Pub Date : 2025-12-29DOI: 10.1038/s41560-025-01931-5
Peter E. Carpenter, Bennett Johnson, Leopold Peiseler, William C. Chueh, Sally M. Benson, Adrian Yao
Experts from across the nuclear fuel cycle gathered in Arlington, USA, to strategize ways to overcome supply chain challenges and meet growing nuclear energy demand.
来自核燃料循环各个领域的专家聚集在美国阿灵顿，讨论如何克服供应链挑战，满足日益增长的核能需求。
{"title":"Securing the nuclear fuel supply chain for a growing energy future","authors":"Peter E. Carpenter, Bennett Johnson, Leopold Peiseler, William C. Chueh, Sally M. Benson, Adrian Yao","doi":"10.1038/s41560-025-01931-5","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41560-025-01931-5","url":null,"abstract":"Experts from across the nuclear fuel cycle gathered in Arlington, USA, to strategize ways to overcome supply chain challenges and meet growing nuclear energy demand.","PeriodicalId":19073,"journal":{"name":"Nature Energy","volume":"11 1","pages":"30-31"},"PeriodicalIF":60.1,"publicationDate":"2025-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146071427","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-23DOI: 10.1038/s41560-025-01929-z
Kirstin Alberi, I. Marius Peters, Pierre Verlinden, Simon Philipps, Akio Koike, Teresa Barnes, Joe Berry, Mariana Bertoni, Christian Breyer, Laurie Burnham, Chris Case, Yifeng Chen, Stefaan De Wolf, Renate Egan, Armin Froitzheim, Sebastian Gatz, Markus Gloeckler, Jan Christoph Goldschmidt, Ivan Gordon, Nancy M. Haegel, Martin Hermle, Christiana Honsberg, Edward Hsi, Bill Huber, Shogo Ishizuka, Arnulf Jäger-Waldau, Joel Jean, Jessica Yajie Jiang, Shannon Jurca, Izumi Kaizuka, Richard R. King, Keiichi Komoto, Michio Kondo, Milind Kulkarni, Sarah Kurtz, Daniel Macdonald, Danielle Merfeld, Naoya Kobayashi, Shigeru Niki, Andreas Obst, Takashi Oozeki, Ulrich W. Paetzold, Jonathan Pickering, Ralf Preu, Samantha B. Reese, Christian Reichel, Thomas Reindl, Ingrid Repins, Geoffrey Ronoh, Doug Rose, Keiichiro Sakurai, Rutger Schlatmann, Abdelilah Slaoui, Ron Sinton, Kamal Soni, Billy J. Stanbery, Davor Sutija, Marko Topič, Yuzuru Ueda, Juzer Vasi, Karsten Wambach, Emily Warren, Eicke Weber, Masafumi Yamaguchi, Andreas W. Bett
Solar photovoltaics (PV) is entering a new era of multi-terawatt deployment, with 2 TW already in service and more than 75 TW predicted in many scenarios by 2050. This next era has been enabled by over five decades of cumulative advances in PV module cost reduction, performance and reliability. The current scale of deployment also introduces new needs, opportunities and challenges. In this Perspective we frame a path forwards based on learning, broadly defined as a combination of expansion of knowledge and advances through research and development, experience and collaboration. We discuss historical topics where learning has driven PV deployment until now, and emerging areas that are required to sustain high levels of future deployment. We expect progress to continue in terms of module price, performance and reliability, driven by advances in PV cell and module design, the emergence of tandem devices and increased focus on extending module lifetimes. Large-scale deployment also means large-scale sustainability and responsibility. We therefore posit that additional metrics, such as the impact on global CO2 emissions, resource consumption and design for reuse and recycling, will become increasingly important to the PV industry and provide opportunities for further learning. Solar photovoltaics is entering a multi-terawatt era, driven by decades of cost, performance and reliability gains. In this Perspective Alberi et al. discuss the role of historical and future learning, highlighting the increasing importance of sustainability considerations.
