Pub Date : 2024-10-29DOI: 10.1038/s41560-024-01661-0
Julie Michelle Klinger, Gwendolyn K. Murphy, Coryn Wolk
A framework for governments to define their domestic energy transition mineral needs, sources, and contributions to the global energy transition can improve domestic policies around the world and enable greater national and global coordination to avoid supply crises and resource conflicts.
{"title":"A nationally determined contribution framework for energy transition minerals","authors":"Julie Michelle Klinger, Gwendolyn K. Murphy, Coryn Wolk","doi":"10.1038/s41560-024-01661-0","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41560-024-01661-0","url":null,"abstract":"A framework for governments to define their domestic energy transition mineral needs, sources, and contributions to the global energy transition can improve domestic policies around the world and enable greater national and global coordination to avoid supply crises and resource conflicts.","PeriodicalId":19073,"journal":{"name":"Nature Energy","volume":"9 12","pages":"1452-1454"},"PeriodicalIF":49.7,"publicationDate":"2024-10-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142520062","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-28DOI: 10.1038/s41560-024-01658-9
Isabella Gee
Transparency between researchers and funders is necessary to ensure interdisciplinary energy system decarbonization research is well funded, argues Isabella Gee.
{"title":"Transparency is key for energy and environment philanthropy","authors":"Isabella Gee","doi":"10.1038/s41560-024-01658-9","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41560-024-01658-9","url":null,"abstract":"Transparency between researchers and funders is necessary to ensure interdisciplinary energy system decarbonization research is well funded, argues Isabella Gee.","PeriodicalId":19073,"journal":{"name":"Nature Energy","volume":"9 12","pages":"1451-1451"},"PeriodicalIF":49.7,"publicationDate":"2024-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142519224","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-22DOI: 10.1038/s41560-024-01663-y
Inconsistent reporting on energy materials and devices in research papers underscores the need for standardized protocols and greater transparency. Collaborative benchmarking initiatives are paving the way for more reliable and reproducible results.
{"title":"The path to accurate reporting","authors":"","doi":"10.1038/s41560-024-01663-y","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41560-024-01663-y","url":null,"abstract":"Inconsistent reporting on energy materials and devices in research papers underscores the need for standardized protocols and greater transparency. Collaborative benchmarking initiatives are paving the way for more reliable and reproducible results.","PeriodicalId":19073,"journal":{"name":"Nature Energy","volume":"9 10","pages":"1175-1176"},"PeriodicalIF":49.7,"publicationDate":"2024-10-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41560-024-01663-y.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142486684","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-21DOI: 10.1038/s41560-024-01657-w
Power grids with high penetration of weather-dependent renewable energy sources (WD-RESs) tend to have reduced blackout intensities and weather vulnerability. WD-RESs such as wind and solar are not responsible for the occurrence of blackouts in bad weather conditions.
{"title":"Weather-sensitive renewable energy sources do not subject power systems to blackouts","authors":"","doi":"10.1038/s41560-024-01657-w","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41560-024-01657-w","url":null,"abstract":"Power grids with high penetration of weather-dependent renewable energy sources (WD-RESs) tend to have reduced blackout intensities and weather vulnerability. WD-RESs such as wind and solar are not responsible for the occurrence of blackouts in bad weather conditions.","PeriodicalId":19073,"journal":{"name":"Nature Energy","volume":"9 11","pages":"1331-1332"},"PeriodicalIF":49.7,"publicationDate":"2024-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142451847","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-21DOI: 10.1038/s41560-024-01656-x
Fei Li, Mei Wang
Electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide to fuels and chemicals is usually mediated by metal-based catalysts. Now, a carbon electrode modified with an organic molecular catalyst demonstrates promising activity and selectivity for carbon dioxide electroreduction to methane via an unusual pathway.
