perovskite layer facing the electron transport layer, and their detrimental effect on the stability of the interface and eventually the devices.","PeriodicalId":19073,"journal":{"name":"Nature Energy","volume":"9 8","pages":"920-921"},"PeriodicalIF":49.7,"publicationDate":"2024-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141877734","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-02DOI: 10.1038/s41560-024-01599-3
Fei Zhang
High-efficiency perovskite solar cells suffer from limited operational stability. Research now shows that perovskitoid-based interlayers with strong metal halide octahedral connectivity and both out-of-plane and in-plane crystal orientations address this issue.
{"title":"Connectivity matters","authors":"Fei Zhang","doi":"10.1038/s41560-024-01599-3","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41560-024-01599-3","url":null,"abstract":"High-efficiency perovskite solar cells suffer from limited operational stability. Research now shows that perovskitoid-based interlayers with strong metal halide octahedral connectivity and both out-of-plane and in-plane crystal orientations address this issue.","PeriodicalId":19073,"journal":{"name":"Nature Energy","volume":"9 8","pages":"922-923"},"PeriodicalIF":49.7,"publicationDate":"2024-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141877735","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-02DOI: 10.1038/s41560-024-01591-x
Amrita Singh-Morgan, Victor Mougel
Electrochemical reduction of CO2 from flue gas shows promise for producing chemicals and fuels from waste streams, but its implementation is challenged by the presence of SO2 impurities. Research now demonstrates a catalyst that effectively converts CO2 to multi-carbon products while tolerating SO2 impurities, advancing the feasibility of industrial CO2 utilization.
{"title":"Scrubbing the need for flue gas purification","authors":"Amrita Singh-Morgan, Victor Mougel","doi":"10.1038/s41560-024-01591-x","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41560-024-01591-x","url":null,"abstract":"Electrochemical reduction of CO2 from flue gas shows promise for producing chemicals and fuels from waste streams, but its implementation is challenged by the presence of SO2 impurities. Research now demonstrates a catalyst that effectively converts CO2 to multi-carbon products while tolerating SO2 impurities, advancing the feasibility of industrial CO2 utilization.","PeriodicalId":19073,"journal":{"name":"Nature Energy","volume":"9 8","pages":"916-917"},"PeriodicalIF":49.7,"publicationDate":"2024-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141877736","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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