{"title":"Historical and future learning for the new era of multi-terawatt photovoltaics","authors":"Kirstin Alberi, I. Marius Peters, Pierre Verlinden, Simon Philipps, Akio Koike, Teresa Barnes, Joe Berry, Mariana Bertoni, Christian Breyer, Laurie Burnham, Chris Case, Yifeng Chen, Stefaan De Wolf, Renate Egan, Armin Froitzheim, Sebastian Gatz, Markus Gloeckler, Jan Christoph Goldschmidt, Ivan Gordon, Nancy M. Haegel, Martin Hermle, Christiana Honsberg, Edward Hsi, Bill Huber, Shogo Ishizuka, Arnulf Jäger-Waldau, Joel Jean, Jessica Yajie Jiang, Shannon Jurca, Izumi Kaizuka, Richard R. King, Keiichi Komoto, Michio Kondo, Milind Kulkarni, Sarah Kurtz, Daniel Macdonald, Danielle Merfeld, Naoya Kobayashi, Shigeru Niki, Andreas Obst, Takashi Oozeki, Ulrich W. Paetzold, Jonathan Pickering, Ralf Preu, Samantha B. Reese, Christian Reichel, Thomas Reindl, Ingrid Repins, Geoffrey Ronoh, Doug Rose, Keiichiro Sakurai, Rutger Schlatmann, Abdelilah Slaoui, Ron Sinton, Kamal Soni, Billy J. Stanbery, Davor Sutija, Marko Topič, Yuzuru Ueda, Juzer Vasi, Karsten Wambach, Emily Warren, Eicke Weber, Masafumi Yamaguchi, Andreas W. Bett","doi":"10.1038/s41560-025-01929-z","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41560-025-01929-z","url":null,"abstract":"Solar photovoltaics (PV) is entering a new era of multi-terawatt deployment, with 2 TW already in service and more than 75 TW predicted in many scenarios by 2050. This next era has been enabled by over five decades of cumulative advances in PV module cost reduction, performance and reliability. The current scale of deployment also introduces new needs, opportunities and challenges. In this Perspective we frame a path forwards based on learning, broadly defined as a combination of expansion of knowledge and advances through research and development, experience and collaboration. We discuss historical topics where learning has driven PV deployment until now, and emerging areas that are required to sustain high levels of future deployment. We expect progress to continue in terms of module price, performance and reliability, driven by advances in PV cell and module design, the emergence of tandem devices and increased focus on extending module lifetimes. Large-scale deployment also means large-scale sustainability and responsibility. We therefore posit that additional metrics, such as the impact on global CO2 emissions, resource consumption and design for reuse and recycling, will become increasingly important to the PV industry and provide opportunities for further learning. Solar photovoltaics is entering a multi-terawatt era, driven by decades of cost, performance and reliability gains. In this Perspective Alberi et al. discuss the role of historical and future learning, highlighting the increasing importance of sustainability considerations.","PeriodicalId":19073,"journal":{"name":"Nature Energy","volume":"11 1","pages":"38-46"},"PeriodicalIF":60.1,"publicationDate":"2025-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146071426","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-19DOI: 10.1038/s41560-025-01954-y
Achieving a cleaner energy future depends, in part, on deployment of low-carbon chemical processes. Alongside innovations in chemistry, advances in process design and systems-level thinking are needed to deliver scalable solutions.