{"title":"Producing methane through organocatalysis","authors":"Fei Li, Mei Wang","doi":"10.1038/s41560-024-01656-x","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41560-024-01656-x","url":null,"abstract":"Electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide to fuels and chemicals is usually mediated by metal-based catalysts. Now, a carbon electrode modified with an organic molecular catalyst demonstrates promising activity and selectivity for carbon dioxide electroreduction to methane via an unusual pathway.","PeriodicalId":19073,"journal":{"name":"Nature Energy","volume":"9 11","pages":"1329-1330"},"PeriodicalIF":49.7,"publicationDate":"2024-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142451850","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-21DOI: 10.1038/s41560-024-01652-1
Jin Zhao, Fangxing Li, Qiwei Zhang
The high penetration of weather-dependent renewable energy sources (WD-RESs) such as wind and solar has raised concerns about the security of electric power systems during abnormal weather conditions. The role of RESs has been discussed in worldwide blackout events, yet remains controversial. In this study, we find that although WD-RESs are non-dispatchable and weather sensitive, blackout intensities and extreme weather vulnerability are mitigated in high-penetration WD-RES grids. The causal effects of WD-RESs on blackouts generally decrease in high-penetration WD-RES power systems, and WD-RESs are not mainly responsible for the occurrence of blackouts in extreme weather conditions. The results of our research contribute to the debate on RES integration and power system security, offer a guide for the study of power system resilience and provide a reference for the ambitious high-penetration RES goals of the future. Renewable energy sources (RESs) are weather sensitive, raising questions about the vulnerability of high-penetration weather-dependent RES grids during extreme weather events. Here the authors find that blackout intensities and extreme weather vulnerability are mitigated in high-penetration weather-dependent RES grids.
{"title":"Impacts of renewable energy resources on the weather vulnerability of power systems","authors":"Jin Zhao, Fangxing Li, Qiwei Zhang","doi":"10.1038/s41560-024-01652-1","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41560-024-01652-1","url":null,"abstract":"The high penetration of weather-dependent renewable energy sources (WD-RESs) such as wind and solar has raised concerns about the security of electric power systems during abnormal weather conditions. The role of RESs has been discussed in worldwide blackout events, yet remains controversial. In this study, we find that although WD-RESs are non-dispatchable and weather sensitive, blackout intensities and extreme weather vulnerability are mitigated in high-penetration WD-RES grids. The causal effects of WD-RESs on blackouts generally decrease in high-penetration WD-RES power systems, and WD-RESs are not mainly responsible for the occurrence of blackouts in extreme weather conditions. The results of our research contribute to the debate on RES integration and power system security, offer a guide for the study of power system resilience and provide a reference for the ambitious high-penetration RES goals of the future. Renewable energy sources (RESs) are weather sensitive, raising questions about the vulnerability of high-penetration weather-dependent RES grids during extreme weather events. Here the authors find that blackout intensities and extreme weather vulnerability are mitigated in high-penetration weather-dependent RES grids.","PeriodicalId":19073,"journal":{"name":"Nature Energy","volume":"9 11","pages":"1407-1414"},"PeriodicalIF":49.7,"publicationDate":"2024-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142451849","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-18DOI: 10.1038/s41560-024-01651-2
Kenjiro Fukuda, Lulu Sun, Baocai Du, Masahito Takakuwa, Jiachen Wang, Takao Someya, Lluis F. Marsal, Yinhua Zhou, Yiwang Chen, Hongzheng Chen, S. Ravi P. Silva, Derya Baran, Luigi A. Castriotta, Thomas M. Brown, Changduk Yang, Weiwei Li, Anita W. Y. Ho-Baillie, Thomas Österberg, Nitin P. Padture, Karen Forberich, Christoph J. Brabec, Osbel Almora
Flexible photovoltaic (PV) devices are a promising research field with potential for wearable, portable, indoor and internet-of-things applications. Substantial progress has been made in recent years, with flexible emerging PVs reporting power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of over 24%. Yet, there is a need for a unifying protocol to assess PV performance, compare research results, and evaluate state-of-the-art achievements in flexible PVs. Here we present a protocol for measuring PCE over 1,000 bending cycles under 1% strain. Moreover, several good practice guidelines are proposed, including those related to bending procedures, flexibility testing with and without encapsulation, and ambient conditions during testing (for example, temperature, humidity and illumination). Notably, the importance of the uniform application of the bending radius and the testing of parallel and perpendicular orientations of the bending axis with respect to the direction of the electric current are emphasized. These recommendations aim to promote consistency in device comparison and allow for better reproducibility. The assessment of the mechanical properties of flexible solar cells lacks consistency. In this Perspective, Fukuda et al. outline standards and best practices for measuring and reporting photovoltaic performance under bending stresses, strain and load orientation.