{"title":"Chemical processes and the energy system","authors":"","doi":"10.1038/s41560-025-01954-y","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41560-025-01954-y","url":null,"abstract":"Achieving a cleaner energy future depends, in part, on deployment of low-carbon chemical processes. Alongside innovations in chemistry, advances in process design and systems-level thinking are needed to deliver scalable solutions.","PeriodicalId":19073,"journal":{"name":"Nature Energy","volume":"10 12","pages":"1391-1391"},"PeriodicalIF":60.1,"publicationDate":"2025-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.comhttps://www.nature.com/articles/s41560-025-01954-y.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145800044","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-19DOI: 10.1038/s41560-025-01907-5
Yue Xu, Tianyu Li, Zhangquan Peng, Congxin Xie, Xianfeng Li
Flow batteries are promising for renewable energy storage due to their safety and scalability. Zinc/bromine flow batteries (Zn/Br) are popular due to their high energy densities and inexpensive electrolytes. However, they have a poor service life and lead to environmental harm as a result of the generated corrosive and volatile Br2. Here we introduce a Br2 scavenger to the catholyte, reducing the Br2 concentration to an acceptable level (~7 mM). The scavenger, sodium sulfamate (SANa), reacts rapidly with Br2 to form a mild product, N-bromo sodium sulfamate (Br-SANa; Br+). Additionally, the two-electron transfer reaction of Br-SANa/Br− (Br+/Br−) increases the energy density. We have developed a Zn/Br flow battery, paired with a Zn anode, that outperforms traditional Zn/Br flow batteries in energy density (152 Wh l−1 versus 90 Wh l−1) and cycle life (>600 versus 30 cycles), using a sulfonated polyetheretherketone membrane. We assembled a 5-kW stack that operated stably for over 700 cycles (~1,400 h). Using this reaction, we have built a large-scale battery system. Zinc-bromine flow batteries face challenges from corrosive Br2, which limits their lifespan and environmental safety. Here, the authors introduce sodium sulfamate as a Br2 scavenger, enabling a more durable and higher-energy-density Zn/Br flow battery suitable for large-scale operation.
液流电池由于其安全性和可扩展性，在可再生能源存储方面很有前景。锌/溴液流电池（Zn/Br）因其高能量密度和廉价的电解质而广受欢迎。然而，它们的使用寿命较差，并且由于产生腐蚀性和挥发性Br2而导致环境危害。我们在阴极液中加入Br2清除剂，将Br2浓度降低到可接受的水平（~7 mM）。清除剂氨基磺酸钠（SANa）与Br2迅速反应，生成温和的产物n -溴氨基磺酸钠（Br-SANa; Br+）。此外，Br- sana /Br−(Br+/Br−)的双电子转移反应增加了能量密度。我们开发了一种Zn/Br液流电池，搭配Zn阳极，使用磺化聚醚酮膜，在能量密度（152 Wh l - 1 vs 90 Wh l - 1）和循环寿命（bbb600 vs 30次循环）方面优于传统的Zn/Br液流电池。我们组装了一个5kw的堆栈，可以稳定运行700多个循环（约1,400小时）。利用这种反应，我们建立了一个大规模的电池系统。
{"title":"Grid-scale corrosion-free Zn/Br flow batteries enabled by a multi-electron transfer reaction","authors":"Yue Xu, Tianyu Li, Zhangquan Peng, Congxin Xie, Xianfeng Li","doi":"10.1038/s41560-025-01907-5","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41560-025-01907-5","url":null,"abstract":"Flow batteries are promising for renewable energy storage due to their safety and scalability. Zinc/bromine flow batteries (Zn/Br) are popular due to their high energy densities and inexpensive electrolytes. However, they have a poor service life and lead to environmental harm as a result of the generated corrosive and volatile Br2. Here we introduce a Br2 scavenger to the catholyte, reducing the Br2 concentration to an acceptable level (~7 mM). The scavenger, sodium sulfamate (SANa), reacts rapidly with Br2 to form a mild product, N-bromo sodium sulfamate (Br-SANa; Br+). Additionally, the two-electron transfer reaction of Br-SANa/Br− (Br+/Br−) increases the energy density. We have developed a Zn/Br flow battery, paired with a Zn anode, that outperforms traditional Zn/Br flow batteries in energy density (152 Wh l−1 versus 90 Wh l−1) and cycle life (>600 versus 30 cycles), using a sulfonated polyetheretherketone membrane. We assembled a 5-kW stack that operated stably for over 700 cycles (~1,400 h). Using this reaction, we have built a large-scale battery system. Zinc-bromine flow batteries face challenges from corrosive Br2, which limits their lifespan and environmental safety. Here, the authors introduce sodium sulfamate as a Br2 scavenger, enabling a more durable and higher-energy-density Zn/Br flow battery suitable for large-scale operation.","PeriodicalId":19073,"journal":{"name":"Nature Energy","volume":"10 12","pages":"1470-1481"},"PeriodicalIF":60.1,"publicationDate":"2025-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145796462","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-18DOI: 10.1038/s41560-025-01914-6
Juan Ramon L. Senga, Audun Botterud, John E. Parsons, S. Drew Story, Christopher R. Knittel
{"title":"Interregional transmission can increase reliability while reducing costs and emissions in the US","authors":"Juan Ramon L. Senga, Audun Botterud, John E. Parsons, S. Drew Story, Christopher R. Knittel","doi":"10.1038/s41560-025-01914-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41560-025-01914-6","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19073,"journal":{"name":"Nature Energy","volume":"153 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":56.7,"publicationDate":"2025-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145771049","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-12DOI: 10.1038/s41560-025-01899-2
Jiahui Chen, Gregory Keoleian, Parth Vaishnav
By optimizing the timing of electricity purchases for electric vehicle (EV) charging at home, as well as shifting electricity purchases for other household loads, US EV owners could reduce their lifetime charging costs by 40–90%, and lifecycle greenhouse gas emissions from household electricity use by 70–250%. Integrating EVs with homes can increase the greenhouse gas reductions they deliver, while reducing the cost of EV ownership.
{"title":"Vehicle-to-home charging can cut costs and emissions","authors":"Jiahui Chen, Gregory Keoleian, Parth Vaishnav","doi":"10.1038/s41560-025-01899-2","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41560-025-01899-2","url":null,"abstract":"By optimizing the timing of electricity purchases for electric vehicle (EV) charging at home, as well as shifting electricity purchases for other household loads, US EV owners could reduce their lifetime charging costs by 40–90%, and lifecycle greenhouse gas emissions from household electricity use by 70–250%. Integrating EVs with homes can increase the greenhouse gas reductions they deliver, while reducing the cost of EV ownership.","PeriodicalId":19073,"journal":{"name":"Nature Energy","volume":"10 12","pages":"1400-1401"},"PeriodicalIF":60.1,"publicationDate":"2025-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.comhttps://www.nature.com/articles/s41560-025-01899-2.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145799986","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-12DOI: 10.1038/s41560-025-01894-7
Jiahui Chen, James E. Anderson, Robert De Kleine, Hyung Chul Kim, Gregory Keoleian, Parth Vaishnav
Electric vehicles (EVs) can reduce greenhouse gas emissions, but widespread adoption is held back by higher upfront and—in some cases—lifetime ownership costs. Here, for a representative EV across the contiguous USA, we estimate the impact of different charging strategies on owners’ electricity bills and greenhouse gas emissions for charging and other household uses over the vehicle’s lifetime. We account for local climate, regional differences in vehicle use and projected grid decarbonization during the EV’s lifetime. Compared with uncontrolled charging, optimizing charging and using EV batteries to optimally shift electricity purchases for other household loads, a strategy referred to as vehicle-to-home (V2H), could reduce emissions from non-EV household loads by more than EV charging increases emissions in 69% of US counties, covering 62% of the population. V2H could cut costs by US$3,800 (5th–95th percentile range US$2,400–US$5,600) or 61% (37%–91%) and life-cycle emissions by 38 t CO2-equivalent (24 t CO2-e–57 t CO2e) or 89% (50%–150%). Upfront and lifetime costs often prevent EV adoption. Vaishnav and colleagues find that using EV batteries to shift the time of electricity purchases for other household uses can cut both owners’ electricity costs and greenhouse gas emissions.