{"title":"A bending test protocol for characterizing the mechanical performance of flexible photovoltaics","authors":"Kenjiro Fukuda, Lulu Sun, Baocai Du, Masahito Takakuwa, Jiachen Wang, Takao Someya, Lluis F. Marsal, Yinhua Zhou, Yiwang Chen, Hongzheng Chen, S. Ravi P. Silva, Derya Baran, Luigi A. Castriotta, Thomas M. Brown, Changduk Yang, Weiwei Li, Anita W. Y. Ho-Baillie, Thomas Österberg, Nitin P. Padture, Karen Forberich, Christoph J. Brabec, Osbel Almora","doi":"10.1038/s41560-024-01651-2","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41560-024-01651-2","url":null,"abstract":"Flexible photovoltaic (PV) devices are a promising research field with potential for wearable, portable, indoor and internet-of-things applications. Substantial progress has been made in recent years, with flexible emerging PVs reporting power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of over 24%. Yet, there is a need for a unifying protocol to assess PV performance, compare research results, and evaluate state-of-the-art achievements in flexible PVs. Here we present a protocol for measuring PCE over 1,000 bending cycles under 1% strain. Moreover, several good practice guidelines are proposed, including those related to bending procedures, flexibility testing with and without encapsulation, and ambient conditions during testing (for example, temperature, humidity and illumination). Notably, the importance of the uniform application of the bending radius and the testing of parallel and perpendicular orientations of the bending axis with respect to the direction of the electric current are emphasized. These recommendations aim to promote consistency in device comparison and allow for better reproducibility. The assessment of the mechanical properties of flexible solar cells lacks consistency. In this Perspective, Fukuda et al. outline standards and best practices for measuring and reporting photovoltaic performance under bending stresses, strain and load orientation.","PeriodicalId":19073,"journal":{"name":"Nature Energy","volume":"9 11","pages":"1335-1343"},"PeriodicalIF":49.7,"publicationDate":"2024-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142448134","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-14DOI: 10.1038/s41560-024-01655-y
Hee Seung Moon, Won Young Park, Thomas Hendrickson, Amol Phadke, Natalie Popovich
The United States’ greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions reduction goals, along with targets set by the International Maritime Organization, create an opportunity for battery electric shipping. In this study, we model life-cycle costs and GHG emissions from shipping electrification, leveraging ship activity datasets from across the United States in 2021. We estimate that retrofitting 6,323 domestic ships under 1,000 gross tonnage to battery electric vessels would reduce US domestic shipping GHG emissions by up to 73% by 2035 from 2022 levels. By 2035, electrifying up to 85% of these ships could become cost effective versus internal combustion engine ships if they cover 99% of annual trips and charge from a deeply decarbonized grid. We find that charging demands from electrifying these ships could be concentrated at just 20 of 150 major ports nationwide. This study demonstrates that retrofitting to battery electric vessels has economic potential and could significantly accelerate GHG emission reductions. Battery electric shipping could contribute to US GHG emissions reductions goals. This study finds that electrifying 6,323 ships under 1,000 gross tonnage could cut U.S. maritime sector emissions up to 73% by 2035.
{"title":"Exploring the cost and emissions impacts, feasibility and scalability of battery electric ships","authors":"Hee Seung Moon, Won Young Park, Thomas Hendrickson, Amol Phadke, Natalie Popovich","doi":"10.1038/s41560-024-01655-y","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41560-024-01655-y","url":null,"abstract":"The United States’ greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions reduction goals, along with targets set by the International Maritime Organization, create an opportunity for battery electric shipping. In this study, we model life-cycle costs and GHG emissions from shipping electrification, leveraging ship activity datasets from across the United States in 2021. We estimate that retrofitting 6,323 domestic ships under 1,000 gross tonnage to battery electric vessels would reduce US domestic shipping GHG emissions by up to 73% by 2035 from 2022 levels. By 2035, electrifying up to 85% of these ships could become cost effective versus internal combustion engine ships if they cover 99% of annual trips and charge from a deeply decarbonized grid. We find that charging demands from electrifying these ships could be concentrated at just 20 of 150 major ports nationwide. This study demonstrates that retrofitting to battery electric vessels has economic potential and could significantly accelerate GHG emission reductions. Battery electric shipping could contribute to US GHG emissions reductions goals. This study finds that electrifying 6,323 ships under 1,000 gross tonnage could cut U.S. maritime sector emissions up to 73% by 2035.","PeriodicalId":19073,"journal":{"name":"Nature Energy","volume":"10 1","pages":"41-54"},"PeriodicalIF":49.7,"publicationDate":"2024-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41560-024-01655-y.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142430556","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-14DOI: 10.1038/s41560-024-01650-3
Erkan Aydin
Perovskite solar cells can be damaged when partially shaded, owing to currents flowing in reverse. Two research groups have now increased the breakdown voltage of the perovskite devices (the tolerance against this reverse bias degradation), one by using multilayer charge-selective contact stacks on the cathode side, and the other by using relatively thick, dense electrodes on the anode side.