{"title":"Vehicle-to-home charging can cut costs and greenhouse gas emissions across the USA","authors":"Jiahui Chen, James E. Anderson, Robert De Kleine, Hyung Chul Kim, Gregory Keoleian, Parth Vaishnav","doi":"10.1038/s41560-025-01894-7","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41560-025-01894-7","url":null,"abstract":"Electric vehicles (EVs) can reduce greenhouse gas emissions, but widespread adoption is held back by higher upfront and—in some cases—lifetime ownership costs. Here, for a representative EV across the contiguous USA, we estimate the impact of different charging strategies on owners’ electricity bills and greenhouse gas emissions for charging and other household uses over the vehicle’s lifetime. We account for local climate, regional differences in vehicle use and projected grid decarbonization during the EV’s lifetime. Compared with uncontrolled charging, optimizing charging and using EV batteries to optimally shift electricity purchases for other household loads, a strategy referred to as vehicle-to-home (V2H), could reduce emissions from non-EV household loads by more than EV charging increases emissions in 69% of US counties, covering 62% of the population. V2H could cut costs by US$3,800 (5th–95th percentile range US$2,400–US$5,600) or 61% (37%–91%) and life-cycle emissions by 38 t CO2-equivalent (24 t CO2-e–57 t CO2e) or 89% (50%–150%). Upfront and lifetime costs often prevent EV adoption. Vaishnav and colleagues find that using EV batteries to shift the time of electricity purchases for other household uses can cut both owners’ electricity costs and greenhouse gas emissions.","PeriodicalId":19073,"journal":{"name":"Nature Energy","volume":"10 12","pages":"1458-1469"},"PeriodicalIF":60.1,"publicationDate":"2025-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145746810","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-08DOI: 10.1038/s41560-025-01926-2
The co-production of carbon nanotubes and hydrogen from methane is achieved by recycling process gas in a continuous flow reactor. Developed from a single-pass reactor for carbon nanotube production, the multi-pass reactor offers efficiency improvements and the net production of hydrogen as an output value stream.
{"title":"Converting methane into carbon nanotubes and hydrogen in a continuous flow reactor","authors":"","doi":"10.1038/s41560-025-01926-2","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41560-025-01926-2","url":null,"abstract":"The co-production of carbon nanotubes and hydrogen from methane is achieved by recycling process gas in a continuous flow reactor. Developed from a single-pass reactor for carbon nanotube production, the multi-pass reactor offers efficiency improvements and the net production of hydrogen as an output value stream.","PeriodicalId":19073,"journal":{"name":"Nature Energy","volume":"11 1","pages":"32-33"},"PeriodicalIF":60.1,"publicationDate":"2025-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146071428","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-05DOI: 10.1038/s41560-025-01927-1
Philip Colangelo, Ayse K. Coskun, Jack Megrue, Ciaran Roberts, Shayan Sengupta, Varun Sivaram, Ethan Tiao, Aroon Vijaykar, Chris Williams, Daniel C. Wilson, Brandon Records, Zack MacFarland, Daniel Dreiling, Nathan Morey, Anuja Ratnayake, Baskar Vairamohan
{"title":"AI data centres as grid-interactive assets","authors":"Philip Colangelo, Ayse K. Coskun, Jack Megrue, Ciaran Roberts, Shayan Sengupta, Varun Sivaram, Ethan Tiao, Aroon Vijaykar, Chris Williams, Daniel C. Wilson, Brandon Records, Zack MacFarland, Daniel Dreiling, Nathan Morey, Anuja Ratnayake, Baskar Vairamohan","doi":"10.1038/s41560-025-01927-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41560-025-01927-1","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19073,"journal":{"name":"Nature Energy","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":56.7,"publicationDate":"2025-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145680733","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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