{"title":"Raising the bar for breakdown","authors":"Erkan Aydin","doi":"10.1038/s41560-024-01650-3","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41560-024-01650-3","url":null,"abstract":"Perovskite solar cells can be damaged when partially shaded, owing to currents flowing in reverse. Two research groups have now increased the breakdown voltage of the perovskite devices (the tolerance against this reverse bias degradation), one by using multilayer charge-selective contact stacks on the cathode side, and the other by using relatively thick, dense electrodes on the anode side.","PeriodicalId":19073,"journal":{"name":"Nature Energy","volume":"9 10","pages":"1183-1184"},"PeriodicalIF":49.7,"publicationDate":"2024-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142430555","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-14DOI: 10.1038/s41560-024-01653-0
Valeria Vallejo, Quoc Nguyen, Arvind P. Ravikumar
Low-carbon hydrogen is considered a key component of global energy system decarbonization strategy. The US Inflation Reduction Act incentivizes low-carbon hydrogen production through tax credits that vary based on life-cycle greenhouse gas emissions intensity of hydrogen. Blue hydrogen or hydrogen produced from natural gas coupled with carbon capture and sequestration is one such pathway. Here we develop a geospatial, measurement-informed model to estimate supply-chain specific life-cycle greenhouse gas emissions intensity of blue hydrogen produced with natural gas sourced from the Marcellus and Permian shale basins. We find that blue hydrogen production using Permian gas has a life-cycle emissions intensity of 7.4 kg carbon dioxide equivalent per kg hydrogen (kgCO2e kg−1 H2), more than twice that of hydrogen produced using Marcellus gas of 3.3 kgCO2e kg−1 H2. Eligibility for tax credits should therefore be based on life-cycle assessments that are supply-chain specific and measurement informed to ensure blue hydrogen projects are truly low carbon. New work highlights the importance of basing US Inflation Reduction Act tax credits for low-carbon hydrogen production on life-cycle greenhouse gas emissions intensity assessments that are project- and supply-chain specific and informed by direct measurements of methane emissions.
{"title":"Geospatial variation in carbon accounting of hydrogen production and implications for the US Inflation Reduction Act","authors":"Valeria Vallejo, Quoc Nguyen, Arvind P. Ravikumar","doi":"10.1038/s41560-024-01653-0","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41560-024-01653-0","url":null,"abstract":"Low-carbon hydrogen is considered a key component of global energy system decarbonization strategy. The US Inflation Reduction Act incentivizes low-carbon hydrogen production through tax credits that vary based on life-cycle greenhouse gas emissions intensity of hydrogen. Blue hydrogen or hydrogen produced from natural gas coupled with carbon capture and sequestration is one such pathway. Here we develop a geospatial, measurement-informed model to estimate supply-chain specific life-cycle greenhouse gas emissions intensity of blue hydrogen produced with natural gas sourced from the Marcellus and Permian shale basins. We find that blue hydrogen production using Permian gas has a life-cycle emissions intensity of 7.4 kg carbon dioxide equivalent per kg hydrogen (kgCO2e kg−1 H2), more than twice that of hydrogen produced using Marcellus gas of 3.3 kgCO2e kg−1 H2. Eligibility for tax credits should therefore be based on life-cycle assessments that are supply-chain specific and measurement informed to ensure blue hydrogen projects are truly low carbon. New work highlights the importance of basing US Inflation Reduction Act tax credits for low-carbon hydrogen production on life-cycle greenhouse gas emissions intensity assessments that are project- and supply-chain specific and informed by direct measurements of methane emissions.","PeriodicalId":19073,"journal":{"name":"Nature Energy","volume":"9 12","pages":"1571-1582"},"PeriodicalIF":49.7,"publicationDate":"2024-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41560-024-01653-0.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142430557","